新编语言学教程完整1ppt课件

精选ppt,01Introduction汪立荣email:lironeQQ：752256232,Specificexpressions快,forexample,isusedinChinesewhenpeoplearecomingtoyourhouse:快请进,快请坐,快喝杯水,快喝杯茶,快吃个苹果.InthiswayweChineseexpressourwelcomeandwarmthtothevisitors.And慢isusedwhenpeoplearetosaygoodbye:慢走,慢慢吃,慢慢喝,慢慢聊,慢慢倾(Cantonese),慢慢压(Cantonese).,精选ppt,SuchexpressionsarespecifictoChinese.ThatiswhyinEnglishwecannotsay“*Comeinquickly”,“*Sitdownquickly”,or“*Walkslowly.”GrammaticalrulesInEnglish,forexample,“I”isfollowedby“am”,and“you”by“are”,and“he”by“is”.Nowtrytoanswerthefollowingquestions:1)Aretherulesinlanguageformedgraduallythrougheverydayuseorprescribedbylinguists?,精选ppt,2)Peoplespeaktheirmothertonguecorrectly,fluentlyandappropriately.AnilliteratewomaninGuangzhou,forexample,speaksCantonesecorrectly,fluentlyandappropriately.DoyouthinksheknowsCantonesegrammar?Whyorwhynot?Howdoyouexplainthisphenomenon?3)Isthereanythingwrongwiththesentence“Myfatherisaworker”?Why?4)Isthereanythingwrongwiththesentence“Letsgotoeatrice”?Why?,精选ppt,1.Linguistics,1.1DefinitionYoumayfindithardtoanswerpeoplewhoaskyou,Whatexactlyislinguistics,andwhatdolinguistsdo?Theymightassumethatitmeansthatyouaremultilingual.Andyoumay,infact,beapolyglot,butthatsnotwhatlinguisticsmajorisabout.Linguisticsisthescientificorsystemicstudyoflanguage(p.1).,精选ppt,Attheheartoflinguisticsisthesearchfortheunconsciousknowledgethathumanshaveaboutlanguage(s),anunderstandingofthestructureoflanguage,andknowledgeabouthowlanguagesdifferfromeachother.Whatexactlydowemeanbythis?Whenyouwereborn,youwerenotabletocommunicatewiththeadultsaroundyouusingtheirlanguage.Butbythetimeyouwerefiveorsix,youwereabletoproducesentences,understandjokes,makerhymes,andsoon.,精选ppt,Inshort,youbecameafluentnativespeaker.Allofthishappenedbeforeyouenteredfirstgrade!(Ifyoustudiedaforeignlanguageinhighschool,youknowthatlearningalanguagelaterinlifedidnotgonearlyassmoothlyorasquickly.)Duringthosefirstfewyearsofyourlife,youaccumulatedawiderangeofknowledgeaboutlanguage.Majoringinlinguisticsmeansthatyouwilllearnaboutmanyaspectsofhumanlanguage,includingthephysicalpropertiesandstructureofsounds(phoneticsandphonology),words(morphology),sentences(syntax),andmeaning(semantics).,精选ppt,Itcaninvolvelookingathowlanguageschangeovertime(historicallinguistics);howtheyvaryfromsituationtosituation,grouptogroup,andplacetoplace(sociolinguisticsanddialectology);howpeopleuselanguageincontext(pragmatics);orhowpeopleacquireorlearnlanguage(languageacquisition).Facultymembersinlinguisticsprogramsareexpertsinatleastone(ifnotseveral)ofthesesubfields.,精选ppt,Manylinguists,infact,haveexpertiseinmultiplesubfieldsandenjoycollaboratingwithotherlinguistswithdifferentbackgroundsinordertofurtherscientificknowledge.Linguisticsprogramsmaybeorganizedarounddifferentaspectsoflinguistics.Forexample,aprogrammightfocusonthelinguisticsofaparticulargroupoflanguages(likeSlaviclinguistics);howlanguageisacquiredandprocessed(psycholinguistics);howlanguagerelatestosocialandculturalissues,includinglanguagelearningandteaching(appliedlinguistics);ortheconnectionsbetweenlinguisticsandcognitivescience.,精选ppt,Alloftheseprogramsshareaninterestintheunconsciousknowledgethathumanshaveaboutthelanguage(s)thattheyknowandwhatispossibleorimpossibleinlanguage.1)Thethreecanonsoflinguistics(p.1)Sincelinguisticsisascience,itisguidedbythesamethreeprinciplesasinothersciences.a.exhaustiveness,精选ppt,Thelinguistshouldgatherallthematerialsrelevanttohisinvestigationandgivethemanadequateexplanation.b.consistencyThereshouldbenocontradictionbetweendifferentpartsofthetotalstatementc.economyThebeststatementsaretheshortestpossibleoneswhichcanaccountmostfullyforallfacts.,精选ppt,2)Twopurposes(p.2)a.Linguisticsstudiesthenatureoflanguageinordertoestablishatheoryoflanguageanddescribeslanguagesinthelightofthetheoryestablished.b.Linguisticsexaminesalltheformsoflanguageingeneralandseeksascientificunderstandingofthewaysinwhichitisorganizedtofulfilltheneedsitservesandthefunctionsitperformsinhumanlife.,精选ppt,1.2ThedifferencebetweenlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammarTraditionalgrammar,asapre-20thcenturylanguagedescriptionandpre-linguisticproductofresearch,wasbaseduponearliergrammarsofLatinorGreek(e.g.EnglishhadsixcasesbecauseLatinhadsixcases),andlaidemphasisoncorrectness,literaryexcellence,theuseofLatinmodels,andthepriorityofwrittenlanguage.,精选ppt,1.2.1ThreesourcesofprescriptivegrammarThethreesourcesfromwhichtherulesofprescriptivegrammarcomefrom:1)LatinandGreekunchangingformoftheselanguages(becausetheyaredeadlanguages,theydonotchange)highprestigeinEuropeaneducationbrillianceofclassicalliteraturee.g.“ItisI”andnot“Itisme”,精选ppt,2)thewrittenlanguageespeciallytheworksofgreatwriters.Peoplearetoldtospeakastheywouldwrite.e.g.Whomdidyouspeakto?3)LogicGrammarshouldbejudgedinsofarasitfollowstheprinciplesoflogic.e.g.Youshouldntsay“Ihaventdonenothing”,精选ppt,1.2.2DifferencebetweenlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammarLinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthefollowingthreeways:1)Itjustdescribeslanguages,insteadoflayingdownrulesofcorrectness.2)Itregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.3)ItdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmeritsinsteadofimposingLatinmodelsonit.,精选ppt,1.3Useofstudyinglinguistics(pp.3-4)1)Tohaveanoverviewofhumanlanguage;2)Tounderstandthathumanlanguageshaveimportantfeaturesincommonthoughtheydiffergreatlyinmanydetails;3)Togoalongthepathleadingtothefinalprofessioneitherasateacherofforeignlanguagesorasaresearcheroflinguisticsortranslation(p.4),精选ppt,1.4Scopeoflinguistics(pp.4-8)1)microlinguisticsVSmacrolinguisticsMicrolinguistics:Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmatics.Thesebranchesareattheverycenteroflinguisticscope.Macrolinguistics:Sociolinguistics(itstudiestherelationsbetweenlanguageandsociety),精选ppt,Psycholinguistics(itstudieslanguageandmind),Neurolinguistics(or:Neurologicallinguistics,itstudieslanguageprocessingandlanguagerepresentationinthebrain),Stylistics(itstudieshowliteracyeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures),Discourseanalysis(Textlinguistics,itstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthecontextsinwhichlanguageisused),精选ppt,Computationallinguistics(itemploysmathematicaltechniques,oftenwiththehelpofacomputer),Cognitivelinguistics(itanalyzesnaturallanguagethatfocusesonlanguageasaninstrumentfororganizing,processing,andconveyinginformation).Thesebranchesarerelatedtosomethingthatisnotatthecenteroflinguisticscope.,精选ppt,2)LinguisticsclassifiedfromdifferentperspectivesfunctionallinguisticsVSformallinguisticstheformerstressesthefunctionoflanguageandthelatterstressestheformoflanguagetheoreticallinguisticsVSappliedlinguisticstheformerstudiesthe“pure”theoryinlanguageandthelatterstudieshowtoapplythetheorycorpuslinguisticslinguisticdescriptionbasedontheextensiveaccumulationofnaturallyoccurringlanguagedataanditsanalysisbycomputers,精选ppt,forensiclinguisticstheexaminationoflinguisticevidenceforlegalpurposesmathematicallinguisticsthestudyofthemathematicalpropertiesoflanguageanthropologicallinguisticsthestudyoflanguageincross-culturalsettings3)Recentdevelopmentsoflinguistics:Corpuslinguistics,DiscourseAnalysis,Cognitivelinguistics,Computationallinguistics,Mathematicallinguistics,精选ppt,2.Language,2.1Whatislanguage?Duringthelonghistoryoflanguagestudy,manylinguistsorscholarshavetriedtodefinewhatlanguageis.Forexample,linguists,suchasSapir,Block,Hall,Robins,Crystal,Chomsky,triedtoexplainwhatlanguageis.Andeachoftheirdefinitionshasitsstrongpointsaswellasitsweakpoints,yetnoneofthedefinitionsaresatisfactory;foritisreallyverydifficulttogiveacomprehensivedefinitionoflanguage.,精选ppt,Atthepresent,mostlinguistsareinbroadagreementaboutthefollowingdefinitiongivenbyWardhaughinhisIntroductiontoLinguistics(1972):Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Shortasitis,thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.,精选ppt,Firstofall,languageisasystem,thatis,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules,forexample,iblkisnotapossiblesoundcombinationinEnglish,andBeenhehashereisnotanacceptablesentenceinEnglish,either.Iflanguagewerenotconstructedaccordingtocertainrules,itcouldnotbelearnedandusedconsistently.Second,languageisarbitrary.Thereisnodirectconnectionbetweenthelinguisticformandthethingitrefersto.,精选ppt,Third,languageisvocal.Theprimarymediumoflanguageissound(speech).Asweknow,languageisabstractanditisrealizedintwoforms:speechandwriting.Amongthetwomediaoflanguage,speechisprimaryforthefollowingreasons:1)Speechhasahistoryofabout100,000yearswhilewritinghasonlyahistoryofseveralthousands.2)Therearestillsomecommunitiesthathavespeechwithoutwritingsystem.3)Speechislearnedbeforewriting.,精选ppt,4)Mostofthehumancommunicationisdonebyspeech.5)Writtenlanguagecan,toalargeextent,beconvertedintospeechwithoutloss,buttheconverseisnottrue.Fourth,languageisusedforhumancommunicationandlanguageishuman-specific.Thatis,languageisonlypossessedbyhumanbeings,anditmakesitpossibleforitsuserstotalktoeachotherandfulfilltheircommunicativeneeds.,精选ppt,2.2Originoflanguage(pp.9-10)Becausenoonecansayhowandwhenlanguageoriginated,therearesomespeculationsaboutit.1)Plato:Therewasa“perfect”language;2)Socrates:Imitationofnaturalsoundswasthebasisfortheoriginoflanguage;3)Mansinstinctiveresponsetocertainexternalstimuliwasthebasisfortheoriginoflanguage;4)Ding-DongTheory:Humanspeechdevelopedfromprimitivemangivingvocalexpressiontotheobjectsheencountered;,精选ppt,5)Sing-SongTheory:Languagedevelopedfromprimitiveritualsongsofpraise;6)“Poor-Pooh(ExclamationorInterjectional)Theory”stressesthespeakersemotion;7)“Yo-He-HoTheory”:criesutteredduringstrainofwork;8)“Ta-TaTheory”:Languagecamefromthecombinationofcertaingesturesandtonguemovement;,精选ppt,9)“Bow-WowTheory”:imitationofanimalcriesandothersoundsheardinnature.Conclusion:Languageoriginates,growsanddevelopsinsociety.2.3DesignfeaturesoflanguageDesignfeaturesarethoseoneswhicharethoughttodistinguishhumanlanguagefromanimalcrysystem.TheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecifiedthefollowing7designfeaturesoflanguage.,精选ppt,1)ArbitrarinessThereisnological(intrinsicordirect)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings,orthelinguisticformsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Adogmightbeapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersonshaduseditforapig.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary;therearecaseswherethereseemstobesomeassociationbetweensoundsandmeaning.,精选ppt,Thatis,suchcasesarenotarbitrary,butmotivated.e.g.a.Onomatopoeticwords:p.10;Acatmews,Apigeoncoos,Adogbarks,Acowbellows,Aduckquacks,etc.b.Somecompoundwords:tractordriver,shoe-makerc.Syntaxislessarbitrarythanwords,especiallyinsofaraswordorderisconcerned.d.Theconnectionbetweensoundsandtheirmeaningsismadebyconvention,e.g.Apairoftrousers一条裤子Apairofshirts两件衬衣,精选ppt,2)Dualitythepropertyoflanguagewithtwolevelsofstructure,oneofsounds(lowerlevel)andtheotherofmeaning(higherlevel).Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless(e.g./p/,/,/t/)andwhichcanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords(e.g./pt/).Atthehigherlevel,theunitsofmeaningcanbegroupedandregroupedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.Phonememorphemewordphraseclausesentence,精选ppt,3)Productivity/creativityLanguageuserscanutilizelimitedlinguisticrulestoproduceorunderstandinfinitemeaningfullinguisticforms,includingthosetheyhaveneverheardbefore.e.g.Abeautifully-dresseddogisdancingonthehotelbed.他一边脱衣服，一边穿裤子。（小学生的造句练习）,精选ppt,4)Interchangeability/reciprocityThisreferstothefactthatanyspeaker/senderofalinguisticsignalcanalsobealistener/receiver.5)DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces,hereandnow.,精选ppt,6)SpecializationLinguisticsignalsdonotnormallyserveanyothertypeofpurpose,suchasbreathingorfeeding.7)CulturalTransmissionAlanguagesystemisnotgeneticallytransmitted,butculturallytransmitted.Thatis,alanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtoanotherbyteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinctorbirth.,精选ppt,2.4Functionsoflanguage1)Differentclassificationsofthefunctionsoflanguage:a.R.Jakobsonsixfunctionsb.M.A.K.Hallidaythreefunctionsc.J.Lyonsthreemainfunctions2)Accordingtothepopularview,languagehasatleastsevenbasicfunctionsthatservepeoplesdailycommunication:,精选ppt,1)PhaticPhaticfunctionisthefunctiontoestablishcommunionwithothers.Languageisusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactbetweenthespeakersratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas,e.g.greetings,farewells,smalltalk.Forexample,whenapersonasks“Howareyoutoday?”,heisnotreallyinterestedinthehearersstateofhealth,butisexpressinggoodwill.,精选ppt,GiveexamplesofphaticcommunicationfromChineseandindicatewhichofthesewouldbeacceptableandwhichwouldcauseoffenceifliterallytranslatedintoEnglish.2)DirectiveLanguageisusedtogetthehearertodosomething,e.g.Closethewindow,please.Youshouldleaverightnow.IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakeit.,精选ppt,3)InformativeLanguageisusedtotellthefacts,togiveinformationaboutsomething,todescribethematerialworld,ortoreasonthingsout.e.g.Waterboilsat100degreescentigrade.4)InterrogativeLanguageisusedtoinquireinformation.5)ExpressiveLanguageisusedtorevealsomethingaboutthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.e.g.MyGod!,Imverysorryaboutit.,精选ppt,6)EvocativeLanguageisusedtocreatecertainfeelingsinthehearer,e.g.toamuse,toanger,toworryortopleasethehearer.(jokesaredesignedtoamusetheaudience;advertisingisdevisedtourgecustomerstobuythementionedgoods;publicspeechaimstoinfluencepeopleinacertainline.),精选ppt,7)PerformativeLanguageisusedtodothingsortoperformactions.Oncertainoccasions,theutteringoftheappropriatewordsisthecentralcomponentintheperformanceoftheact.Actuallyinourdailylife,somethingcanbedoneeitherlinguisticallyornon-linguistically;andothersonlylinguisticallyornon-linguistically.,精选ppt,3.Somemajorconceptsinlinguistics,1)DescriptiveandprescriptiveDescriptivegrammaronlydescribesthefactsoflanguage.Prescriptivegrammartriestolaydownrulesfor“correct”languagebehavior.2)synchronicanddiachroniclinguisticsSynchroniclinguisticsthestudyofalanguagesystematoneparticularpointintime.Diachroniclinguisticsthestudyofthewayalanguagechangesoveraperiodoftime.,精选ppt,3)LangueandParoleLanguereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.,精选ppt,Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.,精选ppt,4)CompetenceandperformanceLinguisticcompetencetheunconsciousknowledgeaboutsounds,meaningandsyntaxwhichispossessedbythenativespeakerofalanguage.Concretelyspeaking,Linguisticcompetencemayincludethefollowingabilities:a.theabilitytopointoutwhichcombi