2012新课标同步导学高一英语课件：42 module 4 sandstorms in asia《grammar》（外研版全国卷ⅰ必修3）

Section Grammar,动词不定式动词不定式由“to动词原形”构成，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和独立成分，动词不定式有时态和语态的变化。,一、动词不定式的语法功能1作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1)把不定式置于句首To get there by bike will take us half an hour.骑自行车去那里将花费我们半小时时间。,(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。Itbe名词to doIts our duty to take good care of the old.照顾老人是我们的责任。It takes sb.some timeto doHow long did it take you to finish the work?你完成这项工作花了多长时间？,Itbe形容词for sb.to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.在十五分钟之内写完作文对我们来说是困难的。Itbe形容词of sb.to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.你真愚蠢，写了老师说的一切东西。,It seems (appears)形容词to doIt seemed impossible to save money.攒钱好像是不可能的。注意：在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult，easy，hard，important，impossible，necessary等；在句型中，常用careless，clever，good，foolish，honest，kind，lazy，nice，right，silly，stupid，wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb.可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于sb.is形容词to do句式。,Its kind of you to help me with my English.You are kind to help me with my English.你真是太好了，帮我学英语。2作宾语I want to leave here soon.我想尽快离开这儿。He pretended to be a doctor.他装扮成一名医生。,以下动词后常跟不定式作宾语。例如：agree，ask，aim，arrange，choose，decide，demand，expect，fail，help，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，want等。They failed to fulfill the plan.他们没能完成计划。When our visit to the farm was over，we expected to start back on foot.当参观农场结束时，我们期望步行返回。,不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往用it作形式宾语，把不定式放在宾语补足语之后。I have long had it in mind to answer your letter.好久以来我一直想回你的信。,3作表语(说明主语的内容)The most important thing is to study hard.最重要的事情是努力学习。Her ambition was to be a film star.她的志向是当电影明星。注意：不定式和动名词都可作主语和表语，一般来说，表示比较抽象的一般行为多用动名词；表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。有时两者可以互换。,4作定语(1)不定式作定语必须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面。Would you like something to drink？你想喝点什么吗？I have no time to talk with her.我没时间同她谈话。(2)不定式作定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系，即主谓、动宾与同位关系。Do you have any suggestions to offer？(动宾关系)你有什么建议要提吗？,He is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)他总是第一个来，最后一个走。We all have a chance to go to college.(同位关系)我们都有一个上大学的机会。,(3)不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。不定式必须是及物动词，如果不定式是不及物动词，则后面必须要有适当的介词，与前面的名词或代词构成逻辑上的介宾关系。I have no jewellery to wear.我没有首饰戴。There is no one to take care of.没有人需要照顾。,5作宾语补足语She encouraged me to try again.她鼓励我再试一次。He doesnt want her to attend the meeting.他不想让她参加会议。注意：在feel，hear，listen，to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to，但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。,I often hear him sing the song.我经常听见他唱这首歌。He is often heard to sing the song.他经常被听到唱这首歌。,6作状语不定式作状语时可以表示目的、原因、结果或条件、程度。I came here to learn from you.(目的)我到这来是向你学习的。Im very glad to hear the news.(原因)听到这个消息我很高兴。He is old enough to go to school.(结果)他已经到上学的年龄了。,To look at him，you cant help laughing.(条件)看到他你就会忍不住笑起来。(1)目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示。In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard.为了通过考试，他努力学习。We ran all the way so as not to be late.为了不迟到，我们跑了一路。,(2)不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。The question is difficult to answer.这个问题难以回答。(3)在too形容词或副词不定式结构中，不定式作状语。He is too old to do that work.他年纪太大，不能做那项工作。(4)另外，句子中有enough这个词时，常用不定式作状语。The room is big enough to hold us.这房间很大，足以容下我们这些人。,7作独立成分To tell the truth，I dont agree with you.说实话，我不同意你。8不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt know what to say.(宾语)他不知道该说什么。,How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)如何解决这个问题很重要。My question is when to start.(表语)我的问题是何时开始。,二、不定式的时态和语态,1.动词不定式的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动词之后。He seems to know French.(与seem同时发生)他好像懂法语。I expect to hear from you soon.(在expect之后发生)我期盼着收到你的来信。,2动词不定式的进行式表示与谓语动词同时进行。The boy pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher looked at him.那个男孩在老师看他时，假装认真听讲。,3动词不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。He seems to have read the novel.他似乎曾读过这部小说。He happened to have gone out when I went to see him.当我去看他时，他碰巧出去了。,4动词不定式的被动形式表示与逻辑主语之间的被动关系。The meeting to be held tomorrow is about how to stop the pollution.(to be held与逻辑主语meeting之间为被动关系)明天即将举行的会议是关于如何防止污染的。Id like to have been told the news earlier.(to have been told与逻辑主语I之间为被动关系)要早点通知我那个消息。,三、But不定式1在cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but之后接不带to的不定式。I cannot but admire his courage.我只能钦佩他的勇气。,2不定式短语在介词but，except，besides后面时，如这些介词前有实义动词do的某种形式，则后接不带to的不定式，可简记为：前有do，后无to。I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受这一事实我别无选择。What do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳你喜欢做什么？,四、不定式的省略1在英语中，有时为了避免重复，可以省略不定式中的动词，只保留其中的不定式符号to。这种情况常出现在下列动词之后：expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，care，forget，want，try或出现在be glad，be happy，would like，would love等结构之后。Would you like to go with me?你愿意和我一起去吗？,I would like to.我愿意。I havent been to Hong Kong，but I wish to.我还没有去过香港，但我希望去。注意：如果在省略动词的不定式结构中含有be，have，have been时，这些词要保留。,I didnt tell him the news.我没有告诉他这消息。Oh，you ought to have.哦，你应该告诉他的。,2不定式在see，hear，watch，notice，feel，observe，sense等感官动词和make，let，have等使役动词后作宾语补足语时，必须省略to。He didnt notice anyone enter the room.他没注意到有人进入房间。Suddenly they felt the atmosphere grow tense.他们突然感到气氛紧张起来。,注意：此类动词用于被动语态时，其后作主语补足语的不定式必须带to。He is often seen to walk along the river.人们常看见他沿河边散步。,3在had better，would rather等短语后，不定式不带to。Youd better do it by yourself.你最好自己做这件事。4在“Why(not)不定式”构成的疑问句中，不定式不带to。Why spend that much money？为什么要花那么多钱？Why not let him have a try？为什么不让他试一下？,(2011安徽卷)Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier_into small pieces.Abreak BbreakingCbroken Dto break解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为：汤姆问糖果制造商能否使巧克力更容易弄成小块儿。make sth.easy to do为不定式的主动形式表达被动意义，在句子中作宾语补足语。答案：D,(2011湖南卷)The ability_an idea is as important as the idea itself.Aexpressing BexpressedCto express Dto be expressed解析：句意为：表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。考查在特定语境中使用非谓语动词作定语的能力。“做某事的能力”应该表达为“the ability to do sth.”，故选C项。答案：C,(2011重庆卷)More TV programs，according to government officials，will be produced_peoples concern over food safety.Ato raise BraisingCto have raised Dhaving raised解析：句意为：据政府官员说，将制作更多的电视节目来提高人们的食品安全意识。to raise peoples concern over food safety是不定式短语作目的状语。答案：A,.用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空1She was the only one_(survive) the crash.答案：to have survived2They reached the company out of breath，only_(tell) they were fired.答案： to be told,3She pretended_(not see) me when I passed by the other day.答案： not to see4Dont pretend_(study)；you are holding your book upside down.答案： to be studying,5He is said_(leave) the stage already as he has become an official.答案： to have left6There is nothing he could do but_(surf) the Internet all day long.答案： surf,7Then the coldblooded animal has no choice but_(lie) down and sleep.答案： to lie8People couldnt help but_(laugh) at the foolish emperor.答案： laugh,.单项填空1(2010山东卷)I have a lot of readings_before the end of this term.AcompletingBto completeCcompleted Dbeing completed解析：考查非谓语动词用法。句意“在这学期结束之前，我还要完成很多阅读”“have a lot of things to do”有许多事情要做。答案：B,2(2010 年全国卷)With Fathers Day around the corner，I have taken some money out of the bank_presents for my dad.Abuy Bto buyCbuying Dto have bought解析：考查非谓语动词的用法。此处拿出钱来为了买礼物，表目的，故选B。句意为：父亲节马上就要到了，我从银行里取出了一些钱给爸爸买礼物。答案：B,3(2010陕西卷)His first book_next month is based on a true story.Apublished Bto be publishedCto publish Dbeing published解析：此题考查非谓语动词。由next month可知用动词不定式表示将来，publish与book之间存在被动关系。句意为：“下个月要出版的他的第一本书是以真实的故事为基础的。”答案：B,4(2010四川卷)In many peoples opinion，that company，though relatively small，is pleasant _.Ato deal with Bdealing withCto be dealt with Ddealt with解析：考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词放在做表语形容词后时常用动词不定式，故选A项。如Im glad to meet you.答案：A,5(2010江西卷)There were many talented actors out there just waiting_.Ato discover Bto be discoveredCdiscovered Dbeing discovered解析：此句意为“那儿有许多有天赋的演员有待于发现”。不定式表目的，actors是发现的承受者，故用不定式的被动语态。答案：B,6With the world changing fast，we have something new_with all by ourselves every day.Adeal BdealtCto deal Ddealing解析：考查不定式作定语。句意为：随着世界的快速变化，每天我们都有些新东西要自行处理。表示有要做的事情，所以用have sth.to do。答案：C,7If theres a lot of work_，Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.Ato do Bto be doingCdone Ddoing解析：由句式结构可知，空格处应作为定语修饰work，且表示将来的时间，故须用动词不定式。答案：A,8And yet we do nothing but_about it.Atalk BtalkingCto talk Dto be talken解析：but后面跟不定式，要不要带不定式符号“to”，取决于它前面有没有实义动词“do (does，did)”。如果有实义动词“do”的某种形式，but后要用不带“to”的不定式，否则要用带“to”的不定式。如：She wanted nothing but to cry.(but相当于except，表示除了以外)；There was nothing to do but send for a doctor.答案：A,9Tom pretended_it but in fact，he knew it very well.Anot listen to Bnot to hear aboutCnot to have heard about Dnot to be listening to解析：此处用不定式的完成时表示该动作发生在前。答案：C,10The couple is said_in the city hall this Sunday.Aperform Bto performCto have performed Dto be performing解析：考查不定式的时态。根据时间状语this Sunday可知，应该用不定式的一般式，表示将来发生的动作；to have performed表示动作发生在主句之前，to be pe