物理专业英语

第一章：运动学Vector quantity: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction .译文;矢量：一个既有大小又有方向的量Scalar quantity A quantity that has magnitude, but no direction.译文：标量：一个只有大小没有方向的量Vector An arrow drawn to scale used to represent a vector quantity.译文：矢：一个标有刻度的箭头去代表矢量Motion A change of position.译文：运动：位置的改变Speed The distance traveled per time.译文：速率：单位时间内走过的路程Velocity The rate of change position and the direct of the motion.译文：速度：沿运动方向位移的变化率Acceleration Time rate of velocity :Acceleration=change in velocity/time it takes for change.译文：加速度：速度的变化率，加速度=速度的变化量/这段时间 第二章：守恒定律Force ： A quantity capable of producing motion or a change in motion.译文：力：一个能够产生运动或该变运动的量Net force： The equivalent or resultant force of two or more force.译文：合外力：它等价于两个或多个力或者可由其合成Newtons first law of motion(law of inertia)： An object remains at rest or in uniform motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net unbalanced force.译文：牛顿第一定律：一切物体总保持静止或匀速直线运动知道有不平衡的力迫使他改变为止。Inertia ： the property if matter that resists change in motion .mass is a measure of inertia译文：惯性：它的特性总是抵抗运动的改变，质量是它的量度。Newtons second law of motion ： F=ma. Relates force to acceleration.译文：牛顿第二定律：联系力和加速Friction ： The force that opposes relative motion of contacting media.译文：摩擦力：一个抵抗相接触的物体相对运动的力Mass ： The quantity of matter in an object .More specifically, it is the measurement of the inertia or sluggishness that an object exhibits in response to any effort made to start it ,or change in any way its state of motion.译文：质量：一个蕴含在物体中的量，更特别的是它是惯性的量度。Free fall An object falling with only gravity acting on it.译文：自由落体：只有重力作用下的下落Power The time rate of work P=W/t译文：功率：单位时间内所做的功Energy : The property of a system that enables it to do work.译文：能量：它的特性是系统能够对外做功。 第四章：general information 普通信息Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule in a substance, measure in a degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit or in Kelvins译文：温度：度量物质平均分子动能，可以用摄氏或华氏或开氏度来度量。Absolute zero: The lowest possible temperature that a substance may havethe temperature at which molecules of a substance have their minimum kinetic energy.译文：绝对零度：物质的最小可能温度，这个温度下物质的分子动能最小。Heat: The energy that flows from a substance of higher temperature to a substance of lower temperature . commonly measured in calories or joules .译文：热：一个从高温物体流向低温物体的能量。通常用卡路里或者焦耳来度量。Internal: The total of all molecular energies, kinetic plus potential energy, internal to a substance.译文：内能:物质中所有的分子能，动能，势能的总和。 第五章statistical phycisc 统计物理Adiabatic process: A process, usually of expansion or compression ，wherein no heat enters or leaves a system译文：绝热过程：一个在膨胀或压缩中没有热量进入也没有热量流出的过程。Heat engine : A device that changes internal energy to mechanical work.译文：热机：一个能将内能转化为机械功的装置。Entropy：A measure of the disorder of a system. whenever energy freely transform from one form to another, the direction of transformation is toward a state of greater disorder and therefore toward one of greater entropy译文：度量系统混乱程度的量。每当能量从一种形式自发的转换为另一种形式，它总是朝着更混乱形式的方向，因此也就是向着熵更大的方向。 第六章：光的干涉Huygens principle : The theory by which light waves spreading out from a point source can be regarded as the superposition of tiny secondary wavelets.译文：惠更斯原理：这个理论认为：从点光源发出的光波可以看作是各个微小此波的叠加。Interference : The superposition of waves producing regions of reinforcement and regions of cancellation. Constructive interference refers to regions of reinforcement; Destructive interference refers to regions of cancellation.译文：干涉：这个光波的叠加产生区域性的加强与区域性的减弱，构造干涉导致加强，破坏干涉导致消失。 第七章：光的衍射Diffraction: The bending of light around an obstacle or through a narrow slit in such a way that fringes of light and dark or colored bands are produced .译文：衍射：弯曲的光线在障碍物的附近抑或让其通过一个狭缝，这样在边缘就会产生明暗相间的或者彩色的条纹。Polarization ： The alignment of the electric vectors that make up electromagnetic radiation. Such waves of aligned vibrations are said to be polarized.译文：偏振：Hologram : A twodimensional microscopic diffraction pattern that shoes three-dimensional optical images.译文：全息图： 第八章：真空的电场Electrostatics: The study of electric charges at rest relative to one another(not in motion ,as in electric currents)译文：静电场：研究静止电荷的相互关系。Capacitor : An electrical device ,in its simplest form a pair of parallel conducting plates separated by a small distance .that stores electric charge.译文：电容器：一个电器设备，它最简单的形式是一对彼此相隔很近的平行金属板，能够储存电荷。Coulomb :The SI unit of electrical charge. One coulomb is equal to the total charge of electrons.译文：电荷的国际单位。一库伦等于个元电荷。 第十一章：相对论Ether ：A hypothetical medium for propagation of light wave.译文：以太：一种猜想的用来传播光的媒质。Special theory of relativity : Einsteins theory of relativity that deals with non-accelerating or inertial systems. 译文：狭义相对论：处理无加速度或者在惯性系中的爱因斯坦的相对论理论。Principle of relativity : All the laws of physics are the same for all observers moving at a constant velocity with respect to one another.译文：相对性原理：对匀速运动的观察者一切物理规律是等价的.（一切物理规律对于所有的惯性参考系都可以表为相同的形式。）Constancy of light : The speed of light in free space is the same for all observers of the motion of the source or the motion of the observer.译文：光速不变原理：真空中的光速相对于任何惯性参考系沿任何一方向恒为C，并与观察者或光源的运动无关。Time dilation : The observation (t) of a clock in a moving system (t0)running more slowly, according to the equation t=t.译文：时间膨胀：时钟在运动系统中观察到的时间更慢。根据公式有t=t.Length contraction : The observation(L) of a shortening of a length() in the direction of motion in a moving system, according to the equation .译文：长度收缩：沿运动的方向测量到的长度比原长要短，根据公式有：Mass-energy conversion: The changing of mass into energy an