句子的类型和定语从句入门

句子的类型,简单句(simplesentence),并列句(compoundsentence),复合句(complexsentence),exercises,简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。,Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号;把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，则构成一个并列句。,用分号：Wefishedallday;wedidntcatchathing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：Wefishedallday;however,wedidntcatchathing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didntcatchathing.,并列句,1、HeisateacherbutIamadoctor.2.Hurryup,oryouwillbelate.3.Eitheryouaremadorheis.4.Notonlyisheanactorbutalsoheisadirector.5.Neitheraretheyfarmersnortheyareworkers.6.Theyfirstworkedasdoctorsandlatertheyworkedaswriters.7.Iwasdoinghouseworkwhilehewasplayingchess.,复合句:主句+从句主句是一个完整的句子(independentsentence),它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在.,复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,从句,主句,Bythetimehearrived,1wehadalreadyleft.2,请指出该复合句的主句和从句部分。,从句,主句,练习:请分别指出下列句子的主句和从句：,1、Heisamanwhoiseasytoworkwith.,2.Idontknowwhetherhewillcometomorrow.,3.WhenIsawhim,hewaswashingclothes.,4.Thathecamemadeushappy.,5.Thenewsthathewonthefirstistrue.,6.Thequestioniswhereweshouldgotomorrow.,复合句,复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句=主句+从句,Hetoldme,thenews.,thatthematchhadbeencancelled.,宾语,howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycar.,thatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.,howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycarandthatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.,whenhewasleavingforParis.,宾语从句,thepeople,surprised,That,Whathesaidwhathedid,主语,Thathedidntknowtheanswer,intheroom.,定语,whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatschool.whohadsignedthecontract.,复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句=主句+从句,thehandsomethetallthestrongthecleverthenaughty,boy,TheboyisTom.,TheboywhoishandsomeisTom.,TheboywhoistallisTom.,TheboywhoisstrongisTom.,TheboywhoiscleverisTom.,TheboywhoisnaughtyisTom.,TheboywhoisreadingisTom.,先行词,关系代词,Hospitalisaplacewhereadoctorworks.,先行词,关系副词,关系词的分类,关系代词,2.关系副词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，常用的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副词有：when,where,why,二.关系词的分类,TheboyisTom.Theboyissmiling.,TheboyisTom.Theboyhasaroundface.,TheboywhoissmilingisTom.(主语),TheboywhohasaroundfaceisTom.,TheboyisTom.Hesitsinfrontofme.,TheboywhositsinfrontofmeisTom.,Themaniskind.Everyonelikeshim.,Theman(who)everyonelikesiskind.(宾语),Thewomangotthejob.Wesawheronthestreet.,Thewoman(whom)wesawonthestreetgotthejob.,Theteacherwillgiveusatalk.Wemettheteacheryesterday.,Theteacher(whom)wemetyesterdaywillgiveusatalk.,Theboyisinthelab.Youwanttotalktohim.,Theboy(whom)youwanttotalktoisinthelab.,Theboytowhomyouwanttotalkisinthelab.,Thisistheboy.Isitbehindhim.,Thisistheboy(whom)Isitbehind.,ThisistheboybehindwhomIsit.,关系代词:,1.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）,ThemanwhoItalkedwithisourteacher.,Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.,2.whom指人,作宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省),Theman(whom/who)InoddedtoisMr.Li.,ThemantowhomInoddedisProfessorLi.,apple,theredthegreenthesmallthebig,Theapplewhichisredismine.,Theapplewhichisgreenisyours.,Theapplewhichisredissmall,Theapplewhichisgreenisbig.,Mrs.Clarkisangrywiththegoat.Thegoatiseatingherflowers.,Mrs.Clarkisangrywiththegoatwhichiseatingherflowers.,Canyoulendmethebook?Youtalkedaboutitlastnight.,Canyoulendmethebook(which)youtalkedaboutlastnight.,Canyoulendmethebookaboutwhichyoutalkedlastnight?,Doyoufindthepen?Iwrotewithitjustnow.,DoyoufindthepenwithwhichIwrotejustnow?,Doyoufindthepen(which)Iwrotewithjustnow?,3.which指物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省),Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.,Thisrecorder（which）heisusingismadeinJapan.,Isthisthelibrary(which)youborrowbooksfrom?,Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?,that指人/物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）,Aplaneisamachine.Itcanfly.,Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.,Heistheman.Itoldyouabouthim.,Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout.,注意：介词提前时只能用whom/which而不能用that。,HeisthemanaboutwhomItoldyou.aboutthat,Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?fromthat,that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。,Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.,Ivereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.,Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.,Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.,(1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等不定代词时。,(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。,(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。,(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。,that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用which而不用that。,(1)关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）Therearemanytreesunderwhichtheycanhavearest.(2)在非限制性定语从句中Football,whichisaverypopulargame,isplayedallovertheworld.,that和who/whom在指人的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用who/whom。,(5)先行词是who或whom引导的主句。Whoisthegirl(that)drovethecar?Who(that)brokethewindowwillbepunished.(6)主句以Therebe引导时Thereare200people(that)didntknowthething.,(2)that和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用who。,先行词为all,anyone,one,ones等时。如：Allwhoheardthenewswereexcited.,先行词为those,he和people时。如：Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.,(4)关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如：Thosewhoareagainsttheplanputupyourhands.Tomisoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedbytheteacheryesterday.Tomistheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaspraisedbytheteacheryesterday.,(4)从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致,Heisthekindperson.Ihaveeverworkedwithhim.,Thisisthebestfilm.Ihaveeverseenthisfilm.,HeisthekindpersonthatIhaveeverworkedwith.whowhom,ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.,Whose,Thegirlissinging.Herhairisred.Thebookismine.Itscoverisblue.,Thegirlwhosehairisredissinging.,Thebookwhosecoverisblueismine.,Youretheonlyperson.Hemightlistentoyouradvice.Youretheonlypersonwhoseadvicehemightlistento.Thebossgotsacked.MrKingworkedinhisdepartment.ThebossinwhosedepartmentMrKingworkedgotsacked.Idlikearoom.Itswindowsfacethegarden.Idlikearoomwhosewindowsfacethegarden.,5.whose指人或物,代替his/her/its/their/your/our。不可省略。,Weliveinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.,Thisisthelittlegirlwhoseparentswerekilledinthegreatearthquake.,whose,Whose引起从句可转换为“of+关系代词”型，即the+n+of+which/whom如：e.g.Theyliveinahouse,whosedooropenstothesouth.Theylivedinahouse,ofwhichthedooropenstothesouth.Theylivedinahouse,thedoorofwhichopentothesouth.,关系代词的基本用法和注意点,1.关系代词的基本用法,三.1.关系代词的基本用法,关系副词引导定语从句时，既引导定语从句，又在定语从句中充当状语。不能省略.关系副词可转化为介词+关系代词结构。1、When指时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语。Hetoldmethedatewhen(onwhich)hejoinedtheParty.2、Where指地点，在定语从句中充当地点状语。Thisistheplacewhere(inwhich)welivedtenyearsago.3、Why指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。Iknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)shewassoangry.,用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语，when可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,Istillrememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)IfirstcametoNanjing.,Myfatherwasbornintheyearwhen(=inwhich)WorldWarbrokeout.,1.when,1.when,用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语，where可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,Thisisthefarmwhere(=onwhich)weworkedwhenwewereyoung.,Theschoolwhere(=inwhich)hismotherteachesisinthewestofthecity.,2.where,2.where,用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，why在定语从句中作原因状语，why可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,Thereareseveralreasonswhy(=forwhich)theboysshouldbepunished.,Tomcouldntgivetheteacherthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewaslateforschool.,3.why,3.why,1.Thisisthepark(that)wevisitedlastyear.Thisistheparkwhereweheldabirthdayparty.2.Shewontforgetthedays(that)shespentontheisland.Shewontforgetthedayswhentheystayedtogether.,关系副词when,where和关系代词that,which的区分。,同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when，有时使用that/which。这主要看两点：一：先行词在从句中所作成分；二：是定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。,巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空,1)October1,1949wastheday_(_)Chinawasfounded.2)Beijingistheplace_(_)Icame.3)Isthisthereason_(_)hedidntwanttoseeme?,when,onwhich,where,fromwhich,why,forwhich,巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空,4)Isthistheroom_(_)wewerelivinglastwinter?5)Thedaysaregone_(_)weused“foreignoil”.6)Yesterday,wehadameeting_(_)wediscussedmanyproblems.,where,inwhich,when,duringwhich,atwhich,where,对比练习：用适当的关系词填空,1.Theroom_heoncelivedisstillthere.Theroom_Ihavetocleaneverydaybelongstomymother.,where/inwhich,(that/which),对比练习：用适当的关系词填空,2.Iwillneverforgettheday_Imetyou.Iwillneverforgettheday_wespenttogether.,when/onwhich,(that/which),Thereason_Idontknowisknowntohim.,(that/which),why/forwhich,3.Thereason_IdontknowthethingisthatIwasnotthereatthattime.,非限制性定语从句,1.非限制性定语从句的定义,非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号隔开。,Mywatch,whichisveryold,stoppedagain.,六.1.非限制性定语从句的定义,2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,(1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。试比较：,ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveread.,Thisisagoodbook,whichiseasytounderstand.,2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,(2)限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一般用关系代词as或which引导。,(4)在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。,(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导，而非限制性定语从句则不能。,(5)关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如：,(6)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。,Hehastwodaughters,theelderofwhomismarried.,Heisill,inspiteofwhichhekeepsonstudying.,3.关系代词as,which引导非限制定语从句时的区别,(1)as和which都可指主句的整个意思，而不是主句中的某一个词。as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于主句之后。如：,3.as/which引导非限制性定语从句的区别,Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.,Asisknowntoall,themoontravelsroundtheearth.,(2)as多用于下列习惯用语中,asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那样asiswellknown=asisknowntoall众所周知aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述asismentionedabove正如上面提到的,由as引导的定语从句,as可作为关系代词来引导定语从句。suchas“像一样的”，“像之类”thesameas“和同样的在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，其中such&same做定语，修饰主句的名词、代词，这个名词是这个定语从句的先行词，as在从句中担任主、宾、表。例如：Thisisthesamethingasweareinneedof.Suchpeopleasyousayareshortnow.,4.“介词+关系代词”结构引导非限制性定语从句，一般有以下几种结构：,(1)名词+介词+关系代词：Theyliveinahouse,thedoorofwhichfacessouth.,4.“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句的几种结构,(2)代词+介词+关系代词：Therearefourstudentsintheclassroom,allofwhomareworkinghard.,(3)数词+介词+关系代词：LastSundayIboughtabookfromthebookstore,threeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.,(4)形容词比较级/最高级+介词+关系代词：Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.,二.关系代词前介词的确定,1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：,Thisisthecar_whichIboughtlastyear.,Thisisthecar_whichIpaid100$.Thisisthecar_whichIspent100$.Thisisthecar_whichIgotoworkeveryday.Thisisthecar_whichIcantgotowork.Thisisthecar_whichtheoldmanwasknockeddownThisisthecar_whichaboythrewastone.T