外研社版高一英语词汇和语法讲义(上).doc

高一英语同步强化培训 词汇和语法 朱翀 ModuleModule 1 1 EuropeEurope 重点概括 重点概括 核心词汇 across off face popular famous influence none sign 核心短语 look like because of ever since in common refer to in terms of on the other hand belong to 重点语法 一般现在时的被动语态和一般过去时的被动语态 主谓一致 补充语法 倍数的表达 核心词汇 核心词汇 acrossacross across through over 与 past 教材原文 France is Europe s third largest country and faces the United Kingdom across the English Channel 教材 P1 释义 词条词性含义用法例句 经过 跨过动作在某物体 表面进行 跨 越其范围 He swam across the river prep 在另一边 在 对面 They live just across the road 穿过 从一边 到另一边 The river is more than ten meters across across adv adj 交叉 He was standing with arms across throughprep 通过 经过 穿过 动作在某物体 内部穿过 有 时也表跨越 He walked through the crowd and found his mother overprep 跨越 越过动作从物体上 方跨过 尤其 是浮在正上方 He climbed over the wall and ran 飞过 跳过 飘过等 away pastprep 经过动作从物体旁 边过 强调经 过 经历 He ran past me without greetings It winds its way from west to east across deserts over mountains through valleys till at last it reaches the sea 常见 collocation just across He knew that just across the border lay freedom right across Teachers are expected to teach a range of subjects right across the curriculum right across Someone s parked right across the entrance to the driveway straight across They ran straight across the road come across to meet find or discover someone or something by chance I came across an old diary in her desk I ve never come across anyone quite like her before Practice 1 He suddenly saw Sue the room He pushed his way the crowd of people to get to her A across acrossB over through C over intoD across through 高考真题 1 There were a lot of people standing at the door and the small girl couldn t get 06 全国卷 2 A between B through C across D beyond 2 Guess what I came across an old friend at the party last night I m sure you had a wonderful time 2004 辽宁 A Sounds good B Very well C How nice D All right 3 The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common in many parts of the city 2007 安徽 A lookB sign C sightD appearance 4 If you really have to leave during the meeting you d better leave the back door 2008 北京 A for B by C across D out 5 If we can our present difficulties then everything should be all right 2007 湖北 A come across B get over C come over D get off 6 I can hardly imagine Peter across the Atlantic Ocean in five days A sail B to sail C sailing D to have sailed architectarchitect Origin Greek from archi ARCH tekton builder 拓展 architecture continentalcontinental 拓展 intercontinental transcontinental faceface 1 n n 脸 表情脸 表情 a pretty beautiful handsome etc b round oval square c thin narrow d pale dark e sad serious f happy smiling Shelley looked at the children s happy faces g a grinning face He looked down at the boy s grinning face h angry Beth s angry face stared fiercely at her husband i worried anxious My father watched us go with a worried face j puzzled He looked at his son s puzzled face k blank impassive showing no emotion or thoughts What was she really thinking behind that blank face l wrinkled His wrinkled face must once have been handsome m a long face an unhappy expression What s the long face for 2 2 vt vt 面对面对 a face a problem She told me about some of the problems she was facing b face a difficulty The hotel s owners were facing financial difficulties c face a challenge The coal industry faces serious challenges d face a danger He has the courage to face danger in spite of fear e face an uncertain difficult future The company is facing an uncertain future 3 3 bebe facedfaced withwith somethingsomething 面临面临 a with a new challenge we have to study harder A FaceB Facing C FacedD To face b 句型转换 Facing the difficult situation I decided to ask my parents for advice I decided to ask my parents for advice 4 4 faceface upup toto somethingsomething phrasalphrasal verbverb 接受现实并面对 处理 接受现实并面对 处理 They ll never give you another job you should face up to it She had to face up to the fact that he was guilty 5 5 inin the the faceface ofof competitioncompetition from from somebody something somebody something 面临面临 的的 挑战挑战 高考真题 1 The on his face told me that he was angry 06 湖北 A impression B sight C appearance D expression 2 achievement last week s ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low though not failing grade 06 湖 南 A In terms of B In case of C As a result of D In face of 3 with so much trouble we failed to complete the task on time 2006年 四川 A FacedB FaceC Facing D To face 4 Faced with a bill for 10 000 06陕西 A John has taken an extra job B the boss has given john an extra job C an extra job has been taken D an extra job has been given to John bebe locatedlocated in nearin near etcetc somethingsomething PLACEPLACE toto bebe inin a a particularparticular positionposition oror placeplace SYNSYN bebe situatedsituated 教材原文 Paris is the capital and largest city of France situated on the River Seine 教材 P2 1 situated on the River Seine 为形容词短语作定语 situated 同义 located 形容词短语作定语时 一般后置 相当于一个定语从句 Tom dressed in his favorite clothes went to school happily 2 besituated in on to be located in on to lie in on to 3 形容词作定语一般置于名词前 4 形容词修饰不定代词时要后置 Nothing serious happened 没肴发生严重的事情 5 以 a 开头的表语形容词作定语时要后置 The boy asleep is my younger brother 6 成对的形容词作定语时要后置 She has many pencils blue and red 7 作形容词时 放在名词前后均可 I have enough food I have books enough 高考真题 Ideally for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue the New York Park hotel is a favourite with many guests 上海高考 A locatingB being located C having been located D located mountainmountain rangerange a group of mountains or hills usually in a line popularpopular 教材原文 The most popular place for tourists is the Eiffel Tower the famous symbol of Paris 教材 P2 用法 1 Jeans are popular among the young adj 受欢迎的 2 I dlike to listen to popular music while working Adj 流行 的 3 The prices of houses and goods are issues of popular concern adj 大众的 普遍的 4 It spopularly believed that John is innocent adv 普遍地 5 Her books have grown in popularity recently n 受欢迎的状态 流 行 普及 6 The use of personal computers should be popularized 使受欢迎 使普及 becausebecause 教材原文 Florence is an Italian city which became famous because of the Renaissance 近义词解析 词条含义位置闯法 because of 因为 由于 主句前或后在句中一般用作状语 owing to 由于 因为 主句前或后作状语 所引导的短语修饰全句 置于主句后 时 严格讲应用逗 号与 主句隔开 due to 由于主句后在句中多用作表语或 定语 as a result of 由于 主句前或后用作状语 on account of 因 的 缘故 由于 主句前或后用作状语 thanks to 幸亏 多亏 大多位于主句 前 也可位于 主句后 用作状语 可以用于正面含义 谢谢 也可用 于讽刺口吻 1 They had to stay at home because of the heavy rain 2 Owing to my absence they had to put off the class meeting till next week 3 Hisfailure is due to the fact that he lacks of experience 4 As a result of the pilots strike all flights had to be cancelled 5 The train arrived late on account of a heavy snow 6 Thanks to your help I passed the test 7 I ve got confused thanks to your disturbance 高考真题 Jenny nearly missed the flight doing too much shopping 全国高考 A as a result ofB on top of C in front ofD in need of none 词条含义 用法备注 none 没有一 人 没有 个 可接 of 短语 做主语时 口语 或 非正式文体中 谓语 用复 数 正式的书 面语中用单数 可用来回答 how many much 提问 的句子 no one 没有一人不接 of 短语 谓语 用单数 只指人 nobody 没有人只指人 不接 of 短 语 用来回答 who 引 导的问句 核心短语 核心短语 bebe famousfamous forfor secondsecond largestlargest citycity everever sincesince inin commoncommon referrefer toto 重点语法 重点语法 被动语态被动语态 被动语态可以理解为 主语 系动词 主语的状态 属性 其他常见系动词 look sound feel smell taste appear seem go prove become keep 主动表被动 表示开始 结束 运动的词 如 begin start finish open close stop end shut run move This coat dries easily The match won t catch 表示主语的某种属性 特征的动词 如 read write act cut sell wash clean wear open close look eat dry drink catch 等 The books are printing The meat is cooking 少数动词用于进行时 其主动形 式表示被动含义 如 print cook fry hand build make 等 介词 in on under beyond 等 名词 构成介词短语表示被动意义 under treatment under control under repair under construction in print on show beyond belief 主谓一致主谓一致 1 谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致 即 主语是可数名词单数或不可数名 词时 谓语动词用单数形式 如 TheThe computercomputer waswas a a greatgreat invention invention 计算机是个了不起的发明 TheThe waterwater inin thethe glassglass isis veryvery cold cold 玻璃杯里的水很冷 2 集体名词 如family family class class team team group group row row police police schoolschool等 做 句子主语时 如果表示整体概念 则谓语用单数形式 如 ClassClass ThreeThree isis a a veryvery goodgood class class 三班是好班 如果表示其中的所有成员时 则谓语用复数形式 如 ClassClass ThreeThree havehave a a mapmap ofof ChinaChina 三 班有张中国地图 3 Chinese Chinese Japanese Japanese fish fish sheep sheep peoplepeople等表示单个时谓语用单数 表 示许多时 谓语用复数 如 ThereThere isis a a sheepsheep inin thethe yard yard 院子里有 只绵羊 ThereThere areare somesome sheepsheep inin thethe yard yard 院子里有一些绵羊 4 maths maths newsnews等虽然有 s s 结尾 但不是复数 因此谓语仍用单数 TheThe newsnews isis veryvery exciting exciting 这个消息令人兴奋 5 glasses glasses shoes shoes socks socks trousers trousers glovesgloves等名词往往用复数形式 故 谓语用复数 如 TheThe trouserstrousers areare veryvery cheapcheap andand I I wantwant toto taketake them them 裤子很 便宜 我想买 6 a a lotlot ofof 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式 跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形 式 如 A A lotlot ofof studentsstudents areare playingplaying baseballbaseball now now 现在有许 多学生在打垒球 A A lotlot ofof timetime waswas wastedwasted onon thatthat work work 大量的 时间花在了那个工作上 被动句 7 andand 连接两个名词做主语时 谓语原则上用复数 但是两个名词若构成一个 整体事物时 谓语则用单数 如 TheThe teacherteacher andand hishis sonson areare pickingpicking applesapples nownow 老师和他的儿子在摘苹果 FishFish andand chipschips isis veryvery famousfamous foodfood 鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品 8 therethere bebe 句型中bebe的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定 如 ThereThere isis a a tabletable andand fourfour chairschairs inin thethe roomroom 房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子 9 用both and both and 连接两个事物做主语时 谓语一般用复数 如 BothBoth youyou andand I I areare requiredrequired toto bebe herehere tomorrowtomorrow 你和我明天要求都来 10 主语中含有withwith的短语时 谓语单复数由 with 之前的人物决定 如 A A womanwoman withwith a a 7 year old7 year old childchild waswas standingstanding atat thethe sideside ofof thethe roadroad 一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子 当时 就站在路边 11 either or either or 或者 neither nor neither nor 连接两个人物做句子主语时 谓语采 用就近原则 如 EitherEither youyou oror hehe isis right right 要么是你对 要么是他 对 你和他有一个人是对的 NeitherNeither youyou nornor I I amam goinggoing therethere 你和我都不打算去那里 12 表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时 谓语一般用单数 如 TwoTwo monthsmonths isis notnot a a shortshort timetime 两个月不是个短时间 TwoTwo thousandthousand kilometerskilometers isis quitequite a a longlong distancedistance 距离 两千千米是相当长的一 段距离 13 主语中含有halfhalf of of three three quarters of quarters of allall of of thethe 等词语时 谓语的单复数由名词确定 如 OverOver threethree quartersquarters ofof thethe informationinformation onon thethe InternetInternet isis inin English English 因特网上四分之三以上 的信息是用英语写的 A A thirdthird ofof thethe studentsstudents werewere playingplaying nearnear thethe lake lake 学生的三分之一 当时 正在湖边玩耍 AllAll ofof thethe waterwater inin thesethese riversrivers hashas beenbeen pollutedpolluted 这些河流中的水已经被污染了 被动句 但是 populationpopulation一词又有特殊情况 What What s s thethe populationpopulation ofof China China 中国人口是多少 句子用单数 ThreeThree quartersquarters ofof thethe populationpopulation inin thisthis citycity areare ArabsArabs 阿拉伯人 这个城市四分之三的 人口是阿拉伯人 句子用复数 ModuleModule 2 2 DevelopingDeveloping andand DevelopedDeveloped CountriesCountries 重点概括 重点概括 核心词汇 develop income reduce position encourage figure use 核心短语 up to make sure make efforts agree to 重点语法 连词 but however although while 补充语法 完全倒装 with phrase 核心词汇 develop income reduce position encourage figure use 核心短语 up to make sure make efforts agree to 重点语法 重点语法 动词分类 逻辑连接词 1 用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有andand notnot only butonly but also also neither nor neither nor 等 andand所连接的前后分句往往表示先后关系 递进关 系 前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系 若第一个分句是祈使句 那么 第二个分句用将来时 2 表示在两者之间选择一个 常用的连接词有or otherwise oror otherwise or else either or else either or 等 前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系 若第一个分 句是祈使句 那么第二个分句用将来时 3 表明两个概念彼此有矛盾 相反或者转折 常用的连接词有 but yet stillbut yet still however however等 前后分句时态一致 4 说明原因 用连接词forfor 前后分句时态一致 5 表示结果 用连接词soso 前后分句时态一致 补充语法补充语法 倒装 谓语的一部分或者全部放在主语之前的句子称为倒装句 1 THERETHERE BEBE 句型以及以herehere therethere开头的句子 如 ThereThere areare a a lotlot ofof childrenchildren inin thethe showroom showroom 在展览室里有许多的小孩 HereHere comescomes thethe busbus 公交车来了 ThereThere goesgoes thethe bellbell 铃响了 TheThe doordoor openedopened andand inin camecame MrMr LeeLee 门开了 李先生走了进来 2 用 SoSo NorNor NeitherNeither 助动词 主语 倒装结构表示第二个人物的情 况与上文的人物情况相同 如 TomTom wentwent toto thethe beachbeach lastlast week week and and soso diddid I I Tom 上个星期去了海滩 我也是 LiLi Mei sMei s boughtbought nothingnothing fromfrom thethe shop shop NeitherNeither hashas JimJim 李梅没有在店里买什么 Jim 也没有买 3 在疑问句中 通常使用在主语之前安放助动词的倒装方法 对主语提问除外 如 HowHow diddid hehe findfind thethe lostlost book book 他是怎么样找到丢失的书的 WhereWhere areare theythey goinggoing toto spendspend thethe summersummer vacation vacation 他们打算到哪儿 过暑假 4 感叹句中通常将被感叹的部分前移 而将句子的主谓语整体后置 如 WhatWhat a a beautifulbeautiful flowerflower it it is is 那是多漂亮的花 5 有引号引用某人的原话时 引号外面的主谓一般采用倒装形式放在句尾 但是 若 主语是代词则不倒装 如 What What onon earthearth areare youyou doingdoing upup there there saidsaid thethe fatherfather 父亲说 你在上边到底干什么 What What onon earthearth areare youyou doingdoing upup there there hehe saidsaid 他说 你在上边到底干什么 with 短语 with 复合结构 可以表示伴随情况 方式 原因 时间或条件等 在句中除 作状语外 也可作定语 with 复合结构的构成 with 宾语 宾补 宾补可能是 n adj adv 介词短语 v ing v ed to do 几种复合结构形式 所表示的含义 with n doing 宾语与宾补之间为主动关系 表示正在发生的动怍 with N done 宾语与宾补之间为被动关系 表示动作已经完成 with n to do 常用不定式的主动形式作宾补 表示将来的动作 He died with his son yet a student 他死的时候 他的儿子还是一个学生 I used to sleep with the window open 我过去习惯开着窗子睡觉 He went out with all the lights on 他开着灯就出去了 Our teacher came in with a book in his hand 我们老师进来了 手中拿着一本书 We found her house easily with the little boy leading the way 由这个 小男孩带路 我们很容易地找到了她的家 With all the things she needed bought she went home happily 买了所有 需要的东西后 她高兴地回家了 With so many things to deal with I can t go on holiday 有这么多事 情要处理 我不能去度假 The soldier stood there with a gun in his hand 作状语 那个士兵站 在那里 手中拿着一把枪 The soldier with a gun in his hand is my friend 作定语 手中拿着枪 的那个士兵是我的朋友 The manager was very happy with so many problems settled 作状语 如 此多的问题都已解决 那位经理很高兴 ModuleModule 3 3 TheThe ViolenceViolence ofof NatureNature 重点概括 重点概括 核心词汇 experience cause travel happen occur destroy furniture average strike 核心短语 find out more than pick up take off leave sb sth by the time end up 重点语法 过去完成时 补充语法 间接引语 核心词汇 experience cause travel happen occur destroy furniture average strike 核心短语 find out more than pick up take off leave sb sth by the time end up 重点语法 过去完成时 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作 简言之 过去完成时所表示的时间是 过去的过去 过去完成时由 助动词hadhad 动词的过去分词 构成 过去完成时时间状语有 byby yesterday yesterday byby then then byby thethe endend ofof last last 或者由when beforewhen before等引出状语从句 有时句子中会有 already already just just once once ever ever nevernever等词语 也会有for for 或since since 构成的时间状语 如 TheyThey hadhad alreadyalready finishedfinished cleaningcleaning thethe classroomclassroom whenwhen theirtheir teacherteacher camecame 当老师来的时候他们已经打扫完 了教室 TheThe womanwoman hadhad leftleft beforebefore hehe realizedrealized sheshe waswas a a cheatcheat 在他发觉那个妇女是个骗子时她已经走掉了 过去完成时常用于宾语从句中 afterafter引导的从句中 或者从句是 beforebefore引导的主句中 如 AfterAfter I I hadhad putput onon mymy shoesshoes andand hathat I I walkedwalked intointo thethe darkness darkness 我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中 HeHe saidsaid thatthat hehe hadhad nevernever seenseen a a kangarookangaroo beforebefore 他说他以前从来没 有见过袋鼠 补充语法 直接引语变间接引语 1 1 直接引语和间接引语 直接引语和间接引语 在陈述句中 直接引用说话人原来的语句 称为直接直接 引语引语 在书写时 直接引语用引号 用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人 说的内容 称为间接引语间接引语 2 2 直接引语改变为间接引语 直接引语改变为间接引语 1 直接引语如果是陈述句陈述句 变为间接引语时应注意以下各点 不用引号 而用连接词thatthat 但有时可省略 人称作相应变化 主句里的动词如果是过去时 间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变 一般现在时变一般过去时 一般将来时变过去将来时 现在进行时变 过去进行时 现在完成时变成过去完成时 一般过去时变成过去完成 时 但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用 则时态不变 如 HeHe says says I I amam notnot fromfrom thethe USAUSA HeHe sayssays thatthat hehe isis notnot fromfrom thethe USAUSA MrMr SmithSmith saidsaid toto hishis girlgirl friend friend I I haven haven t t seenseen youyou forfor a a longlong timetime MrMr SmithSmith saidsaid toto hishis girlgirl friendfriend thatthat hehe hadhad notnot seenseen herher forfor a a longlong timetime 2 直接引语如果是一般疑问句一般疑问句 变为间接引语时 需用从属连接词whetherwhether 或ifif引导 词序要改变 如 LinLin TaoTao saidsaid toto MissMiss Green Green IsIs itit mademade inin China China LinLin TaoTao askedasked MissMiss GreenGreen ifif itit waswas mademade inin China China this these now ago today this week month etc next week month etc yesterday tomorrow here that those then before that day that week month etc the next week month etc the day before the next following day there 3 直接引语如果是特殊疑问句特殊疑问句 变为间接引语时 需用疑问词引导 词序是 连词 主语 谓语 如 LucyLucy saidsaid toto me me HowHow cancan I I help help LucyLucy askedasked meme howhow sheshe couldcould helphelp 4 直接引语如是祈使句祈使句 变间接引语时 须将祈使句变为动词不定式 并在 动词不定式前用tell tell ask ask orderorder 如 HeHe saidsaid toto thethe littlelittle boy boy ComeCome herehere youngyoung man man HeHe askedasked thethe littlelittle boyboy toto gogo therethere 5 直接引语变为间接引语时 指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应 作相应变化 在直接引语中在直接引语中 在间接在间接 引语中引语中 ModuleModule 4 4 SandstormsSandstorms inin AsiaAsia 重点概括 重点概括 核心词汇 cut prevent advise wear major way as survive appear before strength 核心短语 so that be caught in 重点语法 不定式 补充语法 but 不定式 核心词汇 cut prevent advise wear major way as survive appear before strength 核心短语 so that be caught in 重点语法 动词不定式 动词不定式 形式 动词不定式基本形式基本形式由 不定式记号toto 动词原形 构成 它的 否定形式否定形式只要在 toto 前面加上 notnot 它的疑问形式疑问形式是 wh wh 疑问词 toto 动词原形 它的被动形式 toto bebe 过去分词 它的完成形式 toto havehave 过去分词 动词不定式具有名词 形容词和副词的特征 即可以在句子中作主语 宾语 定语 状语 表语和宾语补足语 但不定式也保留动词的某些 特征 即不定式后面可以跟宾语 表语和状语 动词不定式加上相关 成分就构成不定式短语 动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语 但是通常将作主语的动词不定 式或不定式短语放在谓语后面 而在主语位置用 itit 作形式主语 有 时在不定式的前面还会用forfor sb sb 表示不定式的逻辑主语 如 ToTo helphelp animalsanimals isis helpinghelping people people 帮助动物就是帮助人 ItIt isis veryvery difficultdifficult for for us us toto learnlearn ChineseChinese well well 对于我们而言 学好汉语是非常的困难 ItIt tooktook meme halfhalf anan hourhour toto workwork outout thisthis problemproblem 解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间 动词不定式可以作谓语动词 及物动词 的宾语 A A 及物动词及物动词 不定式一般形式 不定式一般形式 谓语动词谓语动词 vt vt 不定不定 式式 作宾作宾 语语 说说 明明 wantwant 想 trytry 试图 decidedecide 决定 wouldwould likelike 想要 hopehope 希望 lovelove 喜爱 learnlearn 学会 affordafford 提供 agreeagree 同意 failfail 失败 未能 meanmean 意味着 preferprefer 宁愿 wishwish 希望 无 helphelp 帮助 toto可以省略 beginbegin 开始 startstart 开始 hatehate 憎恨 也可跟动名词 意义变 化不大 forgetforget 忘记 rememberremember 记得 likelike 总爱 toto do do 也可跟动名词 意义变 化较大 如 I I wouldwould likelike toto havehave a a restrest atat thethe moment moment 我现在想休息一 下 TheyT