宝玉石专业外语.doc

课程名称：宝玉石专业外语English in gemmology demldi主讲课教师：赵 娟第一章 绪 论一、课程性质、目的与任务 宝石专业英语课是宝石方向的专业基础课 程之一 。课程将系统介绍宝石的形成分布；物理光学性质；宝石词汇；各种主要宝石及宝石鉴定的仪器等基本知识。本课程采取全英文教学 ， 并配合以计算机多媒体教学 。 目的是进一步提高学生的英语应用水平。二、课程基本要求 要求学生了解、掌握宝石的基本概念和基本物理、光学性质；掌握宝石词汇；掌握各类主要宝石；要求能够用英语掌握基本专业知识，能够熟练阅读、翻译英文资料，达到熟练听、说、读、写、译的水平。三、课程教学主要内容第一章 绪论 (Introduction)第二章 宝石的形成及分布 （Formation and Distribution）第三章 宝石的性质 (Properties) prpti1. 宝石的物理性质 （Physical Properties）(1) Hardness(2) Specific Gravity比重(3) Cleavage kli:vid and Fracturefrkt解理与断裂2. 宝石的光学性质 (Optical Properties)(1) Color(2) Refractive rifrktiv Index (RI)折射率(3) Luster lst光泽(4) Interference ,intfirns干扰(5) Cats eyes and Stars3. 宝石的结晶学基础 (Crystallography) ,kristlrfi结晶学第四章 宝石词汇 （Vocabulary）第五章 宝石各论 (Major Gemstones)1. 钻石(1) 钻石的形成 (Formation)(2) 钻石的产地 (Occurrence) k:rns, -k-(3) 钻石的切割 (Cutting)(4) 钻石的重量及质量 (Weight and Quality)(5) 钻石的历史 (History)(6) 世界名钻 (Famous Diamonds)(7) 决定钻石质量的四个因素 (4 C)(8) 戴比尔斯钻石推广中心介绍 (De Beers)2. 翡翠 (Jadeite) deidait3. 红宝及蓝宝 (Ruby ru:bi and Sapphire sfai)4. 祖母绿及海蓝宝石 (Emerald emrld and Aquamarine ,kwmri:n)5. 珍珠 (Pearl) p:l6. 琥珀 (Amber) mb第六章 宝石鉴定及仪器 (Identification and Apparatus ,preits)1. 宝石鉴定要点 (Observation ,bz:vein Points)2. 宝石鉴定仪器 (Apparatus)第七章 宝石加工及优化 (Fashioning and Enhancement inh:ns, -hns)1. 宝石切割 (Faceting) fsit2. 宝石加工 (Fashioning)3. 宝石仿制及优化 (Imitation ,imitein and Enhancement)4. 合成宝石 (Synthetic Gemstones)第八章 钻戒的选择及保养 (Choosing and Protecting)四、学时分配章 次内 容学 时一绪论 (Introduction)2二宝石的形成及分布 (Formation and Distribution)4三宝石的性质 (Properties)4四宝石词汇 (Vocabulary)6五宝石各论 (Major Gemstones)20六宝石鉴定及仪器 (Identification and Apparatus)6七宝石加工及优化 (Fashioning and Enhancement)6八钻戒的选择及保养 (Choosing and Protecting)4英语听力练习8英语口语练习8考试4总计72五、教材及主要参考书教材：English in Gemmology， 赵娟、周祖翼、廖宗廷编著。参考书：Gemstones, Cally Hall , 1994。 Part 1 Introduction1. gemology demldi is the representation ,reprizentein of wealth and power. mysterious mistiris appeal pi:l吸引力, color, light rarity rrti 珍贵hardness ,durability ,djurbilti 耐久性,beauty ,strength ,resilience rizilins, -jns弹力.2. The study and identification of gemstones is a fascinating exciting topic.3. Needed equipment.4. Synthetic and man-made gemstones.5. Gemstones value generally depends on four elements: beauty ,rarity ,durability and cutting.Formation and distribution of gemstones1. how gemstones and formed(1) the mineral minrl 矿物的origin ;(2) three types rocks: igneous inis火成的 ,sedimentary ,sedimentri沉淀的, and metamorphic. ,metm:fik变质的2. where gemstones are found(1) the geological conditions.3. beauty ,durability and rarity(1) beauty:1) a definite definit 确切的chemical composition ,kmpzin of gemstone.;2) color, light fire and cutting ;(2) durability1) hardness scale of freidrich mohs; mohs friedrich2) the use of gemstones;3) the toughness韧性 of gemstones: atomic tmik structure ,cleavage plane平面 and fracture.(3) rarity1) carat krt weight.4. physical properties(1) hardness, 1) definition; ,difinin 清晰度2) the hardness scale of mohs;(2) specific spisifik 特殊的gravity density densti密度,1) definition;2) the measurement; 3) some examples(3) cleavage and fracture1) internal int:nl 内部的atomic structure of stone;2) the division of cleavage.3) definition of fracture. frkt断裂5. optical propertiesall optical properties are dependent upon light.(1) what makes color1) the color of a gem depends largely on the way it absorbs light.2) According to the color ,gems s division .(2) refractive index1) definition;2) the measurement of RI, and DR.(3) luster1) the determination of luster;2) the definition of splendent; splendnt光亮的3) the division of luster.(4) interference ,intfirns干扰1) definition;定义2) the use of interference.(5) cats eyes and stars1) definition2) the occurrence k:rns, -k- 出现of cats eyes and stars.6. crystallographycrystal kristl结晶 ,homogeneous ,hmdi:nis, ,hu- 同种的portion p:n, pu- 部分of matter that has a definite, orderly atomic structure and an outward form bounded by 周围是、以。为边界smooth ,plane surfaces, symme-trically arranged.(1) conditions for formation1) the formation conditions of cryptocrystalline ,kriptukristlain隐晶体的, rhyoliteand seed crystal.(2) crystallography1) definition;2) some examples.3) The symmetry simitri 对称of the crystal;4) The isometric; ,aisumetrik等轴的5) Tetragonal; tetrnl四角形的6) Orthorhombic; ,:rmbik 正交晶的；斜方晶系的7) Monoclinic; ,mnuklinik 单斜的；晶体 单斜晶体的8) Triclinic; traiklinik adj. 三斜晶系的，三斜的9) Hexagonal. heksnl adj. 六边的，六角形的10) A few elements and compounds kmpaund, kmpaund化合物 can crystallize in two different systems.7. Vocabulary of gemstones.8. diamond(1) the chemical and physical properties of diamond;(2) formation :tremendous trimends极大的 great and tremendous pressure.(3) occurrence:1) the history;2) diamond deposits; dipzit沉淀物(4) diamond cutting1) the primary object of diamond cutting;2) seven popular diamond cut;(5) weight and quality1) the unit: carat,point;2) four criteria; kraitiri条件，标准(6) history1) the origin of the name.2) The source of the stones.(7) famous diamonds(8) 4cfour characteristics ,krktristiks 特色that determine the quality of a diamond;1) cut2) color;3) clarity;4) caratweight.(9) the identification of diamond and its imitation1) see-through effect;2) price test;3) pocket 袖珍的diamond tester.(10) de eersthe international diamond company that keeps your next sale in mind.9. jadeite deidait翡翠1) the most frequent fri:kwnt, frikwent频繁的 treatments;2) a series of tests to the treatments;(1) commercial classification of jadeite1)the varieties according to its color ,base color, transparency trnsprnsi, -p-, trnz-, tr:n- 透明度and texture.10. ruby and sapphire sfai蓝宝石(1) ruby1) the definition;2) the chemical and physical properties;3) occurrrence;(2) sapphire1) definition;2) occurrence;3) the chemical and physical properties.11. emerald and aquamarine(beryl)(1) emerald emrld祖母绿1) the chemical compositon;2) occurrence;(2) aquamarine ,kwmri:n海蓝宝石1) the chemical compositons;2) occurrence.3) Remark.评论12. pearl(1) unique position;(2) the structure of pearls;(3) seasonal si:znl adj. 季节的；周期性的；依照季节的cessationssesein中断 from growth;(4) the cultured pearls;(5) the formation of pearls.13. amber(1) the compositon ,the formation;(2) the chemical and physical properties;(3) sectility; sektiliti可切性(4) electrical properties;(5) inclusions; inklu:n内含物(6) fluorescence; fluresns荧光性(7) occurrence;(8) vareties;(9) clarification;(10) pressed amber;(11) dyeing; daii 染色(12) imitations1) copal kupl 柯巴脂resin; rezin树脂2) glass;3) plastics.14. observation ,bz:vein 观察points(1) outside surface features;(2) damage features;(3) surface treatment and others features;(4) symmetry of cut;(5) internal features.15. apparatus used in gem identification(1) the main apparatus;(2) the spectroscope; spektrskup 分光镜(3) points to remember;16. faceting fsit面(1) definition;(2) how a stone is faceted;1) the procure prukju 获得of gemstones being faceted;2) the cutting styles;17. the fashioning of gemstones(1) rough;(2) the weight loss accompaning the cutting .(3) the styles of gem cutting;(4) cabochon kbn 依天然形状磨圆的宝石cut;18. imitation gemstones and enhancement(1) definition;(2) the designation ,dezinein 名称of synthetic;(3) the records of imitation gemstones;(4) the synthesis of gemstones;1) glass;2) plastics;3) composite kmpzit复合材料 gemstones;19. synthetic gemstones(1) definition;(2) the requirements to a man-made gemstone;(3) making a synthetic;(4) two main groups to produce synthetic gemsones;20. choosing and appropriate pruprieit, pruprit 适当的setting style(1) prong pr, pr: 刺；贯穿；or claw setting;爪式镶嵌(2) bezel bezl 宝石的斜面setting;(3) channel setting;(4) bead bi:d 珠子or pave peiv 铺设setting;(5) flush fl or gypsy dipsi 吉卜赛人的setting;21. how to care for and protect your diamond ring(1) cleaning your diamond ring1) diamond is natrual grease ri:s油脂 attrators trkt吸引2) soak and wash in warm sudsy sdzi adj. 肥皂般的；起泡沫的 water;3) use a tooth pick the dirt;4) the professional cleaning;(2) storing your diamond ring;(3) preventing your diamond from being swieched;1) stone switching; switt转换的2) know your diamond;3) keep the diamond clean;4) have descriptive diskriptiv 描述的characteristics of your diamond;5) have a diagram dairm 图表or photograph;22. exercises(1) 环宇珠宝首饰有限公司环宇珠宝首饰有限公司以珠宝首饰的生产、加工、销售为龙头，拥有代表目前国内外高技术水平的宝石、翡翠、黄金检测设备和一批造诣资深的宝石专家及高级管理人才。环宇首饰品追逐国际首饰最新潮流，款式精美华丽，高贵典雅。即淋漓尽致地闪烁了天然之灵光，又极富艺术地超越了人工之创意。天然与雕饰，皆极尽清水出芙蓉之风采。金昌珠宝饰品在新加坡、台湾、韩国、泰国及港、澳台地区、大陆市场形成了一个坚实的销售网络。环宇珠宝首饰品在与国际珠宝市场接轨的同时，还致力于向产业集团化经营格局纵深。目前，公司的房地产业、装潢设计业、出口贸易等产业发展势头迅速，前景广阔，如日中天。（2）日本珠宝市场暂时难以好转受日本跑摸经济后遗症的拖累，日本珠宝商最近异一段时间以来，破产案接连发生。据与日商有密切贸易关系的香港珠宝商预测，这类破产案可能仅仅只是开始，估计今年日本珠宝市场不会怎样好转，因此，香港圆心在日本市场经营的厂商一部分业务将会转向已经饱和的欧美市场，或者印度尼西亚、新加坡和菲律宾等潜力较好的东南亚市场，但也有一些人在日本市场已经做开，不能贸然抽身，这些人应该针对日本消费者消费力的变化，降低首饰的档次和价格，以维持销售。日本的珠宝消费目前分为两个层次，高档消费群需要的是每件7000-8000美元的珠宝，低档消费群只需要每件200-300美元的首饰。（3）俄钻石界人士反对与戴比尔斯签协定据俄罗斯新每媒介报道，俄罗斯钻石生产企业联合总裁贝奇科夫表示，俄罗斯最好不要同DEBEERS签署协定，只同它就协调未加工的钻石在世界市场上的价格和销售量方面达成一致。他认为，俄罗斯应该停止出口钻石原料，应该将其加工成钻石和将全部销售利润留在本国。现在俄罗斯钻石工业有足够的能力加工本国开采的钻石原料。根据去年2月同俄罗斯签署的合作原则备忘录，DEBEERS必须每年从俄罗斯购买5.5亿美元的未加工钻石。但是，去年9月份起草的将备忘录具体化的贸易协定草案，俄联邦政府将在研究中，签署日期一再顺延。EXERCISETranslate english into chinesePart 1 new master pearl grading setGIA GEM Instruments is offering a new Cultured Pearl Master Comparison Set, designed for describing strands of bead-nucleated , salt water cultured pearls. The grading factors also can be used to evaluate the pearls in other forms of jewelry as well as different types of cultured pearls or natural pearls.Developed by Richard Drucher ,Publisher of The Guide ,The Cultered Pearl Master Comparison Set serves the same role in the selection of pearls as do master diamond color comparison sets in the masterstone grading process ,but it is used for grading other quality factors din addition to color.“The Cultured Pearl Master Comaprison Set is an invaluable tool for buying ,selling ,and evaluating pearls”,said GIA GEM Instruments CEO DICK Agnew. “It takes you through the comarison of color ,luster ,narce thickness ,shape spotting and make-all the grading factros needing to considered in a cultured pearl strand.”Part 2 Optical properties of gemstonesThe beauty of gems depends to a large extent on their optical properties . the most important optical properties. include fire ,the display of prismatic colors; dichroism ,the ability of some gemstones to present two different colors when viewed in different directions ;an transparency. Diamond is highly prized ,because of its fire and brilliancy ,ruby and emerald because of the intensity and beauty of their colors ,and star sappire and star ruby because of the star effect ,known as asterism, as well as for their color.In certain gemstones ,notably opals, brilliant areas of color can be seen within the stone ;these areas change in hue and size as the stone is moved . this phenomenon ,knows as play of color, differs from fire and is caused by interference and reflection of the light by tiny irregularities and cracks inside the stone. Opals also exhibit milky or smoky reflections from within the gem. Gems that are fibrous in structure show irregular interior reflections similar to those seen on watered or moor silk. This optical property ,which is called chatoyancy, si exhibited by several gems, notably the tigereye and cat-eye.The appearance of a gem as seen by reflected light is another optical property of gemstones and is called luster. The luster of gems is characterized by the terms metallic adamantine (like the luster of the diamond),vitreous(like the luster of glass),resinous ,greasy, silky pearly or dull. Luster is identification of gems.A gem cannot always be identified by sight alone .it is therefore necessary to rely on measurement of the optical properties that can be determined without harming the stone in any way.The gemologist uses an instrument called a refractmeter to measure the characteristic property of the stone, know as refractive index, which is its relative ability to refract light .in addition ,an instrument called the polariscope is employed to determine whether a gem in doubly or singly refracting (see CRYSTAL).Emeralds, rubies ,sapphires ,amethysts and synthetic rubies and sapphires are all doubly refracting whereas diamonds spinels synthetic spinels garnets and glass are singly refracting .A special dark-field illuminator with a binocular microscope is employed for examining the interior of a gemstone to determine whether it is of natural or artificial origin and to search for inclusions characteristic of a given gemstone.These tests usually are sufficient to identify the rather limited number of materials used as gemstones; occasionally however ,other instruments are required, including a dichrescope ,which measures the property called dichroism or a spectra(see SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRUM),Hardness the test ordinarily associated with gem testing is never used on cuy stones by the gemologist.Another physical test that can be give to an unknown stone is the determination of its specific gravity (see DENSITY).for exact determinations various weighing devices are used ,but rough approximations of the specific gravity of lighter stones can be made by means of a series of liquids of known specific gravity. If the stone will float in a liquid having a specific gravity of 4 and sink in a liquid with a specific gravity of 3, the specific gravity of the stone must lie between these limits and be approximately 3.5.Part 3 GIA The gemological institute of America first developed a system of diamond grading in the middle “thirties” .in it the colors were described after their source; these are still today known as the “old term”. in the course of decades This system has been superseded by a letter system , in which the letter D represents the best color quality river. The letter s follow in alphabetical order as far as Z. other nomenclatures have been guided largely by the bases of the GIA nomenclature in propounding definitions of terms , so that within the various nomenclatures a good agreement can be found.For clarity grading the GIA developed a system that ,with minor changes in the former descriptions ,is still valid today. The GIA clarity system refers to both internal and external features of a cut diamond.The highest clarity- grade is “flawless” and refers to cut diamonds which revealno inclusions under 10* magnification and which are also free from external features. Recently in adapting to the traditional European clarity grading according to