克鲁格曼国际经济学答案

1、Chapter 3 In 1986, the price of oil on world markets dropped sharply. Since the United States is an 1. in economy. Yet the regarded as good for U.S. oil-importing country, this was widely Texas and Louisiana 1986 was a year of economic decline. Why? It can deduce that Texas and Louisiana are oil-pro

2、ducing states of United States. So when the of other price of oil on world markets declined, the real wage of this industry fell in terms goods. This might be the reason of economic decline in these two states in 1986. An economy can produce good 1 using labor and capital and good 2 using labor and

3、land. 2。two of the of capital, the outputs supply total of labor is 100 units. Given the supply The goods depends on labor input as follows: s production possibility frontier, consider how the output mix To analyze the economychanges as labor is shifted between the two sectors. a. Graph the producti

4、on functions for good 1 and good 2. ),L?QK,L)Q(K(Q?Q 22111212Production Function for Good 1 Output 100100 93.99087.480.780 73.6706660 57.55048.640 38.13025.1 2010 001009070804001020305060 Labor Input for Good 1 Production Function for Good 2 Output 10010095.591.49086.7 81.58075.8 7069.361.860 52.550

5、4039.8 30201000 1 1008060402001030507090Labor Input for Good 2Graph the production possibility frontier. Why is it curved? b. Q)L(K,?QQ2 2222100PPF LQ2 1 100L1 )L(K,Q?Q 1111The PPF is curved due to declining marginal product of labor in each good. The total labor rises. So PP falls, MPL rises, MPL f

6、alls; correspondingly, as Lsupply is fixed. So as L2112gets steeper as we move down it to the right. in production functions corresponding to the labor 2. The marginal product of curves problem2 are as follows: Determine is 2. good to that of 1 relative price a.Suppose that the of good 2 graphically

7、 the wage rate and the allocation of labor between the two sectors. With the assumption that labor is freely mobile between sectors, it will move from the low-wage sector to the high-wage sector until wages are equalized. So in equilibrium, the s marginal product. wage rate is equal to the value of

8、labor2P?/PP?P?MPLMPL 121122 2 The abscissa of point of intersection illustrated above should be between (20, 30). Since we only have to find out the approximate answer, linear function could be employed. =73. The wage The labor allocation between the sectors is approximately L=27 and L21rate is appr

9、oximately 0.98. Then each sector. output problem 2, determine the of Using b. the graph drawn for confirm graphically that the slop of the production possibility frontier at that point equals the relative price. ),LQ?Q(KQ2 22221?slope?2100PPF LQ2 1 100L),L(Q?QK1 1111 =2 and we have got the approxima

10、te labor allocation, so we can /P The relative price is P12sector: each approximate to calculate the output of again linear employ the function =90. Q=44 and Q21Suppose that the relative price of good 2 falls to 1. Repeat (a) and (b). c. 3 The relative decline in the price of good 2 caused labor to

11、be reallocated: labor is drawn =38). This also =62, Lout of production of good 2 and enters production of good 1 (21and to falls 68 units that is, production of good 2 adjustment, leads to an output production of good 1 rises to 76 units. And the wage rate is approximately equal to 0.74. )K,LQ?Q(Q2

12、22221?slope21?slope100PPF LQ2 1 100L)L(K,QQ?1 1111 in factors specific on the income of the the Calculate d. the effects of price change sectors 1 and 2. =1, the price of good 2 has fallen by =2 to PWith the relative price change from P/P/P122150 percent, while the price of good 1 has stayed the sam

13、e. Wages have fallen too, but by (wages fell approximately 25 percent). Thus, the real wage relative less than the fall in P2 falls. Hence, to determine the welfare actually rises while real wage relative to Pto P12 consequence for workers, the information about their consumption shares of good 1 an

14、d good 2 is needed. In the text we examined the impacts of increases in the supply of capital and land. But 3.what if the mobile factor, labor, increases in supply? 4 a Analyze the qualitative effects of an increase in the supply of labor in the specific factors model, holding the price of both good

15、s constant. For an economy producing two goods, X an Y, with labor demands reflected by their marginal revenue product curves, there is an initial wage of w and an initial labor 1allocation of L=OA and L=OA. When the supply of labor increases, the right yxxyboundary of the diagram illustrated below

16、pushed out to O. The demand for labor in ysector Y is pulled rightward with the boundary. The new intersection of the labor demand curves shows that labor expands in both sectors, and therefore output of both X and Y also expand. The relative expansion of output is ambiguous. Wages paid to workers f

17、all. W MPL?PyyMPxw1w2?BAOOyy Graph the effect on the equilibrium for the numerical example in problems 2 and 3, b given a relative price of 1, when the labor force expands from 100 to 140. more frontier new production possibility is the diminishing law With the of returns, concave and steeper (flatt

18、er) at the ends when total labor supply increases. increases to 50 from 38. Wages decline from 0.74 to increase to 90 from 62 and LL21=85 and 0.60. This new allocation of labor leads to a new output mix of approximately Q1=77. Q2 5 )L(K,Q?Q21014PPF21101411 Chapter 4 In the United States where land i

19、s cheap, the ratio of land to labor used in cattle rising is 1higher than that of land used in wheat growing. But in more crowded countries, where land is expensive and labor is cheap, it is common to raise cows by using less land and more labor than Americans use to grow wheat. Can we still say tha

20、t raising cattle is land intensive compared with farming wheat? Why or why not? The definition of cattle growing as land intensive depends on the ratio of land to labor used in cattle labor in of land to output. of land or labor to The ratio on production, not the ratio exceeds the ratio in wheat in

21、 the United States, implying cattle is land intensive in the United cattle in land to labor countries too if the ratio of other States. Cattle is land intensive in between comparison country. The in ratio wheat production in that production exceeds the another country and the United States is less r

22、elevant for answering the question. Suppose that at current factor prices cloth is produced using 20 hours of labor for each 2 acre of land, and food is produced using only 5 hours of labor per acre of land. s total resources are 600 hours of labor and 60 acres of Suppose that the economya. land. Us

23、ing a diagram determine the allocation of resources. 20TC?LC /QC)?LC /TC /QC) aLC / aTC? (LC / (TC 5TF ?LF /TF? /QF) / (LF?aTFaLF / /QF)(TF LF?We can solve this algebraically since L=LC+LF=600 and T=TC+TF=60. The solution is LC=400, TC=20, LF=200 and TF=40. 6 LFFood Land TFTCLCCloth Labor Now suppos

24、e that the labor supply increase first to 800, then 1000, then 1200 hours. b.Using a diagram like Figure4-6, trace out the changing allocation of resources. 133.33 LF?LC TC?33.33, ?666.67, TF?26.67,?L800:66.67 TF?13.33, LF?933.33,46.67,:L?1000 TC? LC? tion).specializa TF?0,LF?0.(complete ? ? 1200L?:

25、TC60,LC1200,Food Land 10008001200 0 0 0lllCloth Labor What would happen if the labor supply were to increase even further? c. At constant factor prices, some labor would be unused, so factor prices would have to change, or there would be unemployment. s poorest countries cannot find anything to expo

26、rt. There is no resource that “ 3.The world certainly not capital or land, and in small poor nations not even labor is is abundant 7 abundant.” Discuss. The gains from trade depend on comparative rather than absolute advantage. As to poor countries, what matters is not the absolute abundance of fact

27、ors, but their relative abundance. Poor countries have an abundance of labor relative to capital when compared to more developed countries. 4. The U.S. labor movement which mostly represents blue-collar workers rather than professionals and highly educated workers has traditionally favored limits on

28、 imports form less-affluent countries. Is this a shortsighted policy of a rational one in view of the interests of union members? How does the answer depend on the model of trade? In the Ricardos model, labor gains from trade through an increase in its purchasing power. This result does not support

29、labor union demands for limits on imports from less affluent countries. In the Immobile Factors model labor may gain or lose from trade. Purchasing power in terms of one good will rise, but in terms of the other good it will decline. The Heckscher-Ohlin model directly discusses distribution by consi

30、dering the effects of trade on the owners of factors of production. In the context of this model, unskilled U.S. labor loses from trade since this group represents the relatively scarce factors in this country. The results from the Heckscher-Ohlin model support labor union demands for import limits.

31、 5. There is substantial inequality of wage levels between regions within the United States. For example, wages of manufacturing workers in equivalent jobs are about 20 percent lower in the Southeast than they are in the Far West. Which of the explanations of failure of factor price equalization mig

32、ht account for this? How is this case different from the divergence of wages between the United States and Mexico (which is geographically closer to both the U.S. Southeast and the Far West than the Southeast and Far West are to each other)? When we employ factor price equalization, we should pay at

33、tention to its conditions: both countries/regions produce both goods; both countries have the same technology of production, and the absence of barriers to trade. Inequality of wage levels between regions within the United States may caused by some or all of these reasons. Actually, the barriers to

34、trade always exist in the real world due to transportation costs. And the trade between U.S. and Mexico, by contrast, is subject to legal limits; together with cultural differences that inhibit the flow of technology, this may explain why the difference in wage rates is so much larger. 6. Explain wh

35、y the Leontief paradox and the more recent Bowen, Leamer, and Sveikauskas results reported in the text contradict the factor-proportions theory. The factor proportions theory states that countries export those goods whose production is intensive in factors with which they are abundantly endowed. One

36、 would expect the United States, which has a high capital/labor ratio relative to the rest of the world, to export capital-intensive goods if the Heckscher-Ohlin theory holds. Leontief found that the United States exported labor-intensive goods. Bowen, Leamer and Sveikauskas found that the correlation between factor endowment and trade patterns is weak for the world as