大学英语四级考试作文辅导PPT课件

1、洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,大学英语四级考试作文辅导,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,第一讲 主题句扩展句和结尾句,主题句、扩展句、结尾句的写作特点与技巧,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,一、主题句：要想写好段落，首先要写好主题句。,1.主题句的构成 2.写好主题句的方法 完整的句子，而不是短语。 紧扣文章的主题。 内容具体 注意选定几个关键词 3.主题句的写作技巧 4.主题句的位置,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,1.主题句的构成,由主题和作者的观点两部分构成。 作者的观点就是我们通常所说的关键词 （1） 做合格大学生的必要性 （2） 做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体等

2、方面谈） （3） 我打算这样做 It is very necessary to be a good university student.(议论体主题句) There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student.（说明体的主题句） What I will do in the future is the following.（描述题的主题句）,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,2.写好主题句的方法 完整的句子，而不是短语：那些不能表达一个完整思想的词组或短语，不能作为段落的主题句。如：,A) Worri

3、es about population pressure. (残缺句) B) Worries about population pressure are far from new. （完整句） A) How to drive a car. ( X ) B) Anyone can learn how to drive a car. ( ) A) Five easy steps in changing a tire. ( X ) B) There are five easy steps in changing a tire. ( ) 上面三组中的句都不是完整的句子，因此都不能用作主题句。,洛阳师范

4、学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,主题句必须紧扣文章的主题:文章各段的主题句应该紧紧围绕文章的中心思想，从不同的方面对文章的主题进行论述。例如下面这篇文章：,POLLUTION 1. Pollution is becoming more serious all over the world. Part of this problem is the worlds exploding population. A growing population undoubtedly means more factories polluting the air. Besides, land and water po

5、llution has also increased. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our health, our happiness, and our very civilization. 2.People are now showing a real concern over this problem. Scientists are urging that drastic solution be worked out before it is too late, and the public are demanding that governmen

6、t take firm action against polluters. The earth is our home and we must take care of it-for ourselves and for the next generation. 3.Fortunately, measures have been taken to cope with the situation. First, many countries are making efforts to bring down the birth rate. Also, new laws have been passe

7、d to exercise strict controls over industrial pollutants. In addition, more sewage treatment plants are being built, and new pollution-control devices developed. Doing all this will enable us to have a cleaner world.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,主题句要内容具体,1.Taken in moderation, alcohol is rather harmless and is

8、 even beneficial in relieving feelings of stress. 2.The emphasis has not always been the same. 3.The emphasis on producing wealth and maintaining a high standard of living has not always been the same.,( ),( X ),( ),洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,注意选定几个关键词,例如: a paragraph about the use of helicopters in controll

9、ing traffic Helicopters can control traffic. Or Helicopters are used to control traffic.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,3.主题句的写作技巧,1.表示人的名词或代词主语的句子 College students should take part in social practice and get to know the world. People take part in recreational activities because of several reasons. We benefit a

10、lot from doing part time jobs. Young people today are badly influenced by TV. 2.表示物的名词做主语的句子 Information plays an indispensable role in modern life. Diligence is a key factor to success. Sports benefit people in many ways. Recreational activities fall into two major types.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,3. 用动名词短

11、语来表达主题，做主语。 Owning a private car is very convenient. Keeping pets can lead to some problems. Studying abroad benefits students in many aspects. 4. 用“There +be + 名词”句型来写主题句。 There are several reasons why we should develop the industry of private cars. There are innumerable advantages of keeping pets.

12、 There are diverse solutions to the housing problem in big cities. There are effective measures that we can adopt to deal with the issue of rising crime rate.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,5. 用It is + Adj. +for sb. to do sth. 句型 It is beneficial for college students to take part in various social activities. It

13、 is necessary for us to get to know about the society. It is desirable/ advisable for young people to go abroad to study.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,4.主题句的位置,主题句在段落中可以放在段首，也可以放在段中，或在段 尾。作文是主观题，而且阅卷教师的时间很短，（一般1-3 分钟），建议把主题句放在作文中的段首。 例 Drug use is so widespread in American society that it is part of the daily

14、life of almost every person. From birth through lifes ailments to death, drugs ease our pain and suffering. For many, drugs serve such utilitarian purposes as keeping us awake, helping us sleep, or eliminating our stress. Recreational drugs increase our pleasure or sociability at festive or informal

15、 gatherings. We take our drugs routinely without thinking of them as drugs, such as when we smoke cigarettes or drink affricated beverages.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,二、扩展句,e.g. I dont teach because teaching is not easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my li

16、ving: including mechanic, carpenter, and the writer. For me, teaching is a profession, Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. Sweaty- palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. Sink

17、ing-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later, convinced that I was even more boring than usual.,1. 扩展句及其特点 清晰详实 条理分明 :在文章写作时，扩展句要长短适中，就学生写作而言，每句话的平均长度应最好控制在10-15个词为宜。当然，随着写作水平的提高，句子长度可相应增加。,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,2.写好扩展句的方法: 扩展句的写作方法：定义法，分类法，例证法，列举法，因果关系法，对照比较法（类比法），综合法等。,1）例证法(exemplificatio

18、n) There is nothing hard in the world for people with a strong will. A task, no matter how difficult, can be accomplished if a person makes up his mind to do it. Take Rome as an example. It is known that Rome was not built in a day. Before she was built, her founders had suffered a great deal of sev

19、ere hardship, but they never lost their faith and eventually succeeded in their efforts. Columbus, who discovered America, is another example of strong determination. In spite of defeat and affliction, he went forward and succeeded because of his singleness of purpose and perseverance.,表示例证的方法: For

20、example, for instance, as an example, for a typical example, Such as, so on. Lets illustrate, show, prove with the following example. Lets take as an example An example, an instance, a (typical) case in point,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,例如: The development of science and technology has brought about many chan

21、ges in peoples life. This can be best illustrated by the invention of television, which has opened a new era for mankind. Through the use of TV people can learn the events which happened thousands of miles away and realize the dream of traveling around the world without having to leave their home. I

22、t is often believed that practice makes perfect. As everybody can see, persistent practice will naturally lead to perfect performances and high efficiency. For example, when we learn English, we have to learn such things as grammar, vocabulary, structure and so on. In order to achieve fluency and ac

23、curacy as well, we need practice in listening, speaking, reading and writing. Only through constant practice can we have a good command of English. Another case in point is learning to play the piano. It is through repeated practice that a person learns to play the piano and becomes a skillful piani

24、st.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,2）列举法(listing),Attending schools abroad has many advantages. In the first place, students can learn advanced knowledge of science and technology from the advanced countries. In the second place, schools abroad can provide students with a better circumstance to learn foreign lan

25、guages and make them grasp them more quickly. Furthermore, while studying abroad, young students can learn to become independent and develop all-round ability in order to adapt to the reality of society. 表示列举的方法 First of all/Above all, secondly, moreover In the first place, in the second place, furt

26、hermore/whats more To begin (start) with, secondly, in addition For one thing, for another thing, for still another thing,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,例如 1）Tourism brings China a lot of good. To begin with, it enables the Chinese to know about the outside world and contributes to international friendship and m

27、utual understanding. More importantly, it is financially beneficial to China because tourism greatly encourages foreign investment in China. 2）College students who take part-time jobs can learn a number of things that are not taught in the classroom. First of all, since they have busy schedules, the

28、y have to learn how to budget their time more effectively. They gain experiences in organizing their day of activities properly. Secondly, since any job involves contacts and cooperation with other people, they learn how to get along well with different kinds of people. Most important of all, part-t

29、ime jobs give students a chance to learn the value of responsibility. In brief, what they learn from doing part-time jobs enhances their integrity as well as their practical abilities.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,另外，还可以使用设问解答法 例 主题句：Environmental protection is becoming an important scientific field and is dra

30、wing a greater deal of attention. 设问: Why is environmental protection becoming an important scientific field and is drawing a greater deal of attention? 解答: (1) It involves the work against water population, air pollution, desert expansion, and soil erosion, garbage, acid rain and so on. (2) To solv

31、e the above problems, much knowledge and research work is needed. (3) Scientists as well as people attach primary importance to environmental protection. Environmental protection is becoming an important scientific field and is drawing a greater deal of attention. It involves the work against a vari

32、ety of environmental damage, such as, water population, air pollution, desert expansion, and soil erosion, garbage, acid rain and so on. To solve these problems, much knowledge and research work is needed. Thus, it is indispensable that scientists as well as people attach primary importance to envir

33、onmental protection.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,. 避免写出与主题句不相关的句子，以免走题。 . 用举例或者例证的方法来扩展主题句。 . 段落里的句式应多样化, 避免全用简单句，应交替使用简单句、并列句和复合句，使句子的表达形式多种多样。 . 扩展句的排列必须符合事物发生时间的先后顺序。 . 正确使用过渡词。,要写好扩展句，必须注意以下几个方面：,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,. 避免写出与主题句不相关的句子，以免走题。,例如：Here are the directions to get to my house from yours. You walk tw

34、o blocks north and then turn right on Adams Street. Walk another two blocks to Third Street. My sister, who got married last year, lives at the corner of Adams and Third. Then, turn left on Third Street and walk until you see a dirt road with a yellow house on the corner. That is my house. Exercise:

35、 1. One of the most important men in our society is the garbage man. Each year more and more garbage is produced, and more men are required to dispose of it. These men do this dirty work despite the danger of being disabled or killed by the blades of the disposal trucks. If more people realized how

36、important the garbage mans job is, perhaps his working conditions would improve. My brother used to work on a garbage truck. He quit because the job was too dangerous.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,2. Australia is a very large country. But most of the population is in the south-east part. 85% of the populations

37、 live in cities and towns. They usually dont go to the movies at the weekend. Only 15% live in the countryside. Three out of every five people live in big cities. 3. Today in China, most of the families have only one child. These only children, who seldom worry about eating and clothing, are regarde

38、d as little Emperors of the families. My sister has only one child, a daughter. What they want or need will be immediately satisfied either by their parents or their grandparents, but my sisters husband is usually very strict with his daughter. They do nothing in the family except study.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教

39、研部 黄保超,4.若要写一个以Automobile racing is a dangerous sport为主题句的段落, 下列哪些句子可以作为它的扩展句。,1)Many drivers say that they love the danger. 2) I like horse racing better. 3) Each year several drivers are killed in accidents. 4) Soccer is also dangerous. 5) Sometimes mechanics are hurt too-when cars crash during ra

40、ces. 6) Cars are less dependable than horses. 7) Yet spectators, drivers, and mechanics all enjoy the excitement.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,. 用举例或者例证的方法来扩展主题句。,例如：若以“My parents look and behave like each other”为主题句，下列哪些句子可以用作例证来说明主题句？ 1)They both like nature and the outdoors and are fond of walking,gardening

41、, and swimming. 2)My father is eight years older than my mother and taller and thinner. 3)They never get tired of listening to China opera. 4) Both of my parents have dark hair and black eyes and both have low voices and gentle personalities. 5)They both believe in giving their children love and res

42、ponsibility, and neither one believes in punishing a child physically. 6) My mother is quieter than my father and talks much less than he does. 7) They are both interested in reading and music. 8)Most of the time they are in agreement on bringing up their children.,( ),( ),( ),( ),( ),( ),洛阳师范学院公共外语

43、教研部 黄保超,My parents look and behave like each other. Both of my parents have dark hair and black eyes and both have low voices and gentle personalities. They both like nature and the outdoors and are fond of walking, gardening, and swimming. They are both interested in reading and music; they never g

44、et tired of listening to China opera. Most of the time they are in agreement on bringing up their children. They both believe in giving their children love and responsibility, and neither one believes in punishing a child physically.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,Exercise: 根据所给的主题句，分别通过举例或例证写出扩展句。 1.Smoking in

45、school is not worth the risk of getting caught. 2.Playing the guitar well requires knowledge of several skills. 3. Increasing your vocabulary can help you in a number of ways.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,. 段落里的句式应多样化, 避免全用简单句，应交替使用简单句、并列句和复合句，使句子的表达形式多种多样。,例如：I will never drive a car again. I had an accident

46、today. I was driving up Fourth Avenue. I saw a bright yellow car. It was driven by a little old lady. She obviously did not see the stop sign. I could not stop in time. She ran right into me. Then she called me a young hoodlum. 简单句复合句复合句并列句简单句简单句 I will never drive a car again. I had an accident tod

47、ay when I was driving up Fourth Avenue. I saw a bright yellow car which was driven by little old lady. She obviously did not see the stop sign, and I could not stop in time. She ran right into me. Then she called me a young hoodlum.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,Exercise: 改变下列各段的单一句式, 使句式多样化,1. The house was be

48、autiful. A long sidewalk led up to the door. Rows of flowers stood on each side of the steps. The front of the house was redbrick. The woodwork was painted white. 2. Thursday was a sunny day. My brother borrowed a car. We went to the beach. The water was warm. We went swimming. 3. I was young. I had

49、 a very bad temper. I did something once. I am now very ashamed of that. Tom was my older sisters fianc. Tom was in the army. Every week my sister bought cigarettes for Tom. My sister kept the cigarettes in a drawer in her bedroom. 4. My parents came home. My sister told them what I had done. My fat

50、her asked me a question. Is your sister telling the truth? I could not deny the fact. I had cut up the cigarettes. I was severely punished. I did not get any more pocket money. I got pocket money again only after I had paid for the cigarettes.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,. 扩展句的排列必须符合事物发生时间的先后顺序,Then we turned

51、 left. To get to the museum, we started off by taking the subway to 79th Street. Suddenly, right in front of us was the beautiful building we were looking for! When we got off the subway, we walked four blocks up Lexington Avenue. After turning left, we walked what seemed to be an endless distance.

52、经过按时间的先后顺序重新组合句子后，全段就通顺易懂了： To get to the museum, we started off by taking the subway to 79th Street. When we got off the subway, we walked four blocks up Lexington Avenue. Then we turned left. After turning left, we walked what seemed to be an endless distance. Suddenly, right in front of us was th

53、e beautiful building we were looking for.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,Exercise: 按正确的顺序, 重新排列下列各段的句子,1.His party was a mess. After they all finally left, it took him three hours to clean up. Half of the people he had invited came an hour early. Then, someone accidentally set his curtains on fire. They spilled

54、drinks on his furniture and had a pretzel-eating contest on his bed. 2. When I first met my English professor, I was impressed by his friendliness. At the end of the course, he even invited our class to his house for dinner. Right away he asked me to talk with him about my reading problems. Througho

55、ut the rest of the course, he was as helpful to everyone as he had been to me.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,. 正确使用过渡词,1.He forgot there was a test today. He failed. 2. He ate a whole pie. He got sick. He went to see a doctor. 如果我们加上适当的过渡词，上下句的意思就通顺得多了： 1.He forgot there was a test toady. Consequently he failed

56、. 2. He got sick because he ate a whole pie. As a result, he went to see a doctor.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,表示举例说明的过渡语 For example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point, Lets take as an example. Take for example. is a typical example of is a typical/proper case in

57、 point. 表示递进关系的过渡语 In addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, also, whats more Not only, but also, similarly, Another is is another is also a factor.,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,表示比较和对比的过渡语 Similarly, in the same way, unlike, like, likewise, equally important; In contrast, by contrast, on the other hand, in

58、 comparison, on the contrary, contrary to, whereas, while, conversely, differ/vary greatly/vastly from Different from 表示因果关系的过渡语 Because of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reason Therefore, so, as a result, consequently, in consequence, accordingly, hen

59、ce, thus The reasons why/for are/lie in results in result from,洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超,表示结论的过渡语 To sum up, to conclude, to summarize In sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in short, in brief So, therefore, thus We can come to the conclusion that A conclusion can be reached that 表示转折的过渡语 Though, although, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, even though/ even if Lets look at the other side of the coin. As everything has two sides, we should not neglect the other side of the coin. Just as there are two sides of a coin, the negative aspect of cannot be overlooked.,洛阳师