医学英语第一学期试题

1、Unit OneII. Vocabulary StudyPart A1Plasma 2Cholesterol 3cytoplasm 4chromosomes5Osmosis 6diffusion 7ribosomes 8Filtration9phagocytosis 10homeostasisPart B1be involved in 2permeable 3decompose 4hypotheses5broke off 6facilitate 7engulfed 8floats9collide, collide 10diluteIII. Translation Part A1. Althou

2、gh the DNA in the nucleus of each cell contains all of the genetic information for all human traits, only a small number of genes are actually active in a particular cell. These active genes are the codes for the proteins necessary for the specific cell type.尽管每一个细胞核中的 DNA 都包含有人类特性的所有遗传信息，但实际只有少数基因在

3、特定细胞中有活性，这些活性基因是特有的细胞类型所必需的蛋白密码。2. In facilitated diffusion, molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, but they need some help to do this.在易化扩散中，分子经一层膜从高浓度区域向低浓度区域移动，但分子要完成这一工作需要某些帮助。3. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, that

4、 is, certain substances arepermitted to pass through and others are not.细胞膜的渗透性是有选择性的，即某些物质允许通过，而其他物质则不行。4. Filtration means that water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.过滤是指水和已溶解物质经一层膜从高压区到低压区。5. Active transport requi

5、res the energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration.主动转运需要 ATP 这种能量，使分子从低浓度区域向高浓度区域移动。Part B1. 体内平衡取决于所有不同类型的细胞正常地发挥功能。(depend upon)Homeostasis depends upon the normal functions of all of the different kinds of cells.2. 就人口和地域而言，这两个国家差异很大。

6、(with respect to)With respect to population and geographical area, these two countries vary greatly.3. 染色体由脱氧核糖核酸和蛋白构成，而脱氧核糖核酸又是细胞特征和活性的遗传密码。(genetic code)Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein, and the DNA is the genetic code for the characteristics and activities of the cell.4. 氧气从空气中扩散到血液以便在全身循环

7、，而二氧化碳从血液散播到空气中以便排出体外。(diffuse)Oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood to be circulated throughout the body, but carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air to be exhaled from the body.5. 科学不断地提供新的发现，从而进一步支持了他的假设。(back up)Science continued to throw up discoveries, which further backed up his

8、 hypothesis. Unit Two II. Vocabulary Study Part A1Vasodilation 2metabolism 3Anabolism 4neurons5dehydration 6hemoglobin 7catabolism 8thyroxine9digestive 10peristalsisPart B1Transferring 2saturate 3fluctuate 4evaporate5radiation 6encompass 7humidity 8generate9convection 10disperseIII. Translation Part

9、 A1. At either end of the age spectrum, however, temperature regulation may not be as precise as it is in older children or younger adults.然而，在年龄段两端的人群，其体温调节精确程度都不如少年或青年人。2. The pathways of heat loss from the body are the skin, respiratory tract, and to a lesser extent, the urinary and digestive tra

10、cts.人体散热途径是经皮肤、呼吸道，少量经尿道和消化道散热。3. Changes in body temperature also have an effect on metabolic rate and heat production. This becomes clinically important when a person has a fever, an abnormally high body temperature.人体体温的变化也会影响代谢率和产热。当一个人发热、体温异常升高时从临床上讲，体温变化就显得重要了。4. Anabolism means synthesis or “

11、formation” reactions, the bonding together of smaller molecules to form larger ones.合成代谢是指综合或“形成”性反应，即把小的分子结合在一起形成更大的分子。5. Catabolism means decomposition, the breaking of bonds of larger molecules to form smaller molecules. Cell respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that break down food mol

12、ecules to carbon dioxide and water.分解代谢是指分解，即将较大分子的键打断使其分解成小分子。细胞呼吸过程就是一连串的分解代谢反应将食物分子分解成二氧化碳和水。Part B1. 新陈代谢是指发生在生物体内的化学过程，可分为合成代谢和分解代谢两类。 (metabolism)Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in the living organisms.It may be divided into two major categories: anabolism and catab

13、olism.2. 正常人的体温为 37。随个体、年龄、活动量和每日早晚略有差异，但波动幅度不超过 l。(fluctuation)The normal body temperature is 37oC, and varies by person, age, activity, and time of day, but the fluctuations are usually no more than 1.0oC.3. 在正常情况下，人体通过体温调节系统使体温保持相对稳定。(constant)Under normal conditions, human body is able to mainta

14、in a relatively constant body temperature through the system of temperature regulation.4. 与生活在热带地区的人相比，在寒冷气候下生活的人，新陈代谢率要高10%20%。(metabolic rate) People who live in cold climates may have metabolic rates 10% to 20% higher than those who live in tropical regions.5. 人体体温的调节主要是通过汗腺的分泌及皮肤血管的收缩与舒张。(excret

15、ion)Human body temperature is mainly regulated through the excretion of sweat gland and vasodilation and constriction of blood vessels in the skin. Unit Three II. Vocabulary Study Part A1nicotine 2contractions 3myocardium 4pulmonary5arrhythmia 6Ventricular 7diastole 8fibrillation9systole 10membraneP

16、art B1simultaneous 2accumulated 3coordinate 4consistency5Spontaneous 6acceleration 7strategies 8strenuously9distinctive 10specializedIII. Translation Part A1. Ventricular contraction forces blood against the flaps of the right and left AV valves and closes them; the force of blood also opens the aor

17、tic and pulmonary semilunar valves.心室收缩使血液施压于左右房室瓣并使其关闭；血液的压力也使主动脉半月瓣和肺动脉半月瓣打开。2. Palpations are usually not serious, and may be the result of too much caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol. Much more serious is ventricular fibrillation, a very rapid and uncoordinated ventricular beat that is totally ineff

18、ective for pumping blood.心悸通常不会很严重，可能因摄入的咖啡因、尼古丁或酒精过量引起。更为严重的是室颤，室颤是一种快速而无节律的心室跳动，可以导致心脏无效泵血。3. Although the heart generates and maintains its own beat, the rate of contraction can be changed to adapt to different situations. The nervous system can and does bring about necessary changes in heart rat

19、e as well as in force of contraction尽管心脏自身产生心跳并维持心跳，但为了适应不同情况还可以改变收缩率。神经系统能使心率和心肌收缩力进行必要的改变。4. The heart will also be the effector in a reflex stimulated by a decrease in the oxygen content of the blood. The aortic receptors are strategically located so as to detect such an important change as soon

20、as blood leaves the heart.心脏在受到血氧量下降激起的反射中起到效应器的作用。主动脉感受器的位置非常关键，因而在血液从心脏泵出时，感受器能探查出其重要的变化。5. The cardiac cycle is a sequence of mechanical events that is regulated by the electrical activity of the myocardium. Cardiac muscle cells have the ability to contract spontaneously, that is, nerve impulses

21、are not required to causecontraction.心循环是一系列受到心肌电活性调节的机械性活动。心肌细胞能自主收缩即不需要神经冲动而引起收缩。Part B1. 房颤是一种常见的不规律的心脏节律，房颤能引起心房，即心脏上腔室不正常收缩。(atrial fibrillation)Atrial fibrillation is a very common irregular heart rhythm that causes the atria,the upper chambers of the heart, to contract abnormally.2. 心电图是用电来记录

22、心脏的活动，作用是协助诊断动脉疾病、心肌梗死及一些先天性心脏病。(electrocardiogram)The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an electrical recording of heart action and aids in the diagnosis of artery disease, myocardial infarction, and some congenital heart diseases.3. 强烈要求高等教育改革的呼声遍及全国，人大代表对此也做了提案。 (permeate)A strong desire for higher educ

23、ation reform permeates the whole country, for which deputies to the Peoples Congress have also made their proposals.4. 心律不齐即是心跳不规律，几乎每个人都有心律不齐的经历。(arrhythmia)Arrhythmia means the irregular heartbeat, which nearly every individual can experience.5. 为了婴儿饮食安全，他们正在努力研制尽善尽美的婴儿配方奶粉。(formula)They are worki

24、ng on the perfection of the new milk powder formula to ensure the diet safety of the babies. Unit Four II. Vocabulary Study Part A1platelets 2physiological 3Extracellular 4nitrogen5Indigestible 6urinary 7lymphatic 8glycogen9deoxygenated 10oxidationPart B1excrete 2Evolution 3stabilize 4locomotion5not

25、ion 6dysfunction 7intricate 8endowed9liberate 10exquisitelyIII. Translation Part A1. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.

26、生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器，其运行机制受物理和化学规律的调控。2. Although it is helpful to study how each organ performs its functions, it is essential to recognize that the activity of the body as a whole is dependent on the intricate interactions between the various organ systems.虽然研究各器官如何行使功能很有益处，

27、但我们必须认识到机体作为一个整体所做的活动依赖于各器官系统间错综复杂的相互作用。3. If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.如果细胞外液中钾离子过多，心肌细胞的兴奋性增强，可能出现不规律收缩。4. A negative feedback loop requires a

28、 sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables.负反馈环是在机体出现紊乱时，通过感受器对出现的各种问题做出反应，不是对其他生理变化做出反应。5. Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the intern

29、al environment.每个功能结构都在维持细胞外液稳态方面发挥其作用，这称之为内环境。 Part B1. 血小板和血浆蛋白通过阻止伤口继续流血并修复伤口，从而维持机体的稳态。 (hemostasis)Platelets and plasma proteins control hemostasis, a process that stops blood loss after injury and promotes wound healing.2. 钠钾泵将钠离子（Na+）主动转运至细胞外，钾离子（K+）转运到细胞内。每3个钠离子被转运出细胞，就有2个钾离子被转运到细胞内。(transpo

30、rt)A sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions (Na+) to the outside and potassium ions (K+) to the inside, with three Na+ moved out for every two K+ moved in.3. 体内的水平衡由位于大脑下丘脑的渗透压感受器自动调控。(regulate)Water is autonomically regulated by osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus of the brain.

31、4. 营养物质和液体由小肠绒毛内的毛细血管吸收进入血液循环系统。(absorb)Capillaries within the villi of the small intestine are sites where nutrients and fluids are absorbed into the circulatory system.5. 所有的细胞每时每刻都需要氧气（O2），并不断排出二氧化碳（CO2）等代谢废物。(eliminate)All cells require a continuous supply of oxygen (O2) and must continuously el

32、iminate metabolic waste products, such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Unit Five II. Vocabulary Study Part A1inflammation 2hypersensitivity 3homeostasis 4pathogen5hypertension 6constriction 7constipation 8infection9perspiration 10migrainePart B1maintenance 2aggravate 3conscientious 4predispose5intensity 6a

33、ltitude 7precipitate 8retain9compulsive 10barricadeIII.Part A1. The body is constantly striving to maintain a constant internal environment in the midst of ever-changing conditions.身体在持续变化的条件下努力维持内环境的恒定。2. Cardiac output then becomes inadequate to meet the demands of the body, and the patient loses

34、consciousness because insufficient blood reaches the brain.心输出量不足以满足身体的需要，病人就会因为没有足够的血液到达大脑而失去意识。3. The liver releases stored glucose into the blood when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, thus providing an increased energy source for actively metabolizing cells.当受到交感神经系统的刺激时，肝脏会释放储存的葡萄糖到

35、血液里，从而为活跃的新陈代谢细胞提供更多的能量来源。4. People subject to migraine headaches are generally hard-working and like order; a threat or a conflict causes them to become tense and fatigued.易患偏头痛的人通常工作勤奋、喜欢井井有条，某种惊吓或矛盾冲突会使他们情绪紧张，身心疲惫。5. Asthma, a disease characterized by marked changes in the diameter of the bronchi

36、 and obstruction of the air passageways, usually has an allergic basis.哮喘通常有过敏的基础，这种疾病表现出支气管直径明显变化和气道阻塞。Part B1. 他受到严刑拷打, 但没泄露秘密。(subject to)He had been subjected to punishment, but he didnt tell the secret.2. 如身体伤残或患疾病，以致不能安全驾驶，就不应驾驶。(suffer)You should not drive if you suffer from any disability or

37、 illness that may make it difficult for you to drive safely.3. 爱迪生说：“天才是 99%的血汗加上1%的灵感!”。(perspiration)Thomas Edison said, “genius is 99% perspiration plus 1% of inspiration.”4. 人们应该为中国养老保险体制的改革与完善提出具有针对性和可操作性的合理化建议，以便其更好地为社会经济实践服务。(provide)The specific and feasible suggestions should be provided fo

38、r the reform and improvement of Chinas endowment insurance system so as to serve for the socioeconomic practice better.5. 较年轻的职员和那些做辅助性工作的人更容易感到无聊。(prone)Younger employees and those with more menial jobs were more prone to boredom. Unit Six Part A1Microbiology 2Pathophysiology 3remission 4etiology5s

39、ubclinical 6morphology 7malaise 8diabetic9Cytopathology 10prodromePart B1bewilder 2alteration 3parameter 4normalcy5oscillation 6constancy 7perspective 8abnormality9exaggerate 10encroachIII. Translation Part A1. Pathology, in the context of human medicine, is not only a basic or theoretical science b

40、ut also a clinical medical specialty.从人类医学上讲，病理学不仅是一门基础或理论学科，也是具有临床医学特色的一个学科。2. However, on closer scrutiny, the concept of normalcy turns out to be complex and can not be defined succinctly; correspondingly, the concept of disease is far from simple.然而，从更严谨的角度来看，常态的概念很复杂，不能草草给出定义；相应的，疾病的概念远非如此简单。3. To place the above considerations in perspective, concepts of normalcy and even of disease are, to an extent, arbitrary and influenced by cultural va