概写之路步步为营-(宁波三中-)ppt课件

THANKS 概写之路 步步为营 宁波市第三中学XD 概要写作 满分25分 阅读下面短文 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要 1 对原文要点的理解和呈现情况 2 应用语法结构和词汇的准确性 3 上下文的连贯性 4 对各要点表达的独立性情况 40 80 概写题型 评分参考 1Gettingridofdirt intheopinionofmostpeople isagoodthing However thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt 2Intheearly16thcentury peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths By1538 theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom SodidthekingofEnglandin1546 ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway HenryIV KingofFrance wasfamouslydirty Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath thekingorderedthat toavoidtheattackofdisease thenoblemanshouldnotgoout 3Thoughthebeliefinthemerit 好处 ofdirtwaslong lived dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18thcentury Scientificallyspeaking cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease Yet itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWar Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite clothseversofter surfacestoshine Hasthehatefordirt however gonetoofar 4Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays Manyfirst timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease Onthecontrary MaryRuebush anAmericanimmunologist 免疫学家 encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem Andthelatter 后者 positionisgainingsomeground 考纲样题 Onthecontrary Yet Thus However Author spoint Nowadays Eversincethe18thcentury Intheearly16thcentury Supportingdetails Thusbeganalongtime SinceWorldWarII 样题要点结构 mindmap 1 Thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt 2 Peoplebelieveddirtwasameanstoblockoutdisease 3 Dirtwasnolongerregardedasaniceneighbor 4 Attitudestodirtdifferhugely Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin 要点1 Foralongtimeinhistory peopleofsomeEuropeancountries suchasFrance believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill 要点2 However peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy 要点3 However somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem 要点4 1 Thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin 要点1 表述变化 句式 词汇 范围变化 要点呈现 Foralongtimeinhistory peopleofsomeEuropeancountries suchasFrance believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill 要点2 时间变化 概括 范围变化 概括 举例变化 筛选 表述变化 近义 要点呈现 2 Peoplebelieveddirtwasameanstoblockoutdisease thekingofFranceandEngland Intheearly16thcentury Thusbeganalongtime HenryIV kingofFrance Thus However peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy 要点3 时间变化 同义 表述变化 近义 要点变化 忽略 要点呈现 3 Dirtwasnolongerregardedasaniceneighbor Eversincethe18thcentury Cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth SinceWorldWarII Itseemedthestandardofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondscience Yet However somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem 要点4 时间变化 略去 表述变化 词性 要点变化 忽略 要点呈现 4 Attitudestodirtdifferhugely Nowadays First timeparentswarnchildrenofftouchingdirt Scientistsencouragechildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupimmunesystem Onthecontrary Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin 要点1 Foralongtimeinhistory peopleofsomeEuropeancountries suchasFrance believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill 要点2 However peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy 要点3 However somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem 要点4 词汇衔接 逻辑衔接 有效衔接 HowtoWriteaGoodSummary connectthekeypointswithproperwords 1 Read 3 Paraphrase 4 Connect readtwoorthreetimesfortopicsentences supportingdetails drawamindmap rewritethekeyinformationinyourownwords 2 Mindmap Manythingsmaymakeyouangry Youmaygetangrywhensomethingdoesn tgoyourway Maybeyougetmadatyourselfwhenyoudon tunderstandyouhomeworkorwhenyourteamlosesanimportantgame Maybeyourteachergaveyoutoomuchhomework Ormaybeafriendwillborrowedyourfavoritevideogameandthenbrokeit Thatmadeyouangry Example1 1 Readfortopicsentence Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent Ontheotherhand nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal Andthemanwhoknows everything mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness So itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance Example2 1 Readfortopicsentence WhatisStandardEnglish IsitspokeninBritain theUS Canada Australia IndiaandNewZealand Believeitornot thereisnosuchthingasStandardEnglish ManypeoplebelievetheEnglishspokenonTVandtheradioisStandardEnglish Thisisbecauseintheearlydaysofradio thosewhoreportedthenewswereexpectedtospeakexcellentEnglish However onTVandtheradioyouwillheardifferencesinthewaypeoplespeak Example3 1 Readfortopicsentence SowhyhasEnglishchangedovertime Actuallyalllanguagechangeanddevelopwhenculturesmeetandcommunicatewitheachother AtfirsttheEnglishspokeninEnglandbetweenAD450and1150wasverydifferentfromtheEnglishspokentoday ItwasbasedmoreonGermanthantheEnglishwespeakatpresent ThengraduallybetweenaboutAD800and1150 EnglishbecamelesslikeGermanbecausethosewhoruledEnglandspokefirstDanishandlaterFrench ThesenewsettlersenrichedtheEnglishlanguageandespeciallyitsvocabulary Sobythe1660 s Shakespearewasabletomakeuseofawidervocabularythaneverbefore In1620 someBritishsettlersmovedtoAmerica Laterinthe18thcentury someBritishpeopleweretakentoAustralia too Englishbegantobespokeninbothcountries Example4 有时 主旨大意需要自己归纳和概括 1 Readfortopicsentence Englishchangesasitsculturemeetsandcommunicateswiththatofanother Weshouldn tjudgeapersonbytheirappearancebutwedo Infact theexpertssaythatwhenwemeetsomeoneforthefirsttimewemakeadecisionaboutwhatthatpersonislikeinthreeseconds Butwhatdowelookat Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes butitisn tthebrandofclothesthatpeoplewearthatisimportant Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion Example5 有时 段首只起导入话题的作用 1 Readfortopicsentence Wearingproperclothesisimportantforfirstimpressions 1 段落大意不一定是首句或尾句 2 段落中的转折but yet however nevertheless nonetheless 让步though as although 结果asaresult so therefore及其他如infact asamatteroffact等是要点提示词 3 如有设问 与答案合并成为要点 4 如有例证 简要归类概括成为要点 5 没有可以直接提取的 思考该段落的作用 6 抓住贯穿全文 全段 的中心意思 Tip1 主题句必须能概括全文或整段 ThefamiliaryellowschoolbusisthelargestsystemofmasstransportationintheUSandeveryschooldaytransportsroughly25millionyoungpeopletoschoolandhomeagainaftertheschooldayends Meanwhile theyarethesafestmethodforgettingkidtoandfromschool accordingtotheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration NHTSA Childrenare70timesmorelikelytoarriveatschoolsafelyontheschoolbusthaniftheyhadtraveledtoschooldrivingthemselvesorridingwithfriends Practice 说明文 解释 说明 事物or现象议论文 说服 争辩 一个有争议的观点 两种常见文体 ThefamiliaryellowschoolisthelargestsystemofmasstransportationintheUSandeveryschooldaytransportsroughly25millionyoungpeopletoschoolandhomeagainaftertheschooldayends Meanwhile theyarethesafestmethodforgettingkidtoandfromschool accordingtotheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration NHTSA Childrenare70timesmorelikelytoarriveatschoolsafelyontheschoolbusthaniftheyhadtraveledtoschooldrivingthemselvesorridingwithfriends Theseschoolbusesmeetmoreofthenation smotorvehiclesafetystandardsthananyothervehiclesontheroad Also severalnewtechnologiesavailabletodayaremakingschoolbusesevensafer suchasvideocamerasontheinsideandoutside stoparmcameras GPStrackingandcollisionlesseningsystems Anothersafetytoolonschoolbusesishighseatbacks closely spacedseatsandenergy absorbingseating Buteventhesafenessofschoolbuseswouldnotcompletelysumupwhychildrenaresaferwhenridingthebig yellowbus Thebusisonlyassafeastheprofessionalmenandwomenwhodrivethem AlldriversmustobtainaClassBorCCommercialDriver sLicense CDL Theyarerandomlytestedforalcoholanddrugs usuallyhavetheirdrivingrecordchecked andaregiventhesamereviewforcriminalhistoryasteachersandotheremployeeswhohavecontactwithstudents Inordertoserveasaschoolbusdriver mostapplicantsarerequiredtosuccessfullycompleteatrainingcourse alongwithinstructionintheclassroomandbehindthewheel Schoolbusesaresafefortheenvironment notonlybecauseeachbusreplaces36passengercarsthatwould butforthebuses beontheroadtakingandpickingupschoolchildren Additionally schoolbusesusealternativegreenfuellikenaturalgases andelectricpower ToddMonteferrario PresidentoftheNationalSchoolTransportationAssociation saidparentsshouldrememberthatthesafestandsmartestchoiceistoputtheirchildrenonthebigyellowbuswhentheycan 1 2 3 4 5 文章结构 ArgumentWaysofarguing withhypothesis 假设 withexamplesandanalysiswithcauseandeffectbycomparingandcontrasting 议论文写作手法 ExpositionWaysofexplaining withfactswithexampleswithcauseandeffectbydefiningbycomparingandcontrastingbydividingandclassifying 说明文写作手法 2Theseschoolbusesmeetmoreofthenation smotorvehiclesafetystandardsthananyothervehiclesontheroad Also severalnewtechnologiesavailabletodayaremakingschoolbusesevensafer suchasvideocamerasontheinsideandoutside stoparmcameras GPStrackingandcollisionlesseningsystems Anothersafetytoolonschoolbusesishighseatbacks closely spacedseatsandenergy absorbingseating 1 ReadforSupportingdetails Para 2 Schoolbusesarethesafest Meetmoreofthesafetystandard Newtechnologies Stoparmcameras GPStracking collisionlesseningsystems seating videocameras Topicsentence Supportingdetails Majorfacts Minorfacts 1 有时段落的topicsentence因为过于浓缩而变得抽象使读者不能充分理解 此时必须加上majorfacts 有时甚至minorfacts 2 有时段落支撑信息只有minorfacts 可以通过概括提炼majorfacts 3 利用段落中的逻辑词确定topicsentence和majorfacts之间的关系 Tip2 段落要点须包括所有主要信息和部分次要信息 3Buteventhesafenessofschoolbuseswouldnotcompletelysumupwhychildrenaresaferwhenridingthebig yellowbus Thebusisonlyassafeastheprofessionalmenandwomenwhodrivethem AlldriversmustobtainaClassBorCCommercialDriver sLicense CDL Theyarerandomlytestedforalcoholanddrugs usuallyhavetheirdrivingrecordchecked andaregiventhesamereviewforcriminalhistoryasteachersandotheremployeeswhohavecontactwithstudents Inordertoserveasaschoolbusdriver mostapplicantsarerequiredtosuccessfullycompleteatrainingcourse alongwithinstructionintheclassroomandbehindthewheel Practice 3Buteventhesafenessofschoolbuseswouldnotcompletelysumupwhychildrenaresaferwhenridingthebig yellowbus Thebusisonlyassafeastheprofessionalmenandwomenwhodrivethem AlldriversmustobtainaClassBorCCommercialDriver sLicense CDL Theyarerandomlytestedforalcoholanddrugs usuallyhavetheirdrivingrecordchecked andaregiventhesamereviewforcriminalhistoryasteachersandotheremployeeswhohavecontactwithstudents Inordertoserveasaschoolbusdriver mostapplicantsarerequiredtosuccessfullycompleteatrainingcourse alongwithinstructionintheclassroomandbehindthewheel Practice Schoolbusdrivers obtainCDL testedforalcoholanddrug reviewforcriminalhistory completeatrainingcourse arereliable passstrictqualificationtests Para 3 Tip3 当段落只有supportingdetails 需要提炼概括要点 4Schoolbusesaresafefortheenvironment notonlybecauseeachbusreplaces36passengercarsthatwould butforthebuses beontheroadtakingandpickingupschoolchildren Additionally schoolbusesusealternativegreenfuellikenaturalgases andelectricpower 5ToddMonteferrario PresidentoftheNationalSchoolTransportationAssociation saidparentsshouldrememberthatthesafestandsmartestchoiceistoputtheirchildrenonthebigyellowbuswhentheycan Author spoint reasons conclusion Stoparmcameras GPStracking collisionlesseningsystems seating videocameras obtainCDL testedforalcoholanddrug reviewforcriminalhistory 2 Drawmindmap Tip4 绘制思维导图 确保要点完整 层次清晰 3 Paraphrase Althoughalotofpeoplewerestronglyagainstit threemorenuclearpowerstationswerebuilt Besides onehastoconsiderwhoheisspendingtheholidaywith Anotherthreenuclearpowerstationswerebuiltdespitethestrongopposition Anotherconsiderationisthecompanion 变换方式 句子短语单词 变换方式 句子名词 1 同义词 短语替换2 句式转换3 词性转换4 主被动语态转换 AprivateAmericanorganizationcallPAIhasjustconductedastudyandsaysmorethan335millionpeople whomostlyliveinpoorareas donothaveenoughwaterfordailylifeandwork Astudyshowsthatmorethan335millionpeople livingmainlyinpoorregions aresufferingfromwatershortage 变换方式 句子非谓语结构 Tip5 改写原则长变短 复合句 并列句 简单句句子 短语 单词多变少 详细具体的表达 概括笼统的表达 Eachparagraph Thewholepassage 列举first ly second ly third ly next then finally eventually foronething foranother 让步anyway anyhow although thoughdespite inspiteof 增补also what smore moreover furthermore inaddition aboveall 对比instead onthecontrary bycontrast ontheotherhand 结果so hence thus ther