英语词汇学课件

1、,“Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”,English Lexicology (II),English Lexicology(II),2,Contents,5. Word-Formation I: the Major Processes 6. Word-Formation II: the Minor Processes 7. Motivation,To be continued,Chapter 5 Word-Formation I: The Major

2、 Processes,5.1 General Remarks 5.2 Prefixation 5.3 Suffixation 5.4 Conversion 5.5 Compounding,English Lexicology(II),4,5.1 General Remarks,The three major processes affixation or derivation (17.5%) Prefixation suffixation conversion (10.5%) composition or compounding (27%),English Lexicology(II),5,5

3、.2 Prefixation,The definition of prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes Non-class-changing prefixe

4、s: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair Class-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollege,English Lexicology(II),6,5.2 Prefixation,The classification of prefixes In some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classi

5、fied according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:,English Lexicology(II),7,5.2 Prefixation,1) Negative prefixes,English Lexicology

6、(II),8,5.2 Prefixation,Order Literate Symmetry Governmental Relevant Productive Believable Vulnerable Sane Related Aligned Mature,Disorder Illiterate Asymmetry Nongovernmental Irrelevant Unproductive Unbelievable Invulnerable Insane Unrelated Nonaligned Immature,English Lexicology(II),9,5.2 Prefixat

7、ion,2) Reversative or privative,English Lexicology(II),10,5.2 Prefixation,Centralize Plane Infect Zip Regulate Possess Pollute,Decentralize Deplane Disinfect Unzip Deregulate Dispossess Depollute,English Lexicology(II),11,5.2 Prefixation,3) Pejorative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),12,5.2 Prefixati

8、on,4) Prefixes of degree or size,English Lexicology(II),13,5.2 Prefixation,Computer Critical Conscious Natural Sensitive Simple Number Statement culture,Minicomputer Ultracritic /hypercritic Subconscious Supernatural Hypersensitive/ultrasensitive Oversimple Outnumber Understatement Subculture,Englis

9、h Lexicology(II),14,5.2 Prefixation,5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude,English Lexicology(II),15,5.2 Prefixation,6) Locative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),16,5.2 Prefixation,View Conference Continental Ground Cast Pacific Racial Shore,Interview teleconference Intercontinental Foreground Telec

10、ast Transpacific Transracial Foreshore,English Lexicology(II),17,5.2 Prefixation,7) Prefixes of time and order,English Lexicology(II),18,5.2 Prefixation,8) Number prefixes,English Lexicology(II),19,5.2 Prefixation,Lingual Lateral Polar Dimensional,Unilingual, bilingual, trilingual, multilingual Unil

11、ateral, bilateral, trilateral, multilateral Unipolar, bipolar, tripolar, multipolar Unidimensional, bidimensional, tridimensional (three-dimensional), multidimensional,English Lexicology(II),20,5.2 Prefixation,9) Conversion prefixes,English Lexicology(II),21,5.2 Prefixation,10) Miscellaneous prefixe

12、s,English Lexicology(II),22,5.3 Suffixation,The definition of suffixation Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the gramma

13、tical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem.,English Lexicology(II),23,5.3 Suffixation,The classification of suffixes Since suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis in

14、to 1) noun suffixes 2) adjective suffixes 3) adverb suffixes 4) verb suffixes,English Lexicology(II),24,5.3 Suffixation,1) Noun suffixes Noun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds. Denominal nouns (concrete or abstract) Deverbal nouns De-adjectival nouns Noun and adjective suffixe

15、s,English Lexicology(II),25,5.3 Suffixation,1) Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),26,5.3 Suffixation,1) Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),27,5.3 Suffixation,1) Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),28,5.3 Suffixation,1) Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),29,5.3 Suffixation,1) Noun suffixes,Eng

16、lish Lexicology(II),30,5.3 Suffixation,2) Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),31,5.3 Suffixation,2) Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),32,5.3 Suffixation,2) Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),33,5.3 Suffixation,3) Adverb Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),34,5.3 Suffixation,4) Verb

17、suffixes,English Lexicology(II),35,5.3 Suffixation,False Sterile Intense Fat Horror Memory Apology,Falsify Sterilize Intensify Fatten Horrify Memorize Apologize,English Lexicology(II),36,5.4 Conversion,The definition of conversion Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class

18、 is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).,English Lexicology(II),37,5.4 Conversion,Major types of conversion Noun-verb conversion Verb-noun conversion Adjective-noun conversion,English Lexicology(II),38,5.4 Conversion,Noun-verb conv

19、ersion He elbowed his way through the crowd. Problems snowballed by the hour. The newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments. Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.,English Lexicology(II),39,5.4 Conversion,Abuse Advice House Use Belief Grief Shelf mouth,Abuse Advise Hous

20、e Use Believe Grieve Shelve Mouth,Changes of pronunciation and spelling,English Lexicology(II),40,5.4 Conversion,Verb-noun conversion He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait. This little restaurant is quite a find. It is a good buy. He took a close look at the machine. doubt, smell

21、, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply, divide,English Lexicology(II),41,5.4 Conversion,Verb-noun conversion Phrasal verb-noun conversion,English Lexicology(II),42,5.4 Conversion,Conflict Abstract Contrast Decrease Discount Export Rebel,Permit Progress Protest Transfer Transplant Survey Torment,Shift o

22、f stress,English Lexicology(II),43,5.4 Conversion,Adjective-noun conversion Partial conversion Complete conversion,English Lexicology(II),44,5.4 Conversion,Adjective-noun conversion Partial conversion Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wound

23、ed Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch Denoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculous Denoting a single person (converted from part

24、iciples): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned,English Lexicology(II),45,5.4 Conversion,Adjective-noun conversion Complete conversion A native, two natives, a returned native He is a natural for the job. Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every nigh

25、t. To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate. They are the creatives in the advertising department.,English Lexicology(II),46,5.5 Compounding,The definition of compounding Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a

26、new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.,English Lexicology(II),47,5.5 Compounding,Forms of compounds Solid: bedtime, honeymoon Hyphenated: above-mentioned, tow

27、n-planning Open: reading material, hot line,English Lexicology(II),48,5.5 Compounding,Types of compounds Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds,English Lexicology(II),49,5.5 Compounding,Noun compounds Headache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock,

28、identity crisis,English Lexicology(II),50,5.5 Compounding,Adjective compounds Weather-beaten rocks, peaceloving people, everlasting friendship, a difficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfree products, fire-proof dress,English Lexicology(II),51,5.5 Compounding,Ver

29、b compounds Formed by back-formation house-keep from housekeeper windowshop from window-shopping mass produce from mass production hen-peck from hen-pecked spoon-feed from spoon-fed.,English Lexicology(II),52,5.5 Compounding,Verb compounds Formed by conversion to blue-print, to cold-shoulder, to out

30、line, to honeymoon, to snowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop.,Chapter 6 Word-Formation II: The Minor Processes,6.1 Blending 6.2 Backformation 6.3 Shortening 6.4 Analogy,English Lexicology(II),54,6.1 Blending,The definition of blending Blending（拼缀法）is a process of word-formation in whic

31、h a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation. Structurally blends may be divided into four types.,English Lexicology(II),55,6.1 Blending,E

32、xamples newscast (newsbroadcast) brunch (breakfastlunch) smog (smokefog) talkathon (talkmarathon) slimnastics (slimgymnastics) videophone ( video telephone),English Lexicology(II),56,6.1 Blending,sci-fi hi-fi workaholic stagflation Unicom sitcom motel dawk,sciencefiction highfidelity workalcoholic s

33、tagnationinflation United Communications situationcomedy motorhotel dovehawk,English Lexicology(II),57,6.2 Backformation,The definition of backformation Back-formation（逆成法） is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse d

34、erivation.,English Lexicology(II),58,6.2 Backformation,Examples edit from editor automate from automation enthuse from enthusiasm gloom from gloomy donate from donation brainwash from brainwashing sleep-walk from sleep-walking,English Lexicology(II),59,6.3 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviat

35、ion（缩略法） 1) clipped words（剪切词）: those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.,English Lexicology(II),60,6.3 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 2) initialisms（首字母连写词）: a type of sh

36、ortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.,English Lexicology(II),61,6.3 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 3) acronyms（首字母拼音词）: words formed from the initial letters of words and pro

37、nounced as words. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.,English Lexicology(II),62,6.3 Shortening,1) Clipped words ad=advertisement expo=exposition phone=telephone pro=professional memo=memorandum tec=detective heli or copter=helico

38、pter comfy=comfortable,English Lexicology(II),63,6.3 Shortening,gymnasium dormitory handkerchief gasoline kilogram influenza business parachute refrigerator taxicab,gym dorm hanky Gas kilo flu biz chute fridge taxi or cab,Give clippings for the following words,English Lexicology(II),64,6.3 Shortenin

39、g,2) Initialisms IOC=International Olympic Committee BBC=British Broadcasting Corporation ISBN=International Standard Book Number CAD=computer assisted design cm=centimeter TB=tuberculosis,English Lexicology(II),65,6.3 Shortening,CPU DIY CEO IT AI SOS IDD GMT VIP P.S. a.m. p.m.,central processing un

40、it Do it yourself Chief Executive Officer Information technology artificial intelligence Save our ship international direct dial Greenwich Mean Time very important person postscript ante meridiem post meridiem,Write out in full the following initialisms,English Lexicology(II),66,6.3 Shortening,3) Ac

41、ronyms Basic=Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction TEFL=teaching English as a foreign language UNESCO=the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Sars=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,English Lexicology(II),67,6.3 Shortening,TOFEL ROM NATO FIFA Aids radar,Test of Engli

42、sh as a foreign language read only memory The North Atlantic Treaty organization Federation Internationale de Football Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome Radio detecting and ranging,Write out in full the following acronyms,English Lexicology(II),68,6.4 Analogy,The definition of analogy（类比） The proc

43、ess by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language,English Lexicology(II),69,6.4 Analogy,Examples Marathon-telethon, talkathon blue-collar workers-white-collar workers, gray-collar workers, pink-collar workers, gold-collar workers environmental

44、pollution-visual or eye pollution, noise pollution, cultural pollution, graffiti pollution First Family-First Lady, First Dog Landscape-moonscape, marscape Birds eye-fish-eye, worms-eye, cats-eye,Chapter 7 Motivation,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation 7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation 7.3 Morphological mo

45、tivation 7.4 Semantic motivation 7.5 Logical motivation 7.6 Motivation and Culture,English Lexicology(II),71,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Meaning (Concept),Word,Triangle of significance（词义三角）,Form,Referent,.,English Lexicology(II),72,Meaning as concept,Ogden and Richards suggested a model to i

46、llustrate the view of meaning as concept.,The semantic triangle proposed by Ogdan and Richards,Thought,Referent (the object),Symbol,(concept), tri:,symbolize,refer to,English Lexicology(II),73,English Lexicology(II),74,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,The debate over the connection between sound a

47、nd meaning The naturalists maintain there is a natural/intrinsic connection between sound and meaning. The Conventionalists, on the other hand, hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary. The meaning of a word is a kind of linguistic social contract.,English Lex

48、icology(II),75,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Conventionality（约定俗成） Whats in a name? That we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. -Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet Words have no meaning, people have meaning for them. - Eric Partridge,English Lexicology(II),76,7.1 Conventionality and

49、Motivation,Conventionality 树-Chinese 木-Japanese arbre-French baun-Germany,English Lexicology(II),77,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Motivation（理据） Motivation deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its mea

50、ning.,English Lexicology(II),78,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Non-motivated and motivated From the point of view of motivation, the great majority of English words are nonmotivated, since they are conventional, arbitrary symbols. However, there is a small group of words that can be described as

51、 motivated, that is, a direct or somewhat connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed.,English Lexicology(II),79,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Examples of motivation The pigeon coos. airmail, miniskirt, hopeless a coat of paint He has a stony heart. The question was like

52、 the Sphinxs riddle to them.,English Lexicology(II),80,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Types of motivation Onomatopoeic motivation Morphological motivation Semantic motivation Logical motivation Motivation and Culture,English Lexicology(II),81,7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation,Onomatopoeic motivation（拟

53、声理据） means defining the principle of motivation by sound. Words motivated phonetically are called onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. They show a close connection between sound and sense.,English Lexicology(II),82,7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation,Primary onomatopoeia Primary ono

54、matopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. Here the sound is truly an “echo to the sense”.,English Lexicology(II),83,7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation,Primary onomatopoeia,English Lexicology(II),84,7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation,Secondary onomatopoeia Secondary onomatopoeia means that certain sounds an

55、d sound-sequences are associated with certain senses. In other words, certain sounds evoke symbolic connotations, suggesting particular senses.,English Lexicology(II),85,7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation,Secondary onomatopoeia -are suggests “big light or noise” Blare, flare, glare, stare -ump suggests “pr

56、otuberance” Plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, mump sk- suggests “touching or moving on the surface Skate, skim, skin, ski, sketch, skid h- suggests “moving with great speed, force, or violence” Heavy, haste, hurry, hit, hurl, hammer, hinder,English Lexicology(II),86,7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation,

57、But it has to be pointed out that onomatopoeic words constitute only a small part of the vocabulary; some onomatopoeic words are not completely motivated phonetically and are conventional to quite a large extent. If you throw a stone into water, the sound you hear is by no means the same as when you

58、 say splash. Flies do not exactly make the sound of buzz.,English Lexicology(II),87,7.3 Morphological motivation,We say the word is morphologically motivated, for a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. This is called morphological motivation(

59、形态理据）,English Lexicology(II),88,7.3 Morphological motivation,Derivational words are morphologically motivated. If one knows the meaning of the affix and the base, then one can immediately tell the meaning of the word. Compounds words may be morphologically motivated too. The meanings of words like good-looking, spaceman, moonscape, daydream and many others derive from the combined meaning of the component parts. One thing worth pointing out is that the morphemes, the component parts of these words are themselves c