考研备考辅导考研英语阅读理解冲刺重点预测25篇 第16篇

考研英语阅读理解冲刺重点预测25篇 (第篇)第篇 （版权所有，违者必究！鉴于有部分辅导机构不经过同意就把具有独立知识产权的作品公然转载并声称是他们自己作品的案例，再次特别声明：本博客所有文字材料仅供考生下载作自身的学习用途，任何形式的转载必须征得的授权，保留对所有文字作品的法律权利！） In 66 Allen and Beatrice Gardner, two psychologists at the University of Nevada in Reno, had a bright idea. They were interested in the evolution of language and the linguistic capabilities of great apes. Previous attempts to teach chimpanzees to talk had ended in failure and the matter was considered by most people to be closed. But the Gardners realised that speech and language are not the same thing. Many deaf people, for example, are unable to speak but are perfectly able to communicate by gestures that have all the attributes and sophistication of spoken language. Given the very different anatomies of the human and chimpanzee larynx, the Gardners suspected that previous experiments had failed because chimps are physically incapable of speech.They therefore decided to try teaching a chimpanzee to sign in the way that deaf people do. And their chosen subject, a female chimp named Washoe after the county in which the university campus is located, proved an adept pupil. Though there is still debate about whether what Washoe learned was really equivalent to human language, there is no doubt that she learned a lot of words. She now has a vocabulary of about 200. All of this, however, raises a second question. If Washoe and her successors can learn a complex and arbitrary vocabulary of gestures from people, do they have such vocabularies naturally? To examine that possibility Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal, of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, have looked at gestures and expressions in chimpanzees and their cousins, bonobos.Signalling by facial and vocal expression is ubiquitous among primates. Signalling by gesture is confined to the great apes. The researchers hypothesis was that the meaning of expressions has been hard-wired by evolution whereas the meaning of gestures is learnt and, at least to some extent, is arbitrary. If that were true, particular sorts of facial and vocal expression would occur only in particular contexts, and that this would be consistent across groups and even species. The same gestures, by contrast, would be used in different contexts.The researchers found exactly what they expected. Expressions (“silent bared teeth”, “relaxed open mouth”, “pant hoot” and so on) almost always occurred in the same contexts in different groups and different species. Gestures (“hard touch”, “reach outside”, “slap ground” etc) did not. Half of the gestures Dr Pollick and Dr de Waal regularly observed seemed to have completely different meanings in the two species. Moreover, even within a single group, the meaning of a gesture could vary with context, almost as tone of voice can vary the meaning of a humans spoken word.It is also worth remembering that gesture is still a crucial part of human language, even for those with normal hearing. The old joke that the way to render an Italian speechless is to tie his hands together has a kernel of truth in it. Evolution does not come up with complicated structures in a single leap. They are built up step by step. This study suggests that the step of speech may have been built on mental attributes that were acquired millions of years ago when the ancestors of apes and men began to wave meaningfully at each other.注（1）：本文选自Economist, /注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象为真题Text 4。1 From the first paragraph, we learn that _.A chimpanzees have no sense of language at all.B the Gardners found a new idea to develop the chimpanzee experiment.C previous experiments failed because they didnt have clever cimpanzees.D chimpanzees can use gestures like blind people2 Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A Washoes failed to use signs and gestures.B The vocabulary Washoe learnt is not similar to human language.C The Washoe experiment has enlighted further research.D The Gardners found that Washoe naturally knew how to use gestures.3 According to the author, gestures are different from facial and vocal expressions in that _.A gestures are more complicatedB gestures are limited to a certain type of speciesC facial and vocal experessions are more complicatedD there is no difference4 Which of the following best defines the word “hard-wired” (Line 3, Paragraph 3)?A fixedB changedC taughtD made5 The Pollick and de Waa research probably indicates that _.A the apes are the closest species to human beingB normal people do not really need the help of gesturesC the great apes naturally have the ability to use gesturesD human language may develop from signs and gestures篇章剖析本文是一片关于大猩猩语言能力研究的说明文。第一、二段介绍了卡德勒夫妇的研究成果并引出后两位学者对倭黑猩猩的研究；第三段和第四段分别介绍了研究的假设和结果；最后一段进一步阐述了手势对于人类脑力思考进化的影响。词汇注释psychologist psaikClEdVist n.心理学家 bonobo bEunE9bEu n. 倭黑猩猩chimpanzee tFimpEnzi: n. 黑猩猩 ubiquitous ju:bikwitEs adj.到处存在,普遍attribute Etribjut n. 属性, 品质, 特征 primate praimit n. 灵长类的动物sophistication sE9fistikeiFEn n. 复杂，精致 hard-wired adj. 天生的anatomy EnAtEmi n. 分解，解剖 pant pAnt n. 气喘larynx lAriNks n.解 喉 hoot hu:t vi. 大声叫嚣, 鸣响adept Edept adj. 熟练的, 拿手的 render rendE vt. 致使successor sEksesE n. 继承者, 接任者难句突破The researchers hypothesis was that the meaning of expressions has been hard-wired by evolution whereas the meaning of gestures is learnt and, at least to some extent, is arbitrary.主体句式 The researchers hypothesis was that结构分析 这个句子的难点在于that之后的这个宾语从句。从句以whereas为界可以分为两个部分，其中后半个句子由whereas引导与前半个句子为并列结构，此外at least to some extent是一个插入语，一定程度上干扰和混淆了is learnt 和is arbitrary这两个结构的并列关系。句子译文 研究者的假设是，表情的意义在长期的进化过程中已经成为一种天生的能力，而手势的意义是后天学成的，至少在一定程度上是任意的。题目分析1B. 细节题。文章第一段的主要内容就是讲述卡德勒夫妇对于黑猩猩语言能力试验的新想法，因此答案显而易见。2C. 细节题。文章第二段中指出，Washoe的成就使科学家们提出了新的问题，并进行了进一步的研究，因此C选项正确。3B. 细节题。文章第三段第一句话指出，“通过表情和声音来发送信号的现象在灵长类动物中是普遍存在的。但只有大猩猩才能用手势发送信号”，并不存在两者那个更加复杂的说法。4A. 语义题。从该词所在句子的上下文中，可以推出表情具有固定的意义，成为了动物一种天生的能力。5D. 推理题。文章最后一段的最后一句话指出，人类祖先在使用手势的时候很可能促使了脑部的发展，从而渐渐产生了语言能力，因此答案为D。参考译文66年，内华达大学雷诺分校的两名心理学家阿伦与比特里斯卡德勒夫妇产生了一个聪明的想法。他们对于大猩猩的说话和语言的进化能力非常感兴趣。前人研究曾试图教黑猩猩如何说话，但那些努力最终都以失败告终，很多人认为这个领域已经没有什么可以研究的了。但是卡德勒夫妇意识到说话和语言并不是一件事情。比如说，许多聋哑人不能说话，但是他们却能够用手势进行充分的交流，这些手势都包含了人类语言的那些特点和精细度。由于人类和黑猩猩喉咙的结构不同，卡德勒夫妇认为前人研究的失败是因为黑猩猩生理上就无法说话。因此，他们决定试着教一只黑猩猩如何使用聋哑人的手势。他们选择的研究对象是一个名为Washoe的雌性黑猩猩，研究地点就在该大学的校园里，实验将她培养成了一个能熟练使用手势的学生。尽管人们仍在争论Washoe学会的到底能不能算人类语言，但是毫无疑问她学会了很多词汇。她现在的词汇量