初中语法动词讲解

1、可编辑动词一.动词和动词短语二 动词时态三 动词语态四 非谓语动词 1 动词和动词短语（一）动词分类动词是表示动作或状态的词，按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词，连系动词，助动词和情态动词。 1行为动词 行为动词又称实义动词，可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi)，及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，后跟宾语；不及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，但后面不能直接跟宾语，如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。 如： More and more people study English.(vt) The students are listening to th

2、e teacher carefully.(vi) *常见的可带双宾的动词：“七给”（give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand）“一带”（bring），当直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加to。如：My father gives me a book. = My father gives a book to me.*buy, draw, make 三个动词接双宾时，如前所说，后面加for。如：My parents bought me a nice backpack. =My parents bought a nice backpack for me. *不及物动

3、词指不能直接接宾语的动词。自身意思完整，无需接宾语。大多数即可为及物也可不及物。Boys fly kites. Birds can fly.*除此之外，实义动词还有延续性和非延续性之分。1）延续性动词是表示动作可以延续，可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：live，stay, study, work, keep, teach, sleep, stand, walk, wait, read, watch等。You can keep this book for two weeks.2) 非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，表示一经发生立即结束的动作。如：open, close, buy, lend, borr

4、ow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, come, catch等。如：I was a bit nervous before I arrived here. 2连系动词 连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语, 说明主语的状态、性质、特征和身份。1）表状态的系动词：be, stay, keep, remain, stand（处于某种状态），如：He always keeps silent at meeting. 2) 表感官、表象：look, feel, seem, sound, taste, smell,app

5、ear(显得，看来)， 如：It feels soft. 3) 表转变和结果的系动词： get, turn, become, grow，fall, go. 如：4) Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. 3助动词 助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定，疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征，助动词有 be, do/does/did, have/has/had, shall, will等。 如： How do you usually come to school? The children are

6、playing yo-yo now. 4情态动词 情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。初中常见情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等；另外，shall(愿意)，will（愿意） should（应该） would（请求，愿意） 在一定场合也可用作情态动词。 如： *各情态动词讲解1） can(could) a. 表示能力，could表示过去的能力; I can speak English, but I cant speak Chin

7、ese. b. 表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）；He isnt at home. He can go to the library. c. 表示允许；Can I have a look at your new computer?d. 表惊讶、怀疑。不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句活感叹句; How can you be so careless?2） May(might) a.表示允许。Might可用于过去的时间，也可指现在，但语气较may更加委婉 b.表示可能（事实上）。Might可用于过去的时间，也可指现在，但语气较may更加不确定。3） MustA.表示义务，“必须”（主观意志）b.

8、表揣测，“一定”、“准时，必定”，只用于肯定句。Mustnt 意为“禁止”，回答need 或者may 提问的句子，表达否定意义。4） Willa. 表意愿，用于各种人称； I will do anything for you.b. 表请求，用于疑问句; Will you close window? Its a bit cold.c. 表示某种倾向和习惯性动作; Fish will die out of water.5） Woulda. 表意愿；I said I would do anything for you.b. 表委婉的提出请求建议或看法；would you like some drin

9、ks? c. 表过去反复发生的动作或者一种倾向; Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.6） ShouldA.表义务，“应该”，用于各种人称；b.表推测，“想必一定，照说应该，估计”7） Ought toA.表义务，“应该(因责任、义务等)”，口气比should 稍重；b.表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱*词义用法辨析1） can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的“能”；be able to用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而“能”。如： Mary can play

10、the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 2） must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”，表主观意志，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/has to表示客观需要，意为“不得不”，它可用于各种时态。Must没有过去式，除了在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中应用had to 代替。如：I told her that she must give up smoking.We had to get everything ready that night. I have to/must

11、 finish homework. *4）need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定和疑问句。用作实义动词时，用于各种句式。用作情态动词：Need I come? Yes, you must come. You neednt telephone him now. She dare not go out alone at night. None of them dared mention this.用作实义动词：You dont need to do it yourself. We need to tell them the news. The table ne

12、eds painting/to be painted. We should dare to give our own opinions. 5） shall 与should的用法，shall 常用于主语是第一人称的疑问句中，表示请求。对shall I.做肯定回：Yes, please. 否定：No, thank you.Shall I turn on the light? Yes, please./No, thank you.对shall we .做答时，如果不包括对方，肯定用Yes, please. 包括对方，肯定：Yes, lets.Its getting late. Shall we go

13、? Yes, please. /Yes, lets go.*注意：a. May I .表示请求，否定要用mustnt/cant, 不能用may not. b. 对must的一般疑问句，肯定用must/have to, 否定用neednt或者do/does have to, 不能用mustnt. c.在need的一般疑问句，肯定回答must，否定回答neednt.（二）动词短语1.动词+介词break into 破门而入 call for 呼吁 care for 喜欢、关心 care about 在乎 get over 度过、客服 2. 动词+副词 clean up打扫赶紧 write down

14、 写下 run out 用完3. 动词+副词+介词 get along with 进展 look down upon蔑视 look forward to 期盼4. 动词+名词+介词make friends with交朋友 take pride in 以.感到自豪 pay attention to 注意5. 动词+名词 lose heart 灰心 take place 发生 make a face 做鬼脸6. be+adj +介词 be afraid of 害怕 be good at 擅长 be proud of以.为傲 *注意：在动词+副词短语中，如果后面接名词作宾语，可放在短语后面，也可放在

15、中间，若代词作宾语，只能放在中间。如：write the new words down=write down the new words =write them down 二动词时态在英语中，同样一个动作，由于发生的时间不一样，所表示的形式就不一样，这就叫时态。（1） 时态构成时态构成一般现在时主语+v+其他主语(三单)+vs+其他一般过去时主语+v过去式+其他一般将来时主语+will/shall+v+其他主语+be going to +v+其他现在进行时态Be(amisare) ving 构成过去进行时态was/were+v-ing现在完成时态主语+have /has+v-过去分词+其他过去

16、完成时态主语+hadv-过去分词过去将来时态主语+would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to+v （2） 时态的应用及动词变化形式1、一般现在时l 定义表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，还表示主语具备的性格和能力及客观真理。例：I get up at 6:30 in the morning . She is at home .l 构成 主要用动词原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加s/es。l 句型 1、肯定句：主语+谓语+其他。 She reads English everyday. 2、否定句：主语+don

17、t/doesnt+谓语+其他。 He doesnt get up at 6:30 in the morning. 3、一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+V原+其他？ Do you like English? Yes, I do. /No, I dont. 4、疑问句：特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+V原+其他？ What time do you get up every morning? Where does your father work?l 用法 1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，带与表示频率的时间状语如：often , sometimes , usually，always

18、, everyday year，month） , once/twice a week (month, year, etc.), seldom, on Sundays等连用。 I leave home for school at seven every morning. 2、表示客观真理，科学事实、格言警句。 The sun rises in the east .日出东方。 The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。 Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。 Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的

19、速度快。 The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。 3、根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。Ill tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。 If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.4、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了描述现阶段的动作或状态，其重点不是强调动作发生的

20、时间、或进行的状态。例如：He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。 She majors in music .她主修音乐。 All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。 My sister is always ready to help others. 我妹妹总是乐于助人。l 动词第三人称单数形式

21、变化规则 1、一般情况下，动词后直接加-s;如：help-helps, clean-cleans, give-gives等。2、以s，x，ch，sh或o结尾的动词，在词尾加-es;如：dress-dresses, fix-fixes, watch-watches, finish-finishes等。3、以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，把y变为i，再加-es;如：study-studies, fly-flies, carry-carries等。4、动词have遇在主语是第三人称单数时，have改为has，如：He has an interesting book .5、动词be遇有主语是第一人称单数时，

22、be改为am，遇有主语是第二人称时，be改为are，遇有主语是第三人称单数时，be改为is2.一般过去时（动词加ed）l 结构 一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。基本结构否定句一般疑问句Be动词was/ were+notwas或were提前，放于句首行为动词didnt+do（动词原形）Did+主语+do（动词原形）注：在一般过去时的句子中，谓语动词可分为两类一类是be动词，其形式为was与第一、三人称单数连用，were与第二人称和复数人称的主语连用。凡是由be动词做谓语的句子，变否定句时，直接在其后加not,即wasnt 或werent，变一般疑问句将was/ were放在句首，句末用问号。另一类

23、谓语动词是由行为动词来充当，如stayedwentvisited等,这一类动词做谓语时，可与任何人称连用，句子变否定时，要在主语后面，动词的前面加didnt，动词用原形；一般疑问句是把did提到句首，动词用原形。I was in Shanghai last year .I wasnt in Shanghai last year .Was you in Shanghai last year ?He went to the park yesterday . He didnt go to the park yesterday ? Did he go to the park yesterday ?l

24、句式 1、肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他。 I was in Beijing yesterday . I went to the beach yesterday . 2、否定句：主语+wasnt 或werent+其他。 主语+didnt + V原+其他。 I wasnt in Beijing yesterday . I didnt go to the beach yesterday . 3、一般疑问句：was/ were+主语+V原+其他？ Did +主语+V原+其他？ Were you in Beijing yesterday ? Did you go to the beach yester

25、day ? 4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ was/ were+主语+其他？特殊疑问词+did+主语+V原+其他？ Where were you yesterday ? Where did you go yesterday ?l 用法 1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况，常与明确的时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last week(month , year),ago, the other day ,just now ,at the age of,in 1980等连用。如： At the age of ten, she began to learn to play the

26、piano . 2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 When I was a child, I often play the football in the street. 3、在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。 He said he wouldnt go if it rained.4. 用于虚拟条件句中，表示与现在与现在事实相反的情况。If I were you, I would take a small gift. (此处were 不能用was代替)l 动词过去式的规则变化1) 一般情况下, 在动词原形末尾加-ed ; 如look-lo

27、oked2) 结尾是字母e 的动词加-d, 如 practice-practiced；3) 结尾是“辅音字母+y” 的动词, 变“y”为“i” 再加ed, 如study studied;4) 重读闭音节结尾, 双写动词尾的辅音字母，再加ed, 如stop stopped。不规则动词表catch caught come camedo did draw drewdrink drank drive droveeat ate fall fellam is was are werebegin begun break brokebring brought build builtbuy bought can

28、 couldl 规则动词过去式与过去分词的构成：（1）一般情况在动词后加ed：worked, helped, called, wanted, needed（2）以e结尾的动词加d：hoped, liked, agreed, changed（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的动词先将y变为i，再加ed：carried, studied（4）以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音的动词，双写该辅音字母后再加ed：stopped，preferred（5）还有不规则动词，要记熟（一般附在教科书后面）3现在进行时（be(is/ am /are)+现在分词构成）l 结构 由 Be(amisare) 动词ing 构成。l

29、 用法1、表示说话时刻正在进行的动作及行为，或者包括说话时刻在内的一段时间正在进行的动作。常用时间状语及标志词：now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。 Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room . 2、表示一种渐进的过程。My younger brother is becoming more and more interested in English . 3、与always , all the time ,

30、 forever等连用，表示说话人某种强烈的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。例如：He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。She is often doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。Are you feeling better today? （表示亲切）你今天觉得好一些吗？One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不满）我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。Some sellers

31、are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .（表示不喜欢） 有些推销员老是敲我家的门, 向我们推销他们的产品。4、表示移位的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等，其现在进行时可表将来。 She is leaving for Beijing next weak.My friend is coming for dinner.l 句型 1、肯定句：主语+ be(amisare) 动词ing +其他。 I am studying now. 2、否定句：主语+ be +not+动词

32、ing +其他。 I am not studying now . 3、一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词ing +其他？ Is she studying now? Yes, she is ./No, she isnt . 4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ Be+主语+动词ing +其他？ What are you doing now? 动词的现在分词构成：（1）一般情况，加ing：going, asking（2）以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加ing：comecoming, write-writing（3）以y结尾的动词都直接加ing：studying, carrying, playing（4）以辅音

33、字母结尾的闭音节动词，双写其辅音字母后，再加ing：putputting, cutcutting, spitspitting（5）特例：diedying，tietying，lielying 4一般将来时（will+动词原形，(be going to)+动词原形）l 概念表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。There will be an English party next Saturday.We will come to see you tomorrow.l 结构1、由will +动词原形构成，其will适用于各种人称，与主语连在一起时，常常缩写为ll。变否定句时，只需在will后加not，可缩

34、写为wont 。在疑问句中，will需提前，构成will+主语+动词原形的结构。 He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。2、shall+动词原形（常用于主语为第一人称）I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。3、be going to+动词原形（打算、准备做某事） He is going to spend his holidays in London. 他打算在伦敦度假。l 用法 1、表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语，如：tomorrow, next day（week

35、，month，year）， this evening (weekend ), in the future , in a few minutes，the day after tomorrow ,by， soon 等连用。I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week.I hope you wont be late next time. 2、当主句为一般现在时，在以after, when, while, as soon as ,if ,unless等引导的时间或条件句中，要用一般现在时表将来。Ill do it better if the teacher give

36、s me another chance. 5.过去将来时（would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to+v）l 概念表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个将来时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：A）宾语从句或间接引语中；B）表示过去习惯性的动作；C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。例如：A) When I thought about it, I wondered what

37、their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。He didnt expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。B) During that period, he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间，他每天早锻炼。Whenever he had time, he would help his m

38、other with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。C) No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在讲

39、座结束之后，听众仍不肯离去。I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。 6.过去进行时（was/were+v-ing）l 用法 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明，如：at this time yesterday，at 7:00 yesterday ，last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。 My family were wat

40、ching TV at this time yesterday . *注意：（1）以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作，主句用过去进行时，表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。 When he called me , I was having dinner . （2）以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，while常译为“当的时候，同时”。 Tom was doing his hmework while hie sister was watching TV . 7.现在完成时*(have /has+v过去分词)l 含义 现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生

41、或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。) Michael has been ill.(含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。) He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地)l 句型 1、肯定句：主语+have /has+动词过去分词+其他。 I have studied English for 5 years. 2、否定句：主语+have /has+no

42、t +动词过去分词+其他。 We havent been there. 3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他？ Has he eaten that apple? 4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ have /has +主语+动词过去分词+其他？l 用法 1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。 e.g. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just,

43、 before, recently, lately等：e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship. I havent seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet?3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等：e.g. Have you ever been to Beijin

44、g? I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present

45、, so far等。e.g. Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has bee too much rain this year. The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful. 5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然

46、其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语) Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.) 6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。e.g. We have had four texts this s

47、emester. 现在完成时中的时间状语：already通常用于肯定句中，意为“已经”，位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾，表示惊讶。例如： We have already cleaned the classroom. Have you finished it already？ yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”；用于否定句中，表示“还(没)”。例如： Has he found his watch yet？他还没找到他的表吗？ No, not yet. 是, 还没有。ever意为“曾经”，常用于疑问句或否定句中，位于助动词和过去分词之间，表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如

48、： Have you ever been there？你曾经去过那里吗？ Nothing has ever happened here. 这里未曾发生过什么事。never意为“（曾经）从未、没有”, 是否定副词，在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如： I havent ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。just意为“刚刚”, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。e.g. He has just come back from school.他

49、刚从学校回来。 just now意为“刚才”, 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from school just now.他刚才从学校回来。for 和since的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用，since 与时间点连用。 *注意：since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970. I havent seen her since she left Shanghai. I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I have n

50、ever seen her. have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别。 have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来 have/ has been to 曾经去过, 人已经回来了 have/ has been in 已经在, 常与一段时间连用 e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去过上海。 She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。 Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛

51、了吗？但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao? 8.过去完成时l 过去完成时的概念 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一事件之前已经发生的动作或状态，即过去的过去。图示如下： -|- |-|- 过去完成 过去 现在将来l 构成1、肯定句：主语+hadv分词When we got there, the football match had already started.2、否定句：主语+had not+v分词He hadnt worked for two years by then.3、疑问句：had+主语+v分词？Had he finished the work by las

52、t month?l 用法1、过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态; 句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。e.g. By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom. 2、过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。例如：Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.3、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She