选修8 UNIT3 词汇讲解

Unit 3Inventors and inventionsKEY WORDS AND PHRASES1call up给打电话；使想起；回忆When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset. (教材P20)当我打电话给乡下的母亲时，她显得焦躁不安。 call back召唤某人回来；再访；回电话 call for需要；要求；接(人或物)call in邀请；请来 call on拜访(人)；号召call in on简短拜访 call at拜访(某地) call off取消The government calls on the youth to donate their blood voluntarily.政府号召青年义务献血。He is ill；you should call in the doctor right away.他病了，你应该立即请大夫来。2now and then偶尔；有时(sometimes，but not often)Snakes come near the house now and then，and they seem to have made their home here，not far from the walnut tree.(教材P20)蛇时不时地爬到屋边来，可见这几条蛇似乎是在胡桃树附近安家了。We havent seen each other for years，but we chat online now and then.我们已有多年未见过面了；但是我们有时会上网聊一聊。 表示“有时、偶尔”的词语有：(every) now and againfrom time to time at times once in a whileoccasionally a little now and a little then【提示】from time to time强调经常性；now and then等强调间歇性。3Here was a chance for me to distinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them.(教材P20)这回我有机会来表现一下自己，我要发明某种仁慈的东西，既可以把蛇抓住又不会伤害到它们。(1)distinguish vt.& vi.显出的差别；使有所不同；辨别People who can not distinguish between colours are said to be colourblind.不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲distinguish oneself (as) (作为)表现突出；使自己与众不同；使自己成名distinguish between.and.区分/辨别和distinguish.from.使有别于；使具有区别于的特征distinguish.by.以为特征distinguished adj.卓越的；杰出的；著名的 distinguishable adj.可区别的distinction n区别 (2)merciful adj.宽大的；仁慈的They asked him to be merciful to the prisoners. 他们要求他对犯人要以慈悲为怀。mercy n仁慈，宽容show/have mercy to sb.对某人仁慈 show no mercy to sb.对某人无情at the mercy of任由摆布，在掌握中 Its a mercy.口语真是幸运！mercifully幸运地；宽大地They were lost at sea at the mercy of wind and weather.他们在海上迷失，任由大风和天气摆布。Its a mercy that the accident happened so near the hospital.幸亏事故发生在离医院很近的地方。4The first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me，but_there_only_seemed_to_be powders designed to kill snakes.(教材P20)我所做的第一件事就是看有没有什么产品能帮助我。但是，似乎只有用来毒死蛇的药粉能用。(1)there seemed to be是there be句型的变体，表示“似乎有”。there be句型中的be有时还可以换成其他表示“有，存在”的词，如：live，stand，lie，remain，appear，seem to be，come等。there be结构是一个看似简单但命题空间很大的知识点。【提示】在“there be.”句型中，be动词前可以加can，may，must，ought to，used to，happen to，seem to，appear to等情态动词或动词短语。There happened to be no one in the room. 碰巧房间里没有人。5set about开始；着手(about是介词，其后常接名词或动名词)I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them.(教材P20)我着手研究蛇的习性，以便能找到捕蛇的最简易的方法。She set about the business of cleaning the house. 她动手打扫起房子来。After the earthquake，the people set about rebuilding their homes.地震过后，人们开始重建家园。set out 出发，启程；开始 set off 出发；动身 be set in 以为背景set back 阻碍某事物发展；把(钟表指针)往回拨 set aside 留出；对不予考虑set down 记下；写下 set up 树立(榜样)；设立；创立 set free 释放；使获得自由【对接高考】(2012浙江)Armed with the information you have gathered，you can_preparing your business plan.Aset out Bset about Cset off Dset up6They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall.(教材P20)它们一下子就消失在墙壁附近的洞里了。 (1)abruptly adv.突然地，意外地；唐突地The train stopped abruptly，nearly tipping me out of my bunk.火车突然停住，我差点儿从床位上摔下来。abrupt adj.突然的，意外的；粗鲁的，唐突的，生硬的an abrupt turn 急转弯 in an abrupt manner 无礼的态度 an abrupt change 突然改变(2)convenient adj.方便的；适宜的；合适的；在近处的；近便的Will it be convenient for you to start work tomorrow?你明天开始工作方便吗？Our house is convenient for the shops.我们家到商店很方便。It is convenient (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)干某事是方便的sth.is convenient (for sb.) 某事(对某人来说)是方便的if/when it is convenient to sb. 如果某人方便的话convenience n方便，便利 at ones convenience 在某人方便时It is very convenient to pay by credit card.用信用卡付款非常方便。Can you telephone me at your convenience to arrange a meeting?你能不能在你方便时给我来个电话，安排见一次面？【提示】convenient主语不能是人。例如：“如果你方便的话”英语应表达为：if it is convenient to/for you，而不应表达为：if you are convenient。【对接高考】(2012天津高考)The secretary arranged a(n)_time and place for the applicants to have an interview.Aimportant BSpare Cpublic Dconvenient7caution n小心；谨慎；警告This time with great caution I bent down to examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy.(教材P20)这一次我小心翼翼地蹲下去检查的时候，发现蛇都是睡意浓浓的。Dad always drives with caution.爸爸开车一直十分小心。with caution小心地；谨慎地cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的 be cautious of/about.对很小心/谨慎8expectation n预料；期待；期望This was in the expectation that the snakes would bite again.(教材P21)这是因为我预料蛇还会再咬人。Its our expectation that you will do it well.我们期待你干得出色。She looked at me with expectation.她满怀期待地看着我。come up to ones expectations达到某人的期望 live up to ones expectations不辜负某人的期望in expectation of/that.预料 beyond expectations出乎意料 against expectations与预期相反expect vt.预料；预计；期待；期望 expect that.预料expect(sb.)to do sth.期望(某人)做某事；预料(某人)做某事【提示】expectation意思为“期望的事物，前景”时，常用复数。9seize vt.抓住；捉住；夺Pressed by my friends and relations，I decided to seize the opportunity to get recognition for my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office.(P21)由于亲戚和朋友的敦促，我决定抓住这次机会把我的发明送到专利局去，请他们对我这次成功的思路给予认可。He seized her by the arm/wrist.他抓住她的胳膊seize a chance/an opportunity抓住机会/时机seize sb.by the arm抓住某人的手臂seize on/upon 突然大为关注，抓住(可利用的事物)seize up停止运转，发生故障；(身体)发僵【提示】表示“抓住/打在某人的某个部位”时常用：seize/hit sb.on/in/by the身体部位10Only_after_you_have_had_that_recognition_can_you_say that you are truly an inventor.(教材P21)只有你已经获得了那种认证，你才能说自己是一个真正的发明者。only状语(副词、介词短语或状语从句)位于句首时，句子需部分倒装。Only then did I know the importance of learning. 直到那时我才知道了学习的重要性。Only in this way can we solve the problem. 只有用这种办法我们才能解决问题。Only when he finishes the work can he go home. 只有在做完工作之后，他才能回家。【提示】当有从句时，倒装的是主句，从句不倒装。当only修饰其状语不位于句首，或位于句首的only用来修饰的不是状语，而是主语时，均不用倒装。Only my parents know the secret. He found his watch missing only yesterday.【对接高考】(2012天津高考)Only after Mary read her composition the second time _ the spelling mistake.Adid she notice Bshe noticed Cdoes she notice Dshe has noticed11Nor_will_you_receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your product really is different from everyone elses.(教材P21)你的产品要经过仔细调查，证明它确实是与众不同的，你才能获得专利。本句是部分倒装句，nor位于句首时要用部分倒装。以否定副词not，never，seldom，hardly，little，nowhere，scarcely，rarely，neither，nor开头的句子要用部分倒装语序。由not only.but also.连接的并列句，若将not only置于句首时，该分句应部分倒装，but also连接的分句不倒装。而由neither.nor.连接的并列句，两个分句都倒装。由连接词no sooner.than，scarcely.when，hardly.when连接的主从复合句，主句应倒装，从句不倒装。Not only did he give me some advice，but also he lent me some money.No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.表示否定意义的短语放在句首时，句子应用部分倒装语序。这类短语有：under no circumstances，on no account，in no way，at no point，at no time，in no sense，by no means等，都表示“决不”。【对接高考】(2012重庆高考)The headmaster will not permit the change in the course，nor _ it a thought.A does he even giveBhe even gives Cwill he even give Dhe will even give1freezing(教材P23)adj.冰冻的；严寒的 n冰点freezing cold 相当冷 above/below freezing 在冰点以上/以下freeze to death 冷得要死；冻死 freezing point 冰点freeze v(使)结冰；(使)凝固 frozen adj.冻结的；冷冻2innocent adj.无辜的；清白的；无罪的；天真的In a courtroom it is sometimes difficult to recognize who is innocent and who is guilty.(教材P23)有时在法庭上很难分辩谁无罪谁有罪。He is an innocent victim.他是个无辜的受害者。be innocent of 没有 innocence n无罪；纯真；单纯 be guilty of 有罪 3bear vt.忍受，忍耐；负担，承受；生育 n熊I cannot bear the smell of sausage burnt on the barbecue.(教材P24)我无法忍受香肠在烤架上被烧焦的味道。bear doing/n./to do 忍受 bear sb./sb.s doing 忍受某人做bear sb./sth.out 证实；为作证 bear with sb./sth.耐心对待；容忍bear sth.in mind 牢记 bear responsibility/the blame 承担责任/受责备【提示】bear意为“忍耐，忍受”时，通常与can，could连用，用于疑问句或否定句中，常见近义词还有stand等。borne和born是bear的两个过去分词，表示“出生，出自”时用born，并且仅用于被动式。表示“生育”时用borne。bear/stand/tolerate/put up withbear是表示“忍受”的最普通用词。stand表示“忍受”时用于口语。与bear相同，多用于否定句和疑问句。tolerate常指以自我克制的态度对付令人生厌的人或事物。这种容忍往往不会给忍受者带来太大的痛苦。put up with口头用语。一般指容忍较小的事情，具有宽容、默认、将就某人某事的意思。We should learn to tolerate one another. 我们应该学会互相容忍。I wont put up with him.我不会容忍他的。KEY PHRASES1dive into迅速把手伸入；一心投入Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods.(教材P25)偶尔离开平路去寻求困境。go diving 去潜水 make a dive for sth.冲过去拿(某物)take a dive into (the subject) 埋头(该问题)中【提示】dive into 作“潜心于”讲时和devote oneself to sth.的意思一样，但devote oneself to sth.还有“投身于，把自己奉献给”的意思。2set out (to do)开始(做)Bell never set out to invent the telephone and what he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph.(P25) 贝尔并非一开始就想要发明电话的，他本来想设计的东西是多路电报。On their arrival，they set out to read the English books they brought with themselves.他们一到达那里，就开始读他们随身携带的英语书。set off/set out/set about/set out forset off“出发”，侧重于去某个地方。set out“出发，开始”，侧重于开始做某事，还有“规划，展现”的意思，后加不定式。set about“开始，着手”，与set out意思相近，后加v.ing形式。set outfor出发到某地去。(set off for；leave for)If you want to catch that train，wed better set off/out for the station immediately.如果你想赶上那班火车，我们最好现在马上出发去火车站。4associate vi.联想；联系Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone，he was indeed a continuing searcher after practical solutions to improve the quality of everybodys life.(教材P26)虽然人们常把他与电话的发明联系在一起，但是他的确是一位永不停息的探索家，不断寻求着改善人们生活质量的途径。Dont associate with dishonest boys. 不要和不诚实的孩子结交。associate sb./sth.with sb./sth.把和联系在一起；由联想到 be associated with.和有关 associate with sb.与某人交往或常打交道 associate oneself with sth.声称或表示自己赞同某事物association n联合；联想；交往；协会；团体 in association with.与合伙/合作Have you joined the teachers association? 你加入教师协会了吗？They are going to construct the airport in association with another firm.他们打算与另一家公司联合修建机场。5hang on不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住；坚持Hang on，please.请稍等。(P26)Hang on a minute while I get a pencil and a piece of paper. 电话别挂断，等我拿纸笔来。I know youre tired，but try to hang on a bit longer. 我知道你累了，但再坚持一会吧。Hold the line，please./Just a minute，please./Hold on. 不挂电话。6out of order发生故障；次序颠倒；有毛病；状况不佳Im sorry，but this phone is out of order.(教材P26) in good order秩序井然 put/keep.in order使井然有序7get through设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；(设法)做完；通过I cant get through.(教材P26) 我打不通电话。get across 被理解；使人了解 get down to 认真地静下心(工作)(to为介词)get over 克服 get on/along(with)进展；进步；与相处get in 收获 get around/round 到处走动；传播出去8ring back回电话Can I ring back later？(教材P26) 我能一会儿再回电话吗？ring off挂断 ring out发出响亮而清晰的声音ring sb.up给某人打电话 ring round给各处打电话I.单项选择题1. If _ for most of us, the meeting will be arranged next Monday evening. A. reasonable B. comfortable C. convenient D. available2. Some parents are just too protective. They want to _ their kids from every kind of danger, real or imagined. A. spot B. dismiss C. shelter D. distinguish3. If we want to arrive at the village on time, wed better_ A. sweep upB. speed upC. call upD. turn up4. She has tried her best, so please dont be too _ about her job. A.practical B. special C. responsible D. particular5. Lets _ our personal feelings for now, and get to our business. A. set up B. set off C. set about D. set aside6. Jess was sad and her friend helped her _the first awful weeks after her husband Bill died. A. break through B. break down C. get through D. get rid of7. The engine of the ship was out of order and the bad weather_ the helplessness of the crew at sea. A. added to B. resulted from C. turned out D. made up8. So far nobody has claimed the money _ in the library. A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discoveringD. having discovered9. The manager, _ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room. Awho has made Bhaving made Cmade Dmaking10. Mrs. White was glad to see the nurse _ after her son and was pleased to see the boy well _ care of in the nursery. A. looked; taken B. looking; taken C. looked; took D. looking; taking11. Who did the boss _ his car this time? A. make wash B. make to wash C. make washing D. making to wash12.She cant _ to be laughed at though she is easy-going. A. understand B. bear C. enjoy D. betray13.The military government hopes to control the _ of public opinion by controlling broadcasting. A. current B. fashion C. measure D. flow14.When we plan our vacation, Mother often offers _ suggestion. A. careful B. practical C. effective D. acceptable15. His aunts letters _ those beautiful days when they used to live together in his hometown. A. call him on B. call him for C. call him up D. call him inII. 阅读理解Some years ago, writing in my diary used to be a usual activity. I would return from school and spend the expected half hour recording the days events, feelings, and impressions in my little blue diary. I did not really need to express my emotions by way of words, but I gained a certain satisfaction from seeing my experiences forever recorded on paper. After all, isnt accumulating memories a way of preserving the past?When I was thirteen years old, I went on a long journey on foot in a great valley, well-equipped with pens, a diary, and a camera. During the trip, I was busy recording every incident, name and place I came across. I felt proud to be spending my time productively, dutifully preserving for future generations a detailed description of my travels. On my last night there, I wandered out of my tent, diary in hand. The sky was clear and lit by the glare of the moon, and the walls of the valley looked threatening behind their screen of shadows. I automatically took out my penAt that point, I understood that nothing I wrote could ever match or replace the few seconds I allowed myself to experience the dramatic beauty of the valley. All I remembered of the previous few days were the dull characterizations I had set down in my diary.Now, I only write in my diary when I need to write down a special thought or feeling. I still love to record ideas and quotations that strike me in books, or o