思维导图学习例子.doc

：行政组织结构与功能运作上缺失（一）机关事权不够确实，未能把握机能一致原则（二）骈枝机构及馀员均有过多的现像（三）组织规模庞大造成许多弊端（四）行政职能扩张导致首长控制幅度不当与政务处理的偏失（五）分层负责不足减损政策推行绩效（六）组织型态偏重中央极权，影响地方基层人员的工作士气（七）机关名称混乱，体例不一（八）法规繁多，手续复杂，影响效率，引起民怨（九）机关设置未切合实际需要（十）政府机关之间缺乏完整统一的协调行动（十一）委员会型态的组织名实不符，而且过多过重（十二）地方自治质地不足请问老师上面的十二标标题也能够使用您的脑图法门来背记吗？能否请您只要大概解说一下就好，要如何用脑图法门来背记上面的个标题？花的时间会要否很久吗？恳请老师您能指点，感恩！我为阿依猫画了一副思维导图，如下图所示 这幅思维导图没有采用脑图特有的“路径”，是为了使图更简洁。它的解说如下：图的左上角小方框是这段文字的标题，即表示的是“行政组织结构与功能运作上缺失”。树枝状表示“行政组织结构”（织与枝同音；行政组织结构也常常用树枝状来表示），树枝下面的弓型表示“功能”，朝下的虚线箭头表示“缺失”。（一）虚线拳头上的鸡冠表示“机关”，拳头在脑图中表示力量、权力之意，可以表示“事权”，用虚线的话是表示“不够确实”。一个叉表示“未能”，下面的一横表示“一致”。（二）接下来看拳头的左下方。密集树枝下坐了好多人，表示“骈枝机构及馀员均有过多的现像”（三）在密集树枝及人的下方的“大”和穿过树枝的曲线箭头表示“组织规模庞大”，然后指向“弊端”。（四）在拳头的右方的扇形及其文字说明，表示“行政职能扩张导致首长控制幅度不当与政务处理的偏失”（五）在扇型右下方的树枝型分层结构以及虚线画的人，表示“分层负责不足”，朝下的箭头和箭头旁的减号，表示“减损政策推行绩效”（六）在（五）的下面还有三个箭头，加上上一条说的箭头，它们向中央积聚，表示“组织型态偏重中央极权”，后面的“影响地方基层人员的工作士气”被省略了。（七）在（六）的正下方，一团乱线表示“机关名称混乱，体例不一”。（八）在（七）的正下方，重复的纸张表示“法规繁多，手续复杂，影响效率”，右面那个图标表示“引起民怨”。（九）（十）（十一）放在图的中央，用文字中的短语表示。为什么放在图的中央呢？因为两边都是机关组织的图符，中间的文字都与它们有关。（十二）整张图左下角的图符表示“地方自治质地不足”。D中间有一点，表示“地点”，也表示“地方”。发出又返回的箭头，表示“自我”之意，引申为自治。而小于号，表示“不足”。复杂吗？光看解说可能是的。不过和图进行完整的对照几遍，再在头脑中想象几遍，可能就记住了。当然有可能产生模糊现象，但是，对比一下纯粹的文字机械记忆，这样记的效率是明显的。脑图将课文转变为图形，即将课文中的关键词抽出来，用图标、照片和图画表示，将其在平面上艺术地布局，再用一条曲线将其串连起来，形成一幅画面，从而直观地表达了课文的全貌。学习者的直观思维能力和全局控制能力将由此得到极大锻炼。 读图方法：从实心圆点开始，顺着曲线念，一直到该曲线终结为止。观察带有文字的图大约三到五遍，即可利用不带文字的思维导图进行复述甚至背诵。新概念英语第二册第37课原文如下（其中红色字体为在思维导图中出现的关键字），不懂英语的网友可以向下看，有中文翻译和相配的图片。The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four years time. As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a new Olympic standard swimming pool. They will also be building new roads and a special railway line. The Games will be held just outside the capital and the whole area will be calledOlympic City. Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year. By the end of next year, they will have finished work on the new stadium. The fantastic modern buildings have been designed by Kurt Gunter. Everybody will be watching anxiously as the new buildings go up. We are all very excited and are looking forward to the Olympic Games because they have never been held before in this country.课文译文：四年以后，奥林匹克运动会将在我们国家举行。由于将有大批的人到我们国家来，所以政府准备建造一些新的饭店、一个大型体育场和一个新的奥运会标准游泳池。他们还将建筑一些新的道路和一条铁路专线。奥运会就在首都市郊举办，整个地区将被称作“奥林匹克城”。工人们将在今年年底前把新路铺好。到明年年底，他们将把新体育场建成。这些巨大的现代化建筑是由库尔特冈特设计的，大家都将急切地注视着新建筑的建成。我们都非常激动，盼望着奥运会的到来，因为在这个国家里还从未举办过奥运会。下面就是纯思维导图，试着看着此图把课文复述出来：图忆将课文转变为图形，即将课文中的关键词抽出来，用图标、照片和图画表示，将其在平面上艺术地布局，再用一条曲线将其串连起来，形成一幅画面，从而直观地表达了课文的全貌。学习者的直观思维能力和全局控制能力将由此得到极大锻炼。 特别提示：若看不清楚下面的图，请点击该图在新窗口观看。若在新窗口中仍然模糊，请把鼠标放置于图片的右下脚，就能看见一个往四周扩张的图标，点击它就能看见图的全貌了！课文原文：Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society. Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos. Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality. The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand. He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party. But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine. It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment. If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tyres, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time. They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late. The over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual. The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance. Some friends of my family had this irritating habit. The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests. Then they arrived just when we wanted them. If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late. Although being early may mean wasting a tittle time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it. An even harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you. Such an experience befell a certain young girl the first time she was travelling alone. She entered the station twenty minutes before the train was due, since her parents had impressed upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two journeys to meet her. She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket. To her horror he said that she was two hours too soon. She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter. He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers. The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake. The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master, who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic o beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little o indicated that the train only stopped for mail. Just as that mome