文章结构分析(UnderstandingTextStructure)

.,UnderstandingTextStructures,.,Whatisatextstructure?,A“structure”isabuildingorframework“Textstructure”referstohowapieceoftextisbuilt,.,Whatisatextstructure?,BuilderscanusedifferentkindsofstructurestobuilddifferentthingsAskyscraper,forexample,isadifferentkindofstructurefromahouse,.,Whatisatextstructure?,WritersusedifferentstructurestobuildtheirideasEachtextstructurecommunicatesideasinadifferentway,.,Chronologicalorder,AuthorsusechronologicalordertoexplainhowthingshappeninorderChronologicalorderisalsocalledsequenceortimeorder,.,Chronologicalorder,Youwillknowthatyouarereadingatextinchronologicalorderbecauseyouwillseewordslikefirst,next,later,then,andfinally,.,Chronologicalorder,Youwilloftenseechronologicalorderindirections:Haveyouevermademacaroniandcheese?Itssimple!First,boilsomewaterandmakesomemacaroni.Then,makeyourcheesesauce.Afterthecheesesauceisready,mixitwiththemacaroni.Baketheentirethingintheoven.Finally,itstimetoeat!,.,Chronologicalorder,Youwilloftenseechronologicalorderindirections:Haveyouevermademacaroniandcheese?Itssimple!First,boilsomewaterandmakesomemacaroni.Then,makeyourcheesesauce.Afterthecheesesauceisready,mixitwiththemacaroni.Baketheentirethingintheoven.Finally,itstimetoeat!,.,Whichparagraphisinchronologicalorder?,Pennsylvaniahasmanyhistoricsites.YoucanvisitRevolutionarywarsites,likeValleyForge.YoucanalsovisitimportantlocationsfromtheCivilWar,likeGettysburg.Finally,youcanalsoseethesiteofthefirstoilwellinTitusville.Pennsylvaniahasmanyneatplacestovisit!,Throughtheages,Pennsylvaniahasseenmanyinterestingevents.Thestatewasfoundedin1681byWilliamPenn.Later,PennsylvaniawasthesiteofimportantRevolutionaryWarbattles.Afterthat,PennsylvaniawashometonewfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Today,Pennsylvaniacontinuestomakehistory.,.,Whichparagraphisinchronologicalorder?,Throughtheages,Pennsylvaniahasseenmanyinterestingevents.Thestatewasfoundedin1681byWilliamPenn.Later,PennsylvaniawasthesiteofimportantRevolutionaryWarbattles.Afterthat,PennsylvaniawashometonewfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Today,Pennsylvaniacontinuestomakehistory.,Thisistheparagraphinchronologicalorder.Canyoufindthecluewordsthatshowthisorder?,.,Whichparagraphisinchronologicalorder?,Throughtheages,Pennsylvaniahasseenmanyinterestingevents.Thestatewasfoundedin1681byWilliamPenn.Later,PennsylvaniawasthesiteofimportantRevolutionaryWarbattles.Afterthat,PennsylvaniawashometonewfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Today,Pennsylvaniacontinuestomakehistory.,Thisistheparagraphinchronologicalorder.Canyoufindthecluewordsthatshowthisorder?,.,Thinkaboutit!,Whatisastructure?Whatdoeschronologicalordermean?Whataresomecluewordsthatshowchronologicalorder?,.,Anothertextstructure,Butwhatifanauthordoesntwanttoshowhowsomethinghappenedinsequence?Theauthorwouldneedtouseanothertextstructure!,.,Anothertextstructure,SupposeanauthorwantedtoexplainhowthesetwobirdsaresimilaranddifferentChronologicalorderwouldntwork-thereisnoorderofeventsTheauthorwouldneedtousecompareandcontrast,.,Anothertextstructure,Thecardinalandthecedarwaxwingaretwocommonbirds.Bothhavecrestsontheirheads.Botharecommonatbirdfeeders.Butthebirdshavesomedifferences.Themalecardinalisabrightred,whilethewaxwingisbrown.Thecedarwaxwingoftenmigratesfromplacetoplace.Ontheotherhand,thecardinalstaysinoneplaceyearafteryear.,.,Compareandcontrastcluewords,Whenauthorsusethetextstructureofcompareandcontrast,theyoftenusespecialcluewordstoshowthistextstructure.Canyoufindthecluewordsintheparagraph?,.,Canyoufindthecluewords?,Thecardinalandthecedarwaxwingaretwocommonbirds.Bothhavecrestsontheirheads.Botharecommonatbirdfeeders.Butthebirdshavesomedifferences.Themalecardinalisabrightred,whilethewaxwingisbrown.Thecedarwaxwingoftenmigratesfromplacetoplace.Ontheotherhand,thecardinalstaysinoneplaceyearafteryear.,.,Heretheyare!,Thecardinalandthecedarwaxwingaretwocommonbirds.Bothhavecrestsontheirheads.Botharecommonatbirdfeeders.Butthebirdshavesomedifferences.Themalecardinalisabrightred,whilethewaxwingisbrown.Thecedarwaxwingoftenmigratesfromplacetoplace.Ontheotherhand,thecardinalstaysinoneplaceyearafteryear.,.,Compareandcontrastgraphicorganizer,Toorganizedetailsfromaparagraphincompareandcontrast,useaVenndiagram,.,Review,Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenchronologicalorderandcompareandcontrast?Howcancluewordshelpyouasareader?,.,Anothertextstructure,Sometimes,awriterwillwanttoexplainhowoneeventleadstoanotherThiskindoftextstructureiscalledcauseandeffect,.,Causeandeffectcluewords,Whenauthorswriteparagraphstoshowcausesandeffects,theyusewordslikecause,effect,asaresult,consequently,andso,.,Canyoufindthecluewords?,Thenightssnowstormhadmanyeffects.Peoplewereoutshovelingsnowfromtheirsidewalks.Thepowerlinesweredrapedwithice.Snowplowsdrovedowneverystreet.Childrenwerethehappiestofall.Theunexpectedsnowcausedschooltobecancelled!,.,Canyoufindthecluewords?,Thenightssnowstormhadmanyeffects.Peoplewereoutshovelingsnowfromtheirsidewalks.Thepowerlinesweredrapedwithice.Snowplowsdrovedowneverystreet.Childrenwerethehappiestofall.Theunexpectedsnowcausedschooltobecancelled!,.,Morewithcauseandeffect,Babypaintedturtlesspendallwinterintheirnests.Theyhavespecialchemicalsintheirbloodthatcankeeptheirbloodfromfreezing.Asaresult,babypaintedturtlescansurvivefreezingtemperatures!,.,Morewithcauseandeffect,Babypaintedturtlesspendallwinterintheirnests.Theyhavespecialchemicalsintheirbloodthatcankeeptheirbloodfromfreezing.Asaresult,babypaintedturtlescansurvivefreezingtemperatures!,Thisisthecause,.,Morewithcauseandeffect,Babypaintedturtlesspendallwinterintheirnests.Theyhavespecialchemicalsintheirbloodthatcankeeptheirbloodfromfreezing.Asaresult,babypaintedturtlescansurvivefreezingtemperatures!,Thisistheeffect,.,Review,Whichtextstructuretellsabouthowthingsaresimilaranddifferent?CompareandcontrastWhichtextstructureexplainshowthingshappenintimeorder?Chronologicalorder,.,Anotherkindoftextstructure,Sometimes,anauthorwillwanttoexplainaproblem,andthenshowoneormoresolutionsThiskindoftextstructureiscalledproblemandsolution,.,Anexampleofproblemandsolution,ParkSchoolhadaterribleproblem.Everydayatrecess,studentswouldargueovertheslides.Teachershadtospendtimeeverydaytakingcareofthearguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwithagreatsolution.Theyboughtanothersetofslidesthateveryonecouldenjoy.,.,Anexampleofproblemandsolution,ParkSchoolhadaterribleproblem.Everydayatrecess,studentswouldargueovertheslides.Teachershadtospendtimeeverydaytakingcareofthearguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwithagreatsolution.Theyboughtanothersetofslidesthateveryonecouldenjoy.,Canyoufindtheproblemandthesolutioninthisparagraph?,.,Anexampleofproblemandsolution,ParkSchoolhadaterribleproblem.Everydayatrecess,studentswouldargueovertheslides.Teachershadtospendtimeeverydaytakingcareofthearguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwithagreatsolution.Theyboughtanothersetofslidesthateveryonecouldenjoy.,Hereistheproblem,.,Anexampleofproblemandsolution,ParkSchoolhadaterribleproblem.Everydayatrecess,studentswouldargueovertheslides.Teachershadtospendtimeeverydaytakingcareofthearguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwithagreatsolution.Theyboughtanothersetofslidesthateveryonecouldenjoy.,Hereistheproblem,Hereisthesolution,.,Ofcourse,problemandsolutionisnotalwayssosimple,Often,authorswillsignalproblemandsolutionstructurewithcluewordslikeproblemandsolution,justlikeinthelastparagraphSometimes,authorswilluserelatedwords,.,Ofcourse,problemandsolutionisnotalwayssosimple,Synonymsforproblemincludedifficulty,struggle,uncertainty,worry,threat,andtroubleSynonymsforsolutionincludepossibility,hope,brightspot,answer,andfuture,.,Amoredifficultproblemandsolutionparagraph,TheChesapeakeBayfacesanuncertainfuture.Issuessuchaspesticides,toomanynutrients,andhabitatlossallthreatentheBayswaterqualityandanimallife.However,scientistsarehopefulthatthefuturemaybebrighter.IfeveryoneintheChesapeakeBaywatershedworkstogether,solutionsmaybefound.,.,Amoredifficultproblemandsolutionparagraph,TheChesapeakeBayfacesanuncertainfuture.Issuessuchaspesticides,toomanynutrients,andhabitatlossallthreatentheBayswaterqualityandanimallife.However,scientistsarehopefulthatthefuturemaybebrighter.IfeveryoneintheChesapeakeBaywatershedworkstogether,solutionsmaybefound.,Whatistheproblem?Whatisthesolution?,.,Amoredifficultproblemandsolutionparagraph,TheChesapeakeBayfacesanuncertainfuture.Issuessuchaspesticides,toomanynutrients,andhabitatlossallthreatentheBayswaterqualityandanimallife.However,scientistsarehopefulthatthefuturemaybebrighter.IfeveryoneintheChesapeakeBaywatershedworkstogether,solutionsmaybefound.,ProblemSolution,.,Textstructureswevelearnedsofar,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolution,.,Matchthecluewords!,however,ontheotherhand,similarity,like,unlike,Canyoufigureoutthetextstructurethatthesecluewordspointto?,Compareandcontrast,.,Matchthecluewords!,asaresult,consequently,therefore,so,cause,effect,Canyoufigureoutthetextstructurethatthesecluewordspointto?,Causeandeffect,.,Matchthecluewords!,problem,solution,threat,difficulty,hope,answer,possibility,Canyoufigureoutthetextstructurethatthesecluewordspointto?,Problemandsolution,.,Arethereanyothertextstructures?,Mostparagraphsthatwewriteinschoolcanbecalledmainidea,description,orstatementandsupportparagraphs,.,Mainideaparagraphs,Inthiskindofparagraph,theauthoroffersamainideastatement,andthensupportsthatstatementwithseveraldetails,.,Mainideaparagraphs,Thepondwasabeautifulplacetovisit.Thefallingleaves,alldifferentcolors,decoratedthesurfaceofthewater.Attheedgesofthepond,smallwildflowersgrew.Thegoldenforestglowedfaintlyinthedistance.,.,Mainideaparagraphs,Thepondwasabeautifulplacetovisit.Thefallingleaves,alldifferentcolors,decoratedthesurfaceofthewater.Attheedgesofthepond,smallwildflowersgrew.Thegoldenforestglowedfaintlyinthedistance.,Mainidea,.,Mainideaparagraphs,Thepondwasabeautifulplacetovisit.Thefallingleaves,alldifferentcolors,decoratedthesurfaceofthewater.Attheedgesofthepond,smallwildflowersgrew.Thegoldenforestglowedfaintlyinthedistance.,Mainidea,Alloftheothersentencesexplainwhythemainideaistrue,.,Mainideaparagraphs,Cluewordsintheseparagraphsmayinclude:Onereason,anotherreason,andforexample,.,Nowitsyourturn!,Onthenextfewslides,youwillreadsomeparagraphsabouttheGreatChicagoFireYourtaskistodecideonthetextstructureforeachoneUnderstandingthetextstructurewillhelpyoutounderstandeachparagraph,.,Whatsthetextstructure?,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolutionMainidea,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,.,Whatsthetextstructure?,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastProblemandsolution,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,.,Whatsthetextstructure?,Chronologicalorder,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,.,Whatsthetextstructure?,Chronologicalorder,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,.,Whatsthetextstructure?,ChronologicalorderNoticehowtheparagraphshowshoweventshappenintimeorder,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,.,Whatsthetextstructure?,UnderstandingthatthistextiswritteninchronologicalordercanhelpyoutounderstandhowtheGreatFirestarted,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,.,Tryanother!,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolutionMainidea,WhywastheGreatChicagoFiresodisastrous?Afterall,Chicagohadfiredepartmentsandfirealarms.Onereasonfortheterriblefireisthatthealarmmalfunctioned.Thelocalfirecompanynoticedthefirebyaccidentasitwasreturningfromanotherfire.Asanotherproblem,awatchmanwhosawtheflamesdirectedotherfirecompaniestoalocationthatwasnearlyamileawayfromthefire.Becauseofthesetwoproblems,afirethatcouldhavebeencontrolledrapidlyspreadacrossthecity.,.,Tryanother!,CompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolution,WhywastheGreatChicagoFiresodisastrous?Afterall,Chicagohadfiredepartmentsandfirealarms.Onereasonfortheterriblefireisthatthealarmmalfunctioned.Thelocalfirecompanynoticedthefirebyaccidentasitwasreturningfromanotherfire.Asanotherproblem,awatchmanwhosawtheflamesdirectedotherfirecompaniestoalocationthatwasnearlyamileawayfromthefire.Becauseofthesetwoproblems,afirethatcouldhavebeencontrolledrapidlyspreadacrossthecity.,.,Tryanother!,Causeandeffect,WhywastheGreatChicagoFiresodisastrous?Afterall,Chicagohadfiredepartmentsandfirealarms.Onereasonfortheterriblefireisthatthealarmmalfunctioned.Thelocalfirecompanynoticedthefirebyaccidentasitwasreturningfromanotherfire.Asanotherproblem,awatchmanwhosawtheflamesdirectedotherfirecompaniestoalocationthatwasnearlyamileawayfromthefire.Becauseofthesetwoproblems,afirethatcouldhavebeencontrolledrapidlyspreadacrossthecity.,.,Tryanother!,CauseandeffectNoticehowthecauses(inblue)leadtotheeffect(inyellow),WhywastheGreatChicagoFiresodisastrous?Afterall,Chicagohadfiredepartmentsandfirealarms.Onereasonfortheterriblefireisthatthealarmmalfunctioned.Thelocalfirecompanynoticedthefirebyaccidentasitwasreturningfromanotherfire.Asanotherproblem,awatchmanwhosawtheflamesdirectedotherfirecompaniestoalocationthatwasnearlyamileawayfromthefire.Becauseofthesetwoproblems,afirethatcouldhavebeencontrolledrapidlyspreadacrossthecity.,.,Whattextstructureishere?,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolutionMainidea,Afterthefire,thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.Manyescapedthefirewithnothingexcepttheclothesontheirbacks.Providingallofthesepeoplewithfood,cleanwater,andshelterwasahugetask.Luckily,thecityquicklyformedaReliefandAidSociety.Thisgroupstartedgivingoutthefooddonationsthatwerepouringinfromothercities.Thesocietybuiltplacesforpeopletolive,gatheredthetoolsthatpeopleneededtorebuildtheirhouses,andevenvaccinated64,000peopleagainstsmallpox.,.,Whattextstructureishere?,ChronologicalorderCauseandeffectProblemandsolution,Afterthefire,thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.Manyescapedthefirewithnothingexcepttheclothesontheirbacks.Providingallofthesepeoplewithfood,cleanwater,andshelterwasahugetask.Luckily,thecityquicklyformedaReliefandAidSociety.Thisgroupstartedgivingoutthefooddonationsthatwerepouringinfromothercities.Thesocietybuiltplacesforpeopletolive,gatheredthetoolsthatpeopleneededtorebuildtheirhouses,andevenvaccinated64,000peopleagainstsmallpox.,.,Whattextstructureishere?,Problemandsolution,Afterthefire,thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.Manyescapedthefirewithnothingexcepttheclothesontheirbacks.Providingallofthesepeoplewithfood,cleanwater,andshelterwasahugetask.Luckily,thecityquicklyformedaReliefandAidSociety.Thisgroupstartedgivingoutthefooddonationsthatwerepouringinfromothercities.Thesocietybuiltplacesforpeopletolive,gatheredthetoolsthatpeopleneededtorebuildtheirhouses,andevenvaccinated64,000peopleagainstsmallpox.,.,Whattextstructureishere?,ProblemandsolutionHereistheproblem,Afterthefire,thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.Manyescapedthefirewithnothingexcepttheclothesontheirbacks.Providingallofthesepeoplewithfood,cleanwater,andshelterwasahugetask.Luckily,thecityquicklyformedaReliefandAidSociety.Thisgroupstartedgivingoutthefooddonationsthatwerepouringinfromothercities.Thesocietybuiltplacesforpeopletolive,gatheredthetoolsthatpeopleneededtorebuildtheirhouses,andevenvaccinated64,000peopleagainstsmallpox.,.,Whattextstructureishere?,ProblemandsolutionHereisthesolution,Afterthefire,thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.Manyescapedthefirewithnothingexcepttheclothesontheirbacks.Providingallofthesepeoplewithfood,cleanwater,andshelterwasahugetask.Luckily,thecityquicklyformedaReliefandAidSociety.Thisgroupstartedgivingoutthefooddonationsthatwerepouringinfromothercities.Thesocietybuiltplacesforpeopletolive,gatheredthetoolsthatpeopleneededtorebuildtheirhouses,andevenvaccinated64,000peopleagainstsmallpox.,.,Canyoufindthetextstructure?,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolutionMainidea,Chicagochangedinmanywaysafterthefire.Beforethefire,mostofthebuildingswerelessthanfivestorieshigh.Thebuildingsthatwereconstructedafterthefire,however,weresomeofthefirstskyscrapersinthecountry.Beforethefire,mostofthehousesweremadeofwood.Afterthefire,peoplechosetobui