大学英语跨文化交际所有CASE答案

大学英语跨文化交际所有 CASE 答案 是 WORD 格式不是 PDF 格式的 Case 1 An Interview in India Case analysis The case is about an interview between an American program host and an Indian interviewee They talk about some aspects of Indian culture and the changes occurred these years The case reflects some basic cultural elements people may find in all cultures language family pattern marriage wedding ceremony food and the way to eat food etc From this case guide the students in culture study and culture comparison The students should realize that there are both similarities and differences in culture Culture is in fact very dynamic and pervasive Case 2 White Dress Case analysis The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text Culture is like an iceberg we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures but we do not know the values underneath Culture is like the water a fish swims in people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why Case 3 The French in North America Case analysis The French were able to see Indian behavior only in the light of their own hierarchical social system where it is natural for the few to command and the many to obey Social systems that worked on other principles were literally unimaginable Case 4 Coconut skating Case analysis The case reflects the characteristics of culture We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it s learned People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture Case 5 A Black Girl s Identity Case analysis Although we may say that identities are constituted by our communication it is obvious from the case that we cannot simply choose at any moment what our identity will be regardless of the context First we often do not share the recipe for certain identities with others even if we belong to the same ethnicity gender or nationality Understanding this can help us avoid some of the broad assumptions made about groups of people based on the reflective way of thinking Second as we learned in the very first chapter all meaning in communication is to some extent situational Thus the context mediates what identities we can choose Sometimes things one may have no control over such as age or skin color are seen as essential parts of how one communicates an identity Case 6 Hippies Case analysis Hippies could be defined as a subgroup as the hippies culture tends to be temporary In modern American society hippies culture could also find traits but it has wide spread influence on American value system Case 7 Clean up the Bathroom Case analysis Cultural differences decide the two students are going to communicate in different ways The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words but the American student is used to the direct style of communication This is decided by culture In Chinese culture people want to save face of both themselves and others so they would not express their ideas directly However in the United States unless you express yourself clearly and directly the others cannot understand you Case 8 She Has Three Hands This case can reflect the different communication styles between Chinese and Canadians In western cultures communication is the means of transmitting ideas Western people usually communicate directly with each other That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with the Canadian face to face to keep the harmonious relationship between them Case 9 A Piece of Cake This case wants us to recognize some components of communication Sender source refers to the person who transmits a message Receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message Context refers to a setting or situation within which communication takes place In this case Marilyn and Richard are simultaneously the senders and receivers And their room where the communication event happens and which makes the couple feel comfortable and relaxed is just the context Case 10 The Place to Have Lunch This case reflects that communication is contextual which means that communication does not happen in isolation and it must happen within a setting or context Whether this context is quiet or noisy is important to the smoothness of communication When the communication event is disturbed by noise the communication can not go smoothly In this case Case 11 Making an Appointment This case can reflect how culture affects its communication style Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it This implies not only using correct symbols but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion Communication styles include mannerisms phrases rituals and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture In this case knowing the communication style of the Americans which is characterized by direct exacting and instrumental the exporter manager fulfills his job successfully Case 12 Why Don t You Eat the Pizza This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication In Malaysia where most people are Muslims people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food Knowing nothing about the cultural difference the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation Case 13 We and They This case reflects that in intercultural communication people always regard themselves as the best group in the world This is actually inappropriate and should be avoided Case 14 Perception of War This case can reflect different cultures can give different influences on human perception People can have very different perceptions even on the same object or phenomenon because they have different cultures and are living in the different social realities In this case Jim and Olga have very different attitudes and perceptions towards historical events because their nations different experiences and histories Case 15 Observations on a Soldier This case can reflect the basic model of human perception Human being is equipped to sense the outside stimuli and perceive the outside world And the perception follows a certain model after being gained through the five basic senses information is processed through selection organization and interpretation In this case Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft did observations on the soldier according to the basic model of human perception They selected some useful information which they gained from outside world through their five basic senses organized it in a reasonable logic and then attached meanings to it Case 16 Different Responses to Noise This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same especially when they come from different cultures Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition In this case the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits Case 17 What Is Black This case can reflect we have some barriers to accurate perception in intercultural communication We have the ability to perceive the outside world but we cannot always get the accurate perceptions especially when we do the perception on other cultures we often give the inaccurate and negative perceptions In this case on discussing the impersonal color black we give so many bad and negative meanings while black pupils can give some objective descriptions and associations about the color The barriers can include ignoring details over generalizing holding on to preconceptions and stereotypes imposing consistency preconnecting causes and effects preferring simple explanations ignoring circumstances crediting irrelevant information and focusing on the negative Case 18 Are Perceptions Always Right This case can reflect our perceptions on outside world are not always right especially when we do perceptions on other cultures We usually perceive others according to our own culture This can lead to ineffective intercultural communication In this case Pat and Chris gave inaccurate and negative perceptions on Akira and Michiko just because of their Irresponsible judgment and they also gave completely positive perceptions on Marie just because of their simple expectations In order to avoid the inaccurate perceptions we need some skills including increase your understanding of the perceptual process increase your observational acuity recognize the elements to which you attribute meaning check your perceptions increase your Awareness of perceptual inaccuracies and compensate for them increase your awareness of others perceptions of you and develop social decentering empathy and other orientation Case 20 Chinese Hospitality Overdone This case reflects that sometimes people unconsciously assume that people from another culture may behave in a way which is similar to theirs The Chinese usually attach a lot of importance to taking care of their guests When it comes to a foreign visitor Chinese hospitality is usually more than what can be understood by a Westerner who is uncomfortable when he is always surrounded by people attempting to be kind Concerning this case Hong tried to respect her traditions and her friend by doing more than she could really afford to do for Joe s visit having no idea that Joe ended up feeling frustrated Case 21 A Danish Woman in New York This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference When communicating with people from another culture one is likely to regard and treat other people as his people and to assume there must be only one way of doing things that is his way In this case the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone which is common in Denmark is also appropriate in New York Here she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture That is why the small conflict happens Case 22 Ambiguous Time This case can reflect ethnocentrism Cultures train their members to use the categories of their own cultural experiences when judging the experiences of people from other cultures They will believe that their culture is the center of the world and their standard should be the role model for the rest of the world Concerning this case somehow Chinese people have habitually referred 12 00 a m as the time around lunchtime making 12 00 p m midnight Fortunately the way they tell other times are the same as that used in the States so there s usually no misunderstanding between people from the two cultures However there is this one difference and Fan learns it by paying a fine since she may hold that her culture is the center of the world Case 23 Girl ness This case can reflect one of the translation problems the lack of conceptual equivalence which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person Concerning this case we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States In China girl means someone who is young and single In a way it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman For most people woman means someone who is married and who probably is not young In fact most single Chinese females such as university students would be insulted to be called women While in the West in formal public settings it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman even though she may not be legally old enough to vote marry purchase alcoholic beverages drive a car or sign a contract This terminology became widespread during the women s liberation movement in the 1960s The term girl is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful Case 24 An Unfair Decision This case reflects prejudice which involves an unfair biased or intolerant attitude towards another group of people In this case Mr Bias decided to select someone else instead of applicant from the country Levadel for the position That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel Case 25 Success Story One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant In this case Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question Ms Goshima however was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question If Mary had been more patient she would have eventually heard the answer to her question but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms Goshima s comments weren t really relevant to her query Case 26 Slogans and the Importance of Language The intercultural encounters we experience are not only influenced by language and perceptual differences and language choice based on restricted and elaborated social situations but also on language and how it is translated for members of a culture For many reasons linguistic interpretation and semantics provide the source of numerous misunderstandings For instance an insurance company discovered that fires inadvertently occurred because warehouse employees acted carelessly around empty barrels of gasoline although they previously had exercised great caution around full drums of gasoline The terms full and empty seem to mask the real danger in working with gasoline drums Empty drums are extremely combustible while full drums pose far less threat The linguistic perception of the word empty in the general culture signified null or void but in the work culture of volatile products like gasoline the semantic interpretation was disastrous A story is told of a Christian Scientist who refused to take vitamins since the recommender described them as medicine However the same person gladly took the vitamins when he was told they were food Case 28 Two Different Communication Styles The dialogue takes place between a young couple who have been dating for a short time The man is a U S student and the woman is from an Asian culture Note the misunderstanding that results as a consequence of the use of direct and indirect modes of communication In all likelihood Jim is not going to get much of an answer from Michiko She continues throughout the dialogue using rather general answers to Jim s very specific and direct questions about her feelings toward the United States Michiko might believe that Jim is being far too direct and invading her privacy Besides the fact that she has traveled halfway around the world should lie indicative of her desire to be here right There must he something about the United States that attracted her Michiko cannot possibly say something critical about the United States because she would lose face as would Jim as a native She relies on imprecise and indefinite answers Case 29 Misunderstanding Idioms are simply statements that are not strictly true but their meaning is understood by a group of people If you ask what happened to Martha and people say She kicked the bucket it does not mean that she literally did this it means she died Just like in the case my student s friend did not literally mean that Shang should get out of the apartment Idioms are common in all cultures but when used in intercultural settings they can create a lot of confusion One potential area of misunderstanding related to idioms is when to use them and with whom For example I would not use the kick the bucket idiom just any setting or with just any person If I am talking with my grandmother and I am going to tell her about someone who has died I may use what is often perceived as a gentler idiom and say the person has passed away Understanding the context of when an idiom is appropriate or sensible is part of intercultural knowledge Case 31 Going Out to Eat In the interaction Jim is a student at a local university He was born and raised in the United States Akira is an exchange student from Japan Jim and Akira are eating dinner together in a local restaurant They have known each other for only a short time Not only is Jim s style of communication overtly personal but he s also quite direct Jim is trying to involve Akira in the conversation by relating to him his personal experiences and preferences Jim uses the first person I no fewer than eleven times and even refers to Akira as Buddy Akira never refers to himself in the first person Akira generally defers to Jim and says little even addressing Jim as Mr Jim As a foreigner Akira probably sees Jim as socially superior and uses a formal title Moreover rather than talking about his personal preferences Akira mentions that Japanese people enjoy restaurants Case 32 What Is Wrong with the Interaction This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication Nonverbal communication differs according to different cultures People might have different opinions about the proper space time body language and paralanguage If w