学术英语一unit3重点词汇

1、Discuss the words meaning,Exercise 1,Exercise 2,Exercise 3,There was a deep-rooted racial prejudice long before the two countries became rivals and went to war.,prejudice: an unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are different from you in some way, especially because of their race, sex, re

2、ligion etc. used to show disapproval.,Read the sentences below and use context to write the definitions of the underlined words. One word has been done for you.,Discuss the words meaning,e.g.,1. We discourage waste of time on items irrelevant to the object of study.,irrelevant: not useful or not rel

3、ating to a particular situation, and therefore not important,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,Be irrelevant to,derivative,irrelevancy/irrelevancy n.,Translation,Accordingtorelevantlawsandregulations, theeducationofdisabledchildrenis compulsory.,Discuss the words meaning,2.我不明白他的评论与这一争论有何关系。,1.

4、根据有关法律法规, 中国政府将残疾儿童教育纳入义务教育。,Icantseetherelevanceofhiscommenttothedebate.,2. The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.,attribute: to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something,Discuss the words meaning,attribute n.,attri

5、bute: a quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful e.g. The attribute cannot be modified because it is owned by the system. (由于属于系统，不能修改该属性.),Translation,Mosthistoriansattributesuchdeclines towarsandconquests.,Discuss the words meaning,2.彬彬有礼是绅士的本色。,1.大多数的历史学家把这样的衰亡归于

6、战争和征服。,Politenessisanattributeof agentleman.,3. Individual departments identify the training needs of their staff members to ensure the continual development of their inherent skills.,inherent: a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it,Discuss th

7、e words meaning,collocation,Be inherent in,Translation,Thedesireforfreedomisinherentinusall.,Discuss the words meaning,2.钱财身外物。,1.对自由的渴望是我们所有人的天性。,Money is not aninherentpart of thehumanbeing.,4. Our ultimate objective is to have as many female members of parliament as there are male.,ultimate: some

8、ones ultimate aim is their main and most important aim, that they hope to achieve in the future (= final),Discuss the words meaning,collocation,ultimate goal/aim/objective,Translation,He said it is still not possible to predict theultimateoutcome.,Discuss the words meaning,2.他们那种充分自由和完全平等的终极目标则永远无法实

9、现。,1.他说现在还无法预料最终的结局。,Theirultimategoalofcompletefreedomandtotalequalityisnever reached.,5.We should never aggregate votes to predict results under another system.,aggregate: different amounts, pieces of information etc together to form a group or a total,Discuss the words meaning,aggregate adj./n.,c

10、ollocation,In (the) aggregate 合计，总计，归结起来,Translation,Theaggregatenumberofunemployedisfiftythousandthisyear.,Discuss the words meaning,2.全球经济活动总量是一年年的递增。,1.今年失业人数总共达五万人。,Theworldeconomicaggregateisincreasingyearbyyear.,6. Statistically our chances of being the victims of violent crime are remote.,vic

11、tim: someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,fall victim to 成为 . 的牺牲品,Translation,Throughout the trial, he portrayed himself as thevictim.,Discuss the words meaning,2.许多河流都受到了近期干旱的影响。,1.在审讯过程中，他始终把自己说成是受害者。,any streams have fallen victim to the recent

12、 drought.,7. A stupid person always tries to justify himself for his mistakes; but a wise man tries his best to correct his errors.,justify: to give an acceptable explanation for something that other people think is unreasonable,Discuss the words meaning,Collocation,justify sth. justify doing justif

13、y oneself for sth.,derivative,justification n.,Translation,Hethoughtthat there wasinsufficientevidencetojustifythecriminalproceedings.,Discuss the words meaning,2.喝醉酒并不能成为你违规的理由 。,1.他认为没有足够的证据为刑事诉讼程序辩护。,That you weredrunkdoesnotjustifyyourviolatingtherule.,8. He was ashamed. That feeling lingered, a

14、nd he was never comfortable in church after that.,linger: to continue to exist, be noticeable etc for longer than is usual or desirable,Discuss the words meaning,derivative,lingering adj.,e.g. lingering suspicions/doubts 萦绕在心中的疑虑 lingering illness 久病, 久治不愈的病,Translation,The attractivescenicspots and

15、historicsitesmakeforeigntouristslingeron and forget to return.,Discuss the words meaning,2.考试的最终结果扼杀了他心里残存的希望。,1.景色宜人的名胜古迹,令外国旅游者流连忘返。,The result of the exam killed hislingeringhope.,9. She threw herself on her bed and wept in the agony of boredom.,agony: a very sad, difficult, or unpleasant experie

16、nce,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,in an agony of despair 极度绝望 in an agony of grief 极度悲伤 in an agony of joy 狂喜,Translation,Thedyingmangroanedinagonyastherescuerstriedtomovehim.,Discuss the words meaning,1.景色宜人的名胜古迹,令外国旅游者流连忘返。,10. The industrial injuries scheme takes into account the actual d

17、isability and whether it handicaps a person in working.,handicap: to make it difficult for someone to do something that they want or need to do,Discuss the words meaning,derivative,handicap n. handicapped adj.,Translation,Poorcommunicationskillsarethemaincareerhandicapof youngpeopletoday.,Discuss th

18、e words meaning,2.无知会妨碍城市的进步。,1.差的沟通技能是当今的年轻人在事业上的的主要障碍。,Ignorance canhandicapthe progress of a city,11. Hes clever, but not rich; compassionate without being sentimental.,sentimental: someone who is sentimental is easily affected by emotions such as love, sympathy, sadness etc, often in a way that

19、seems silly to other people,Discuss the words meaning,Translation,Theintellectualpeoplearemoresuitableforadministrationposition thansentimentalpeople .,Discuss the words meaning,1.理智的人比感情用事的人更适合做管理工作。,12. The nurses, grumbling about working Christmas, turned to compassion for a family just trying to

20、 get warm on Christmas.,compassion: a strong feeling of sympathy for someone who is suffering, and a desire to help them,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,compassion for feel/show/have compassion with compassion,derivative,compassionate adj.,Translation,Her own experiences had taught her to have

21、compassionfor misunderstood children.,Discuss the words meaning,1.她自身的遭遇使她认识到应对那些受到误解的孩子予以同情。,13. Teachers have joined a strike aimed at forcing the government to pay overdue salaries and allowances.,overdue: not done, paid, returned etc by the time expected,Discuss the words meaning,Translation,The

22、librarianhascalledinallthebooksthat areoverdue.,Discuss the words meaning,1.图书馆科理员把所有出借过期的书收回。,14. You will need to seek professional advice about your claim for compensation.,claim: a statement that something is true, even though it has not been proved,Discuss the words meaning,claim v.,I cant clai

23、m to be very conversant with any of the sciences because Ive never studied them.（我不能说我精通任何一种科学，因为我没有研究过它们。 ）,Translation,Theyclaimed that the new law was not constitutional.,Discuss the words meaning,2.他向保险公司提出索赔。,1.他们声称这项新法律不符合宪法。,He submitted aclaimto the insurer.,15. It is difficult to convey the

24、 sheer complexity of the situation.,complexity: the quality of being intricate and compounded,Discuss the words meaning,derivative,complex adj.,Translation,The morecomplexthe civilization, the morecomplexare its systems.,Discuss the words meaning,2.我们正面对着一个极复杂的问题。,1.社会的文明程度越高，它的这些体系就越复杂。,We are faci

25、ng a problem of greatcomplexity.,16. I wont go so far as to say that he is dishonest, i.e. I wont actually accuse him of dishonesty, even though I might suspect him of it.,accuse: to say that you believe someone is guilty of a crime or of doing something bad,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,acc

26、use sb. of sth. 控告, 谴责,derivative,accusation n.,Translation,He isaccused of exploiting child labor.,Discuss the words meaning,2.你的指责必须以事实为依据。,1.他被指控剥削童工。,Youraccusationmustbegroundedonfacts.,17. A new and excellent strategy for the assault on France was at last hammered out.,assault: a military atta

27、ck to take control of a place controlled by the enemy,Discuss the words meaning,assault v.,The commander decided to assault the enemy in the darkness.（指挥官决定夜袭敌军。）,Translation,TheAmericanarmy made asurpriseassaultonthecitiesin thenorthofIraq.,Discuss the words meaning,1.美军突然袭击了伊拉克的北部城市 。,18. Im not o

28、pposed to a core curriculum in principle, but I think requiring a foreign language is unrealistic.,core: the most important or central part of something,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,core team 骨干团队 core curriculum 基础课程 to the core 彻底的， 十足的,Translation,Thecoreofourappealisfreedomofspeech.,Dis

29、cuss the words meaning,1.我们呼吁的中心是要言论自由。,19. They have been directing their whole attention to this international conflict.,conflict: a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,In conflict with 和 . 有矛盾； 不一致,derivative,conflicting ad

30、j.,Translation,He was instrumental in bringing about an end to theconflict.,Discuss the words meaning,2.他们对发生的事所作的陈述自相矛盾，使我迷惑不解。,1.他在终止冲突的过程中起了重要作用。,They confused me withconflictingaccounts of what happened.,20. And now, friends, fellow citizens of Gettysburg and Pennsylvania, and you from remoter s

31、tates, let me again, as we part, invoke your benediction on these honored graves.,invoke: to make a particular idea, image, or feeling appear in peoples minds by describing an event or situation, or by talking about a person,Discuss the words meaning,Translation,The speechinvokedhis memory of childh

32、ood.,Discuss the words meaning,1.演讲唤起了他童年的记忆。,21. The state can demand that children attend school; it cannot compel them to participate in ceremonies that violate their religious convictions.,violate: to do something that makes someone feel that they have been attacked or have suffered a great loss

33、 of respect,Discuss the words meaning,derivative,violation n. violator n.,Translation,Thosewhoviolatetrafficregulationsshouldbepunished.,Discuss the words meaning,1.那些违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。,22. Shylocks second passionate assertion of human equality is almost as well-known as it deserves to be.,assertion: so

34、mething that you say or write that you strongly believe,Discuss the words meaning,derivative,assert v.,e.g. assert oneself 坚持（自己）的主张;表现坚定 Hes speaking up and asserting himself confidently.（他 明确表态，信心十足地阐述自己的观点。）,Translation,Somepeopleassertthatnothingisimpossible.,Discuss the words meaning,2.这种断言是由一种

35、误解而来 。,1.一些人断言没有什么事是不可能的。,Thisassertionrestsonamisunderstanding .,23. The warrant had been issued by the U.S.Federal Court at nearest federal court to Boonton.,warrant: a legal document that is signed by a judge, allowing the police to take a particular action,Discuss the words meaning,Translation,P

36、olice confirmed that they had issued awarrantfor his arrest .,Discuss the words meaning,1.警方证实他们已经签发了对他的拘捕令。,24. Banks are under no obligation to accept presentation of documents outside their banking hours.,obligation: a moral or legal duty to do something,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,unde

37、r an obligation under no obligation Place sb./sth. under an obligation,24. Banks are under no obligation to accept presentation of documents outside their banking hours.,obligation: a moral or legal duty to do something,Discuss the words meaning,compare,duty, obligation, responsibility,这些名词都有“义务”或“职

38、责”之意。 duty: 指按道德和法律的标准，一个人永远要尽的义务，强调自觉性。 obligation: 指道义上或法律上对他人的义务，强调强制性。也指因作出承诺而被迫履行的某种义务。 responsibility: 指任何义务、职责、责任或职务上所应尽的本分，强调对他人的责任。,Translation,Sheis under anobligationtoheradoptivefather .,Discuss the words meaning,1.她有义务赡养她的养父。,25. A leaders eminence does not imply a right to impose his w

39、ill on his peers.,impose: to force someone to have the same ideas, beliefs etc as you,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,impose fines on someone 罚款 impose on 把 . 强加于.,Translation,Parentsoftenimposetheirownmoralvaluesontheirchildren.,Discuss the words meaning,1.父母往往让子女接受自己的道德观。,26. A case in point

40、 was the controversy provoked by the agitation for full and immediate payment of the so-called bonus.,controversy: a serious argument about something that involves many people and continues for a long time,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,beyond controversy 无可争辩(无可争议). without controversy 无可争辩(

41、无可争议).,derivative,controversial adj.,Translation,Thatisafactbeyondcontroversy.,Discuss the words meaning,1.那是一个无可争论的事实。,27. Please write to confirm your reservation, i.e. send a letter to support a booking made by telephone.,confirm: to tell someone that a possible arrangement, date, or situation is

42、 now definite or official,Discuss the words meaning,derivative,confirmation n.,Translation,I am writing toconfirm the booking made by telephone.,Discuss the words meaning,1.我写此信以确认通过电话做的预订。,28. The neighbours submitted a petition asking the town to put up traffic lights near the school.,petition: a

43、document signed by a lot of people which asks a government or other official group to do a particular thing,Discuss the words meaning,petition v.,They petition the government for the release of the political prisoner.（他们向政府请愿要求释放政治犯。）,Translation,Thegovernmentreceivedapetitionwhichborenearlyfivethou

44、sandsignatures .,Discuss the words meaning,2.他们向政府请愿要求释放政治犯。,1.政府收到一份下面有近五千人签名的请愿书.,Theypetitionthe government for the release of the political prisoner.,29. He easily defeated his opponent in the election.,opponent: someone who you try to defeat in a competition, game, fight, or argument,Discuss th

45、e words meaning,compare,opponent, competitor, enemy, rival,这些名词均有“对手、敌手”之意。 opponent: 最常用词，通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的“对手”或“敌手”。 competitor: 指为同一目标或目的竞争者，一般无感情色彩。 enemy: 多指充满敌意的仇敌。 rival: 指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人，匹敌者。,Translation,Shehadto contestagainsta verystrongopponentfor thechampionship.,Discuss

46、 the words meaning,1.她必须与强劲的对手手角逐冠军。,30. Men are subject to sudden changes of fortune as the moon is subject to the changes of being full and crescent, cloudy and clear.,subject: likely to be affected by something,Discuss the words meaning,collocation,be subject to 可能受影响的;易遭受的,Translation,Their part

47、icipation issubjecttoa number of important provisions.,Discuss the words meaning,1.他们的参与受一些重要条款的限制。,ethics, ethical, ethically, unethical, unethically, ethicist, ethicality, ethicize,utilize, utilization, utilizer, utilizable, utilitarian, utilitarianism,consciousness, consciously, unconscious, unco

48、nsciously, unconsciousness, subconscious,changed, changeable, changeably, changeability, changeless, changelessly, interchange, interchangeable, interchangeably, interchangeability,inference, inferential, inferentially, inferable, inferably,2. Find more words of each word family. The first one has b

49、een done for you.,Discuss the words meaning,merciful, mercifully, merciless, mercilessly, mercilessness,necessarily, unnecessary, unnecessarily, necessity, necessitate, necessitous, necessitously,retainer, retention, retentive, retentively, retentiveness,alleged, allegedly, allegation, allegeable,cr

50、itical, critically, criticism, criticize, uncritical, uncritically, uncriticized,binder, binding, bindery, unbind, unbinding,Discuss the words meaning,generally, generalize, generality, generalization,legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature,objection, objectionable, objectionably, objector,automatic, automatically, automation, automated,restriction, restrictive, restrictively, unrestrictive, unrestrictively, restricted, unrestricted,community, communal, communist, communism,Discuss the words meaning,survival, survivor, surviving,