高中英语语法不定式

动词不定式考点 TheThe InfinitiveInfinitive 定义 定义 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种 它没有人称和数的变化 在句子中不动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种 它没有人称和数的变化 在句子中不 能独立作谓语 但它仍保持动词的特点 既可以有自己的宾语和状语 能独立作谓语 但它仍保持动词的特点 既可以有自己的宾语和状语 E g E g HeHe wantswants hishis studentsstudents toto readread thethe bookbook aloud aloud A A 基本形式 基本形式 1 1 不定式的构成不定式的构成 以动词 以动词 dodo 为例 为例 主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式 一般式一般式toto dodototo bebe donedone 完成式完成式toto havehave donedonetoto havehave beenbeen donedone 进行式进行式toto bebe doingdoing无无 完成进行式完成进行式toto havehave beenbeen doingdoing无无 2 2 不定式的意义不定式的意义 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式 to to dodo 一般式一般式表示的动作或状态 发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的表示的动作或状态 发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后 同时或之后 当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时 不定式一般要用不定式一般要用被被 动式动式 to to bebe done done eg eg MyMy wishwish isis toto becomebecome a a doctordoctor HeHe seemedseemed toto bebe tired tired SheShe stoppedstopped toto havehave a a rest rest TheThe buildingbuilding toto bebe finishedfinished nextnext monthmonth isis forfor ourour teachers teachers I I amam goinggoing toto Beijing Beijing I I havehave somethingsomething toto taketake toto mymy parents parents dodo youyou havehave somethingsomething toto bebe takentaken toto youryour parents parents 不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式 toto bebe doingdoing 如果谓语表示的动作如果谓语表示的动作 情况情况 发生时发生时 不定式不定式表示动作正在进行表示动作正在进行 这时候不定式就要这时候不定式就要 用进行式用进行式 eg eg TheyThey areare saidsaid toto bebe buildingbuilding anotheranother bridgebridge acrossacross thethe street street TheyThey seemedseemed toto bebe talkingtalking aboutabout somethingsomething important important WhenWhen I I wentwent toto hishis home home hehe happenedhappened toto bebe travelingtraveling aroundaround thethe world world I mI m gladglad toto bebe workingworking withwith you you 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式 to to havehave done done 如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前表示动作或状态之前 就用 就用 完成式 若是在此基础上的被动含义 就用完成式 若是在此基础上的被动含义 就用完成被动式完成被动式 toto havehave beenbeen done done eg Heeg He isis saidsaid toto havehave writtenwritten a a novelnovel aboutabout thethe LongLong March March HeHe thoughtthought itit a a pitypity notnot toto havehave invitedinvited us us TheThe assistantassistant seemedseemed toto havehave beenbeen fired fired HeHe isis saidsaid toto havehave beenbeen taughttaught FrenchFrench whenwhen hehe waswas a a child child EinsteinEinstein isis saidsaid toto havehave builtbuilt upup hishis theorytheory whenwhen hehe waswas inin hishis twenties twenties 不定式的完成进行式不定式的完成进行式 to to havehave beenbeen doing doing 如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的 动作 就要用完成进行式动作 就要用完成进行式 eg eg TheyThey areare saidsaid toto havehave beenbeen collectingcollecting folkfolk songssongs inin Xinjiang Xinjiang We reWe re happyhappy toto havehave beenbeen workingworking withwith thethe expertsexperts allall thethe month month B B 用法 用法 由于动词不定式具有名次 形容词 和副词的特征 所以它在句中可作主语 表语 宾语 定语和状语 一 不定式作主语 1 不定式作主语时 常可以改成动名词 如 To ask him for help is necessary Asking him for help is necessary ToTo seesee isis toto believe believe 2 1 it 为形式主语的句型 It took us two hours to get there by bike 2 在一些形容事物性质的形容词 necessary hard difficult possible unusual normal suitable proper appropriate 等 句型中 动词不定式的复合结构为 for sb to do 如 It is important for us to take part in physical labor 3 在一些形容人的品性的形容词 polite rude kind friendly wrong clever wise stupid silly foolish 等 句型中 动词不定式的复合结构为 of sb to do 如 It was stupid of her to make such a mistake 注意 注意 1 1 不定式作主语时不定式作主语时 谓语用单数谓语用单数 2 2 itit 形式主语形式主语 当主语较长 谓语较短时 常用 当主语较长 谓语较短时 常用 itit 做形式主语 而将不做形式主语 而将不 定式放到谓语的后面 定式放到谓语的后面 3 3 主系表结构主系表结构 ToTo seesee isis toto believe believe 二 不定式作表语 1 1 主语多用 主语多用 aimaim dutyduty hopehope ideaidea intentionintention planplan jobjob suggestionsuggestion wishwish purposepurpose tasktask 等抽象名词或以等抽象名词或以 whatwhat 引导的名词性从句表示 后面的引导的名词性从句表示 后面的 不定式说明其内容不定式说明其内容 不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态 不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态 eg eg MyMy ideaidea isis toto climbclimb thethe mountainmountain fromfrom thethe north north WhatWhat I I wouldwould suggestsuggest isis toto startstart workwork atat once once MyMy wishwish isis toto bebe a a scientistscientist TheThe mainmain thingthing isis toto keepkeep ourour roomroom cleanclean 2 不定式作表语时 常可以改成动名词 如 The great happiness is to serve the people The great happiness is serving the people 三 不定式作宾语 1 接不定式作宾语的动词及短语 manege decide choose learn pretend afford offer fail hesitate arrange plan intend tend aim attempt happen help agree want ask promise expect wish demand long would should like take steps measures action make up one s mind try one s best do one s utmost be determined make efforts spare no effort take pains trouble go al the way go out of one s way 如 He pretended to be listening attentively 2 I thought it an honor to have been invited to the party it 为形式宾语 不定式的完成被动 式 3 He gave us some advice on how to learn English 不定式作介词的宾语 注意注意 1 1 某些及物动词可用某些及物动词可用 ing ing 也可用动词不定式作宾语但也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同意义不同 stopstop gogo onon rememberremember forgetforget regretregret trytry meanmean can tcan t helphelp bebe usedused toto 2 2 某些及物动词某些及物动词 think believe consider feel find makethink believe consider feel find make 等后常用等后常用 itit 作形式作形式 宾语宾语 e ge g TechnologyTechnology makesmakes itit possiblepossible toto realizerealize ourour dream dream 四 不定式作定语 1 have there be with 表示有某是要去做 后面的名词常用不定式结构作定语 如 Have you got anything to say With nothing to do he went home There is nothing for us to think about 2 以不定式作定语修饰含有序数词的名词 又是序数词后的名词可省略 如 She was the first person to think of the idea 3 一些名词 right chance opportunity ability plan attempt wish desire 等 常用不定式作 定语 如 In the past women had no right to vote I d like to have a chance to see more of him This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience 4 当动词与不定式搭配时 其名词形式后的定语一般也用不定式 这类词主要有 plan promise desire refuse decide agree attempt tempt wish fail 等 如 1 They planned to go abroad They made some changes in their plan to go abroad 2 He failed to carry out his promise His failure to get their support led to his resignation 5 当形容词与不定式搭配时 其名词形式后的定语一般用不定式 这类词主要有 willing ready anxious eager able ambitious 等 如 1 He is willing to help people in need I m impressed by his willingness to help people 2 He isn t courageous enough to ask for help I had not the courage to tell you 五 不定式作状语 1 不定式作状语时 主要表示 目的 如 To In order to pass the university entrance examination he works deep into night 句首可用 To In order to He works deep into night to in order to so as to pass the university entrance examination 句中可 用 to in order to so as to 2 不定式作状语时 也可表 结果 如 1 下列固定结构中用不定式表结果 The problem is too difficult for me to work out He was so angry as to be unable to speak The ice is thick enough to walk on 2 不定式表预料外的结果 常用 only 或 never 放在不定式前表强调 如 I visited him only to find him out After that day they were separated never to see each other again 3 形容词后不定式表原因 这类词主要有 glad gappy eager anxious sorry sad surprised astonish amazed 等 如 They were very sad to hear the news 六 不定式作补足语 Ask tell order request require persuade urge invite remind inspire encourage warn cause force enable advise recommend permit allow forbid wish expect command 等动词后常接不 定式作宾补 如 Tom s parents often warn him not to fall into bad company warn sb Not to do sth 警告某人别 做某事 Remind me to give you Tracy s number before you go remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事 注注 1 1 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词 则作宾补的不定式不可带如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词 则作宾补的不定式不可带 toto 这 这 些动词有些动词有 see see hear hear feel feel watch watch notice notice have have make make letlet 等 等 egeg I I feltfelt mymy bloodblood runrun cold cold WhatWhat mademade youyou thinkthink likelike that that 但如果句子是被动语态 则但如果句子是被动语态 则 toto 不可省略 不可省略 HeHe waswas mademade toto cleanclean thethe windowswindows asas a a punishment punishment SomeoneSomeone waswas heardheard toto comecome upup thethe stairs stairs 注注 2 2 help help 后可以直接用带后可以直接用带 toto 或不带或不带 toto 的不定式作宾语 的不定式作宾语 TheyThey helpedhelped to to carrycarry thethe furniturefurniture upstairs upstairs 七 独立成分七 独立成分 ToTo telltell youyou thethe truth truth I I don tdon t likelike you you TheyThey arrivedarrived herehere atat 11 5511 55 a m a m toto bebe exact exact 类似的有 类似的有 toto bebe frankfrank 坦率地说 坦率地说 toto cutcut a a longlong storystory shortshort 长话短说 长话短说 等等等等 三 不定式的否定式三 不定式的否定式 通常是在不定式前加通常是在不定式前加 notnot 表示较强的否定意义时可用 表示较强的否定意义时可用 nevernever eg Ieg I toldtold himhim notnot toto touchtouch thethe equipment equipment YouYou mustmust promisepromise nevernever toto dodo thatthat again again 四 动词不定式的四 动词不定式的 省略省略 不定式省不定式省 toto 1 1 在在 hadhad better better wouldwould rather rather wouldwould rather than rather than wouldwould sooner than sooner than cannotcannot but but whywhy not not 等结构后面的不定式符号等结构后面的不定式符号 toto 通常被省略 如通常被省略 如 You dYou d betterbetter telltell herher thethe truth truth 你最好告诉她真相 你最好告诉她真相 2 2 动词不定式短语作介词动词不定式短语作介词 but but except except besidesbesides 的宾语的宾语 且介词之前有行为且介词之前有行为 动词动词 dodo 或它的其它形式时或它的其它形式时 不定式符号不定式符号 toto 通常被省略 如通常被省略 如 WhatWhat dodo youyou likelike toto dodo besidesbesides swim swim 除了游泳除了游泳 你还喜欢干什么你还喜欢干什么 MyMy mothermother couldcould dodo nothingnothing butbut waitwait forfor thethe doctordoctor toto arrive arrive 妈妈只好等着医生的到来 妈妈只好等着医生的到来 NowNow hehe hadhad givengiven himselfhimself nono choicechoice butbut toto telltell her her 本句中不定式本句中不定式 符号符号 toto 不可省略不可省略 当时他毫无选择的余地当时他毫无选择的余地 只好告诉她了 只好告诉她了 3 3 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时 后面不定式短语的不定式符号后面不定式短语的不定式符号 toto 通通 常被省略常被省略 如果表示对比关系如果表示对比关系 则不定式中的不定式符号则不定式中的不定式符号 toto 通常要保留通常要保留 eg eg TheyThey didn tdidn t telltell meme whetherwhether toto gogo onon oror toto