沪教牛津版八年级下 UNIT1 Helping those in need

Unit 1 Helping those in need 一 重点词汇讲解一 重点词汇讲解 1 raise v 筹集 提升 增加筹集 提升 增加 第三人称单数 raises 过去式 raised 过去分词 raised 现在分词 raising 搭配 raise money 筹款筹款 raise money for 为为 筹款筹款 raise one s voice 提高 嗓门 例如 They raised money for homeless people raise price 提高价格 raise one s spirits 打起精神 raise keep 有 饲养 抚养 的意思 如 raise cattle keep cattle 饲养牲口 和 raise children 抚养孩子 辨析 raise rise rise rose risen 的区别 1 这两个词都有 提高 上升 增加 的意思 但其用法不同 raise 是及物动词 其主语通常是人 而 rise 是不及物动词 其主语通常是 物 例如 The sun rises and bathes the earth 太阳升起 普照大地 Bath n 沐浴 浴室 bathe v 沐浴 洗 光线 充满 2 raise 和 rise 用于同一事物时含义不同 例如 The price of TV sets has been raised recently 最近电视机提价了 政府或 厂家主动行动 The price of TV sets has risen recently 最近电视机提价了 市场调节 2 permission n agreement 准许 批准准许 批准 搭配 Ask permission 报请批准报请批准 Write a letter to the head teacher to to raise money 给 校长写一封信请求允许筹钱 同根词 permit v allow you to do it 许可 准许 默许 The guards permitted me to bring my camera and tape recorder 知识拓展 1 表示请求某人允许自己做某事 通常与动词 ask ask for request 连用 She asked for permission to leave work early 她请求许可早点下班 2 表示允许某人做某事 通常与动词 give 连用 Who gave you permission to come here 谁准许你到这里来的 3 表示不允许某人做某事 通常与动词 refuse deny 连用 The school has been refused permission to expand 学校扩充未得到允许 3 disabled adj 丧失能力的 有残疾的丧失能力的 有残疾的 I taught disabled children to sing 我教残疾的孩子唱歌 同根词 disable v make sb unable to do sth 使残废 使伤残 He is disabled from voting 他失去了选举资格 enable v n e b l make sb able to do sth 使 某人 能够做某事 The new test should enable doctors to detect the disease early 新的检测手段应该能够使医生们尽早查出这种疾病 搭配 mentally disabled 有智力缺陷 learning disabilities 学习障碍 4 offer v be willing to do something 主动提出主动提出 搭配 offer to do sth 主动提出去做某事 愿意做某事主动提出去做某事 愿意做某事 Peter offered to teach them water skiing 彼得主动提出教他们滑水 搭配 offer one s hand 伸出友好的手 offer sb sth 为某人提供某物 They have offered me a large sum of money to go away 他们曾为我提供一大笔搬 迁费 辨析 provide offer 的区别 provide 用于表示无主动慷慨之意地为人或物提供需要或有用的东西 仅仅是 出于某种责任 强调提供必须用的东西 尤其是生活用品 多数情况是免费的 常用于 provide sb with sth 或 provide sth for sb 的固定搭配中 offer 表示主动提供服务 工作等 对方可以接受 也可以不接受 常用于 offer sb sth 或 offer sth to sb 固定搭配中 例如 offer sb 主动提出帮助某人 offer sb a good salary 给某人一个好工资 Somehow she managed to provide her children with food and clothing 她总算设法使她的孩子有饭吃 有衣穿 He offered me a glass of wine He offered a glass of wine to me 他端给我一杯 酒 5 illness n 某种 病 某种 病 The children there all suffer from serious illness 那里的孩子都遭受疾病的折磨 同根词 ill adj 有病的 比较级 worse 最高级 worst 辨析 ill illness sick 的区别 illness 是 ill 的名词形式 是可数名词 ill 和 sick 都有 生病的 有病的 之意 但用法并不完全相同 ill 表示 生病的 有病的 这一意思时 一般用作表语 不能作定语 sick 既可以作表语又可以作定语 如 病人 可以说 a sick man 或 the sick 但不 能说 an ill man 或 the ill 例如 She is ill sick in bed 她卧病在床 She is looking after her sick father 她在照顾她生病的父亲 sick 有 恶心的 厌倦的 之意 例如 The smell makes me sick 这气味使我感 到恶心 ill 作定语修饰名词时是 坏的 邪恶的 之意 例如 He is an ill man 他是一个邪恶的人 一言辨异 Although I am ill I have to look after my sick sister at home today Because of illness she can t go to school 尽管我病了病了 但是今天我必须在家照看 我生病的生病的妹妹 因为疾病疾病 她没有去上学 6 organize v 组织组织 In the end we all decided to organize a concert for Easter 最终 我们一致决定 组织一场复活节音乐会 同根词 organization n 组织 机构 organizer n 组织者 organized adj 有组织 的 What do you know about our organization 关于我们的组织你知道些什么 Students need organized activities 学生们需要有组织的活动 Who is the organizer of the exhibition 谁是这次展览会的组织者 7 express v 表达 表露表达 表露 This helps them express their feelings 这有助于他们表达他们的情感 同根词 expression n 表现 表示 表达 表情 She gave expression to her sadness 她流露出了悲伤之情 8 lonely adj 孤独的 寂寞的 荒凉的孤独的 寂寞的 荒凉的 比较级 比较级 lonelier 最高级 最高级 loneliest It felt like the loneliest place in the world 感觉这就像是天底下最荒凉的地方 辨析 lonely alone 的区别 alone 为形容词 意为 单独的 只作表语 不能作定语 侧重说明独自一人 没有助手或同伴 没有感情色彩的只表示客观的状态 lonely 意为 孤独的 表示主观上感到孤独 寂寞 有较浓的感情色彩 指因 缺少朋友 同情 友谊等产生的一种悲伤和忧郁的感情 它为形容词 在句中 作表语或定语 作定语时 意为 荒凉 偏僻 多修饰表示地点的名词 alone 还可以作副词 alone adv 单独 独自 She went home alone She went home by herself 她独自回家去了 The old man lives in a lonely town he lives alone but he does t feel lonely 这位老人住在偏僻的镇上 他独自一人住着 但他并不感到孤独 一言辩异 I didn t feel lonely though I was alone 我虽孤身一人 但并不感到寂寞 9 friendship n 友情 友谊友情 友谊 同根词 friend n 朋友 复数 friends True friendship is worth more than money 真正的友谊比金钱更有价值 friendly adj 友好的 Robert has a friendly relationship with his customers 罗伯特和他的客户之间关 系处得很好 friendliness n 友善 She also loves the friendliness of the people 她也喜欢人们的友善 10 difficulty n be not able to do something easily 困难 费劲困难 费劲 The country is facing great economic difficulties 该国正面临巨大的经济困难 同根词 difficult adj hard to do 困难的 The child is going through a difficult phase 那孩子正经历困难的阶段 It s difficult for me 对我来说这很难 搭配 have difficulty in doing something 做做 有困难有困难 I had no difficulty in making myself understood 我毫不费力地表达了自己的意 思 in difficulty difficulties 处境困难 The bank is in difficulty difficulties 这家银行处境困难 11 joy n a feeling of great happiness 愉快 喜悦愉快 喜悦 I taught them to sing because music can bring them joy and peace 我教他们唱歌 因为音乐能带给他们喜悦与宁静 同根词 joyful n 快乐的 高兴的 令人开心的 使人喜悦的 He was excited and joyful at the success 他因成功而激动欣喜 搭配 to one s joy 令人高兴的是 使某人高兴的是 To her joy her son was permitted to a key university 12 peace n 平静 宁静平静 宁静 the Nobel Peace Prize 诺贝尔和平奖 One more question and I ll leave you in peace 再问一个问题 我就不打扰你了 同根词 peaceful adj 和平的 爱好和平的 安静的 平静的 Evening in the country is a very peaceful time 乡村里的今晚是平静安谧的时刻 13 hurt v injure nd 使疼痛 受伤使疼痛 受伤 Tim hurt his legs in an accident but he has lots of courage 提姆在一次事故中伤了腿 但他很勇敢 同根词 hurt adj 受伤的 痛苦的 受 损坏的 They did not seem to be badly hurt 他们看起来没有受重伤 搭配 hurt oneself 自己受伤 Have you hurt yourself 你伤着自己了吗 注意 身体伤害重用 badly 修饰 精神 感情受到创伤用 very much rather deeply 修饰 The driver hurt himself badly in the accident 那位司机在事故中伤得很重 Your words deeply hurt her 你的话深深地伤害了她 14 courage n 勇气 勇敢勇气 勇敢 同根词 encourage v 鼓励 鼓舞 支持 促进 鼓动 My English teacher often encourages us to read English aloud 我的英语老师常常鼓励我们大声读英语 搭配 take one s courage in both hands 鼓起勇气去做 敢作敢为 gather courage 鼓足勇气鼓足勇气 lose courage 失去勇气失去勇气 gather g vt 收集 收割 Taking her courage in both hands she opened the door and walked in 她壮着胆打开门 走了进去 Failure is the mother of success Keep up your courage 失败是成功之母 鼓起你 的勇气来 15 Spirits n 情绪 心境情绪 心境 他回到家里是情绪非常好 He felt in excellent spirits when he arrived home Spirit n 精神 勇气 意志 尽管他已经不再人世 但他的精神却至今还在 Even though he is no longer living his spirit lives on today 固定搭配 in spirit 在心里 在心里 在精神上在精神上 16 pay v 付款 偿还付款 偿还 We paid 35 pounds for each ticket 我们每张票付了 35 英镑 同根词 pay n 工资 薪水 报答 They complained about their pay and conditions 他们抱怨他们的薪水和工作条 件 搭配 pay off 偿清 债务 支付 债务 的全部数额 pay attention to 注意 pay a visit to 去参观 拜访 pay for 为 付 款 辨析 take spend cost 和 pay 的用法区别 总结 take 一般用 it 作主语 例如 it takes sb sometime to do sth spend 一般是人作主语 例如 I spend an hour finishing my homework cost 表示某物值什么的 价值或钱 例如 The book cost 200 yuan pay 一般是人作主语 例如 I pay lots of money for books spend 的主语必须是人的主语必须是人 常用于以下结构常用于以下结构 1 spend time money on sth 在 上花费时间 金钱 例如 I spent two hours on this math problem 这道数学题花了我两个小时 2 spend time money in doing sth 花费时间 金钱 做某事 例如 They spent two years in building this bridge 造这座桥花了他们两年时间 3 spend money for sth 花钱买 例如 His money was spent for books 他的钱用来买书了 cost 的主语是物或某种活动的主语是物或某种活动 还可以表示还可以表示 值值 常见用法如下 常见用法如下 1 sth costs sb 金钱 某物花了 某人 多少钱 例如 A new computer costs a lot of money 2 doing sth costs sb 时间 某物 做某事 花了 某人 多少时间 例 如 Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time 他花了大量时间才记住了 这些单词 注意 cost 的过去式及过去分词都是 cost 并且不能用于被动句 take 后面常跟双宾语 常见用法有以下几种 后面常跟双宾语 常见用法有以下几种 1 It takes sb 时间 to do sth 做某事花了某人多少时间 例如 It took them three years to build this road 他们用三年时间修完了这条路 2 doing sth takes sb 时间 做某事花了某人多少时间 例如 Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon 他花了一下午修车 pay 的基本用法是 的基本用法是 1 pay sb money for sth 付钱 给某人 买 例如 I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month 我每个月要付 20 英镑 的房租 2 pay for sth 付 的钱 例如 I have to pay for the book lost 我不得不赔丢失的书款 3 pay for sb 替某人付钱 例如 Don t worry I ll pay for you 别担心 我会给你付钱的 4 pay sb 付钱给某人 例如 They pay us every month 他们每月给我们报酬 5 pay money back 还钱 例如 May I borrow 12 yuan from you I ll pay it back next week 6 pay off one s money 还清钱 17 voluntary adj 自愿的 志愿的自愿的 志愿的 He made a voluntary statement to the police 他自愿为警方作供 18 be used for doing 被用来做 某事 be used to do 被用来去做 be used as 把 用作 被用来当作 be used by 某物 被某人使用 by 后接动词的执行者 be used to doing sth 习惯于 做某事 习惯于 做某事 used to do sth 过去常常做某事过去常常做某事 This medicine is used for curing cancer 这种药物是用于治疗癌症的 Clothes are used to keep warm 衣服是用来保暖的 The box is used as a table 这个箱子被当作桌子用 This car is used by Mr Li 这是李先生的专用轿车 My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯于早起 I used to dance after school 我过去常常放学后跳舞 In the past people used to use horses as their transport 过去人们常常使用马匹作 为他们的交通工具 18 since then 自从那时起 since I was born 自从我出生时 since 时间点 用于完成时 自从 5 点开始他就在等了 He has waited since 5 o clock 陈先生自从 2 岁起就住在这儿 Mr Chen has lived here since 2 years old 我们自从七年前开始就学习英语了 We have learned English since 7 years ago 新词强化训练 1 They will give a concert to 筹款 for charity 2 You must 报请批准 if you want to leave early 3 Excuse me would you 帮我个忙 Sure What would you like me to do 4 He is 因 受苦 nervous tension 神经紧张 5 Will you go to the park to 拍照 with me this afternoon 6 Who knows what will happen 将来 7 He is 不健康 He is often sick 8 You must 照顾 yourself and keep healthy 9 My grandma is ill 住院 now My aunt is taking care of her 10 We have a golf course in the 社区 11 How much did you p for the sweater Eight dollars 用所给词的适当形式填空 1 People don t allow teenager to drive a car 2 He didn t go to the meeting because of his ill 3 We had no difficult in finding the house 4 Tom don t be afraid of speak in front of people You are the best one 5 Some boys of Class One enjoy listen to music 6 He used to play football 7 According to 根据 the passage which of the following follow is true 8 Though it was raining they continued working work in the fields 9 Tom don t be afraid of speaking speak in front of people You are the best one 10 Some boys of Class One enjoy listening listen to music 11 He used to play play football 单项填空 1 The young man offered his seat an old lady on the crowded bus A with B to C for D at 2 Though his grandmother lives she never feels A alone alone B lonely lonely C alone lonely D lonely alone 3 We have activities after class You can take part in them A kind of B a kind C many kinds of D a kind of 4 Tomorrow is The students want to buy some flowers for their teachers A Teacher Day B Teacher s Day C Teachers Day D the Teachers 5 Old Henry is so lonely that he hopes to know about every day A special something B special anything B C something special 肯定句用 sth D anything special 6 I don t know how to begin a talk with Betty She can sit all day long a word A by B with C in D without 7 Scientists are trying their best to come up with ways to treat 治疗 the terrible disease 疾病 H7N9 A called B call C name D was call 8 He was born in 1956 and in 2012 A death B dead C died D die 9 How is your English study Not bad But I learning English grammar A am interested in B am good at C have difficulty D have no trouble 10 Sam my mobile phone is in my bedroom Could you if for me No problem A bring B get C take D carry 重点句子 1 Cindy is in hospital because she suffered from serious illnesses 2 She wanted to paint a picture of the park near her home 3 I went there and took some photos of it 4 Her parents died in a car accident and she is unhappy and very lonely 5 He hurt his legs in an accident but he has lots of courage 6 We need to help children like Tim and raise their spirits Grammar 动词不定式动词不定式 1 基本形式 基本形式 to 动词原形 在某些情况下可以不带 to 2 特点 特点 A 没有人称和数的变化 B 可以有自己的宾语和状语 C 有时态和语态的变化 被动语态的形式为 to be 动词过去分词 D 动词不定式的否定式直接在不定式的前面加 not 3 动词不定式用法 动词不定式用法 A 作主语作主语 动词不定式作主语时 句子的谓语动词常用单数 其位置有以下两种 1 把不定式置于句首 如 To get there by bike will take us half an hour To learn a foreign language is not easy It s not easy to learn a foreign language 2 用 it 作形式主语 把真正的主语不定式置于句后 常用于下列句式中 It is good to help others 帮助他人是件好事 It is exciting to surf the Internet 上网是件令人兴奋的事 B 作表语 作表语 表语是用来说明主语的身份 性质 品性 特征和状态的 表语常由名词 形容词 副 词 介词短语 不定式 动词的 ing 从句来充当 它常位于系动词 be become appear seem look sound feel get smell 等词 之后 如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的 那么这个充当表语 的句子就叫做表语从句 The important thing is to finish the work on time 完成工作 What you have to do now is to clean the classroom 打扫教室 C 作宾语作宾语 1 动词动词 to do 常见动词有常见动词有 agree choose decide forget fail go on learn hope mean 意味 想要意味 想要 need offer plan regret require remember seem stop try wish want 等等 注意注意 部分动词后接不定式与接动名词的含义不同 如 部分动词后接不定式与接动名词的含义不同 如 stop forget remember 1 He decided to buy buy the camera 2 I want to listen to listen to some music after class 3 I hope to travel travel all over the world one day 2 动词动词 疑问代 副 词疑问代 副 词 to do I don t know what to do 做什么 how to do it that 怎么做 where to go 去哪里 when to leave 什么时候出发 Which one to choose 选择哪个 例 I haven t decided when to take a holiday yet A took B taking C to take D take 3 动词动词 it 形式宾语 形式宾语 宾补宾补 to do I find it important to learn English 我发现很难和他好好相处 I find it hard to get on well with him 我发现在炎热的夏天很容易入睡 I find it easy to fall asleep in hot summer 动词不定式做宾补动词不定式做宾补 1 动词 宾语 to do Li Mei asked me to show her the new dictionary 注 有以上结构的常用动词有注 有以上结构的常用动词有 tell wish ask want like beg 请求请求 invite 邀 邀 请 请 warn 警告 提醒 警告 提醒 allow encourage advise 等 等 2 动词 宾语 do 不带 to 的不定式 注 常用的动词是注 常用的动词是 感官动词感官动词 see hear feel watch notice 使役动词使役动词 have make let 如果将其改成被动语态 必须将不定式符号 如果将其改成被动语态 必须将不定式符号 to 还原 还原 例 Colors can change our moods 情绪 and make us feel happy or sad A Feel B to feel C felt D feeling 固定搭配 make sb do sth E 作状语 作状语 可以表目的 表结果 表原因 可以表目的 表结果 表原因 为了强调目的 为了强调目的 有时可以把不定式有时可以把不定式 放在句首 或在不定式前面加放在句首 或在不定式前面加 in order to 或或 so as not to I came here to tell you good news 告诉你一个好消息 She stydied hard to pass the exam 她刻苦学习 以便通过考试 F 作定语 作定语 必须后置 必须后置 我们每天有很多作业要做我们每天有很多作业要做 We have a lot of homework to do every day 我有个好消息要告诉你我有个好消息要告诉你 I have good news to tell you 不带不带 to 的不定式结构的不定式结构 以下几种情况使用不带 to 的动词不定式 1 在固定词组在固定词组 had better 之后 注意之后 注意 had better 的否定形式是的否定形式是 had better not do sth 例如 例如 You had better go home now 你最好现在回家 It s cold outside You d better not go out 外面很冷 你最好不要出去 2 will would you please 之后动词不定式不带之后动词不定式不带 to Would you please say it again more slowly 请你再慢慢说它一下好吗 2 在感官动词在感官动词 see watch feel hear look at listen to 和使役动词和使役动词 have make let 后要跟不带后要跟不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语 例如的动词不定式作宾语补足语 例如 I made them give me the money back 我迫使他们把钱还给我 I didn t see you come in 我没看见你进来 3 在引导疑问句的在引导疑问句的