高考英语阅读理解--精华.doc

.高考英语阅读理解专题讲座一 高考阅读理解题的特点1 文章体裁丰富，一定要有记叙文，说明文和应用文，题材多样，会涉及到奇文轶事、家庭趣事、社会现象、自然现象、科学发现、健康与疾病，游记广告等等；2 总阅读量在2000字左右，文字难度保持稳定，但要求同学具有分析长难句子的能力；3 文章都是没有改编的原汁原味的原文，体现了现代英语的特点，加大了内容的复杂程度，反映了现代科学及现实生活中的新发展新变化，要求考生具备一定的科学文化知识和英美国家的风俗习惯以 及文化背景知识。二 考试说明中规定阅读理解主要考查的能力w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m1 理解文章主题含义的能力2 理解文章具体信息的能力3 根据上下文推测词义的能力4 对文章内容进行推理判断的能力5理解作者的意图和态度的能力6 理解文章的基本结构三 常用解题方法（三遍阅读法）第一遍：浏览全文，把握文章大意第二遍：扫读语块，搜索有效信息第三遍：查读题项，定位正确答案四 阅读理解题目设置类型1 浅层理解 细节题 2 深层理解 中心思想 细节转述题 最佳标题 数字题 作者意图 图表题 推断题 排序题 划线句子和段落在文章中的作用五 阅读理解的主要题型1 主旨大意（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：(1) The best title/headline for this passage is _.(2) The passage (or the first paragraph) is mainly about _.(3) What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage?(4) Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?(5) The passage chiefly discusses/deals with _.(6) Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?(7) What topic is treated in the passage?(8) The passage makes clear that _.(9) Which of the following best sum up the passage?（二）怎样挖掘文章主旨1、依照中心词确定主题。2、抓住主题句来确定主题（1）识别主题句与细节Mr.Smith raises some farm animals.Mr.Smith has 30 cows, about 300 hens and he keeps some pigs as well.(2)主题句的定位（分析文章结构）开门见山，点出主题（主题句出现在开头）详细论证，总结陈词（主题句出现在结尾）引题过渡，引出主题（主题句出现在中间）（三）怎样捕捉标题 文章的标题是段落中心思想的简练的表达形式。它的特点是：短小精练，多为短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随便改变语言表意的程度和色彩。那么如何迅速地捕捉标题呢？首先要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或者短语与文章主题是否有着密切的关系；其次要看它对文章的概括性或者覆盖面如何；然后还要看标题是否过大或者过小。（四）技巧及注意事项（1）无论它出现在题目当中哪个位置，都建议作为最后一道题去做，因为做完其它题目以后会对主旨的理解有帮助。（2）主旨在文章中间时，遇到文章前后段意思转折，要提高警惕。（3）首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答就是文章主旨。（4）正确选项不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定和绝对意义的词，覆盖面不能过大也不能过小。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m2 细节理解（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：(1) Which of the following is NOT included/ mentioned in the passage?(2) Which of the following (sentences /statements) is NOT true?(3) According to the passage, all of the following are true except/but _.(4) Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.(5) Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of?(6) Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what is like?(二)常见的细节理解题型及解题方法：1）排序题。方法：“首尾定位法”（找出第一个动作和最后的一个动作，缩小选择范围）2）图形辨认题方法：“按文索图法”（找出描绘图形的句段，进行文图对照）3）数字换算题方法：“列表推算法”（找出与题干相关的数据列表或推算）4）表格理解题方法：“文表分析法”（把题干、选项与表格对照分析）5）应用广告类事实信息题方法：“题干定位法”（直接阅读题干，在文中找答案，不必阅读全文）（三）技巧及注意事项（1）命题者往往通过改变或去掉特定的修饰语（all, every, always, never, completely, altogether等），使信息范围，程度,色彩发生细微变化，从而导致考生误选。（扩缩范围干扰法）（2）注意顺藤摸瓜，在文章中找到句子，通常不可能与阅读材料完全一样，而是换用不同的表达方式。(词义转换+语义转换)3推理判断（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：(1) We can know from the passage that _.(2) We can infer from the (first/last) passage that _.(3) The passage implies that _.(4) The passage suggests that _.(5) It can be concluded from the passage that _.(6) The underlined sentence indicates that _.(7) From the passage we can draw the conclusion that _.（二）怎样做出推理判断此题型是阅读理解中较难的题型，属于深层次理解题。在试卷中数量不断增多，有时会达到阅读理解试题的一半左右。它要求考生根据上下文的内在联系，充分挖掘文章的深层次内涵。做这类题时要注意：在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。 针对细节的推断可运用scanning方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。 针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主观点与次观点(main idea and supporting idea)。（三）技巧及注意事项(1)正确选项并非对原文的简单复述，而是作者在文章中没有提到的，没有明说的，或者可能发生的事实，勿把直接表达当作间接推理。(2)注意文章中含义深刻或结构复杂的句子，考生对作者表达的意思能不能一下子看懂，也是命题点所在。4作者意图（态度）（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：(1) The author seems to be in favor of / against _.(2) The authors purpose of writing this passage is _.(3) The author may probably agree with/ support _.(4) Whats the authors attitude /viewpoint towards _?(5) How does the author feel about _?(6) The author implies that _. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m(7) The author gives the impression that _.(8) In the authors opinion, _.(9) The tone of the author may be _. (二) 怎样揣摩作者的意图或态度要吃透文章，就要搜索文章的关键字眼和关键句子，要熟悉各种文体，尤其要把握作者的语气，是严肃或轻松，幽默或讽刺，平和或激动，乐观或悲观等等。此外，还要注意文章中一些细节性的用词，如however, even though, but 等连接词往往和作者的态度有关。一种方法是靠词汇的色彩来判断。表示褒义的有：乐观的optimistic；赞美的praising;自信的confident;赞成的favorable;积极的positive;认真的serious;负责的 responsible, dutiful,令人信服的 convincing。表示贬义的有：讽刺的ironic;厌恶的disgusted;否定的/反对的negative;怀疑的suspicious;沮丧的depressed;痛苦的bitter;悲观的pessimistic；不负责的irresponsible；无法预料的unforeseeable。表示中性的：中立的neutral；冷淡的 indifferent；主观的subjective;客观的objective;不动感情的impassive 另一种方法是靠文章的结构特点来判断，如果一篇文章的结尾部分是并列的疑问，则作者是一种客观的态度，如果结尾部分是有问有答的形式，则作者的态度是主观的态度。如果一篇文章的结尾部分使用数据表明了一个趋势向不好的方面发展，则作者是悲观的态度。反之，作者是乐观的态度。（三）技巧及注意事项（1）不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分作者的态度和作者引用别人的态度(2)当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断.5 猜测词义（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：(1) The word “”in the passage means_.(2) The word “” could be best replaced by _.(3) Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to _.(4) The word “” probably refers to _.(5) According to the passage, the word “” is known as _.（二）技巧及注意事项（1）切记：无论这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；无论这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。（2）正确选项通常不是熟词的常规含义 （三）解题常用方法针对性的解释 针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。例1.Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims as its own.（2005年湖北卷）分析由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。例2. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . （2004年福建卷）According to the passage ,The Pines is a .Aplace in which you can see many mobile homesBmountain where you can get a good view of the valleyCtown which happens to be near the Banff National ParkDrestaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food分析通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。2.根据举例猜测词义。恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例3. The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discovers are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.分析根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的epochal是指“重大的”。 内在逻辑关系1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。句子结构：while 引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例4.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean? （2002年NMET）A.a party designed by specislists B.a plan requiring careful thoughtC.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests分析根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。例5.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。2.根据因果关系猜测词义例6.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”（2005年上海卷）The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ” .Afull of respect w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mBtoo confident and rude Clacking in experience Dtoo shy and quiet分析根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。3.根据说明、并列、同义近义、反义等关系猜测词义例7.William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.” （2005年江苏卷）The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .Asimple BmixedCsad Dhappy分析句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”。例8.Most women in China -educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.分析后面的urban and rural, the young and old之间都有反义关系，运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为“未接受过教育的，即文盲” 构词法 在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super-（超），inter-（在之间），mini-（极），micro-（极微小的），re-（再，反复），sub-（底下），co-（共同），post-（后），pre-（前），trans-（转换），mis-（误），un/in/im/dis/ir/il/non-（不，非），anti-（反，防），-able（能的），-hood（状态，时期），-ish（如的，有点儿），-proof（防的），-some（易于），-wards（向），-less（不，无）1.根据前缀猜测词义例9.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools? （2005年江西卷）根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。2.根据后缀猜测词义例10. Its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in anuncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point（2005年广东卷）后缀 -ise/ize意思是“使成为；使化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例11.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Welldesigned tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。4.猜测词性变换新词含义例12.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. （2004年山东卷）head本为名词，表头。由the bus和home的语境逻辑可以推断，该句head为动词，表方向，结合全句可译为“开往、驶向”。例13.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. （2004全国卷）cloud本为名词，表云。分析语境逻辑可知，忧虑会影响一个人的判断，因此该句clouded应译为使难以。 生活常识 运用自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。下面文字中划线单词的词义你能猜出来吗？例14.Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.句子的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们：beaks是“喙”；claws是“爪子”。六 阅读理解中长难句的理解（1）找准主干，关键是主句的主谓结构，方法是先将句子的修饰成分（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和非谓语动词）去掉，露出主句的真面貌，然后再分析修饰部分和主句的关系。另外在一个长句中可能会出现若干个从句，如果把整个的长句从头到尾理解透，势必很难。如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。（2）理清逻辑和思路。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个从句组成的一个多层次的主从复合句，因而一定要搞清主句和从句之间的逻辑关系。只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，把主句的意思和从句的意思按逻辑意义进行理解，则长难句就好对付了。 平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语， 常见的有， 表目的： so that, for the purpose that, in order that 等；表结果：sothat, suchthat, that, as a result, therefore, thus等；表条件：if, on condition that, unless等；表原因：because, since, as等。（3）把握关键词。如果对一个长难句子一点感觉也没有,下下之策就是别把长、难句当句子看，只要能大体理解句中的关键词，也可以大体猜出了这个句子的意思。例（1）Finally,although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job, recent graduates report that they dont regret their choice of study.(NMET 2004) w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m(2) The woman at the desk gave him a bright smileas he entered and, after Peter had explained what sort of room he was looking for, he paid two pounds for a list of about half a dozen landladieswho had rooms to let. (NMET 2004)译文：(1)最终尽管有些主修社会科学的学生在找第一份工作时比学工科的同学要困难些，但是一些刚刚大学毕业的社会学生并不后悔他们的专业选择。(2)当Peter进来时，坐在桌边的女士向他爽朗地笑了笑。在Peter告诉她他在找什么房子后，她让Peter交了两磅买了一份大约有六个要出租房子的女房东的名单。以下是对2008年各省、市高考英语阅读理解中的一些有代表性的长难句的解析。1.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the worlds largest youth environmental organization.(NMET 2008 山东卷D篇)简析：第一句中夹杂有一个结果状语从句，又有复杂主语。主语的中心语为The response，其后的to her request for help为后置定语，第二句是由and并列的两个简单句，其中第二句中承前省略了主语kids FACE。译文：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界有300，000名成员，并且它是世界上最大的青少年环保组织。实例：72.Kids F.A.C.E is_.A.a program to help students with writingB.a project of litter recyclingC.a campaign launched by President BushD.a club of environmental protection2.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人) group.(NMET 2008 辽宁卷C篇)简析：夹杂定语从句和形式宾语结构。译文：对他来说，不关心自己的学习是一种酷的标志的原因之一是受到他的同龄人的影响。实例： 64.Why did Tom give up studying?A.He disliked his teachers.B.His parents no longer supported him.C.Its cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.D.There were too many subjects in his secondary school.3.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in peoples lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008重庆卷E篇)简析：句子中夹杂着固定短语，v-ing式作主语，复杂主语，v-ing式作结果状语以及定语从句。译文：无穷尽的选择给人们的生活带来了无尽的烦恼。买像咖啡壶这样最基本的东西也不是那么简单了。对许多人而言，面对触手可及的一系列的日常用品却感到眼花瞭乱、不知所措，结果是购物者只好放弃选择、匆匆而去，或者仅仅买了一件并非真正需要的不合适的商品。实例：73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?A.Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.B.People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.C.Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.D.Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.4.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness.Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat.However，the real reason lies inside their bodies.At that time about eight hours after you wake upyour body temperature goes down.This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy.(NMET 2008 四川卷C篇)简析：句中夹杂两个宾语从句，一个时间状语从句和一个what引导的表语从句。译文：他们可能认为吃午饭是他们困乏的原因。或者在夏天，他们可能认为是炎热的缘故。然而，真正的原因在于他们身体的内部。在那时，也就是说，在你醒来大约八个小时之后，你的体温开始呈下降的趋势。这就是使你行动迟缓并且感到困乏的原因。实例：44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?A.They eat too much for lunch.B.They sleep too little at night.C.Their body temperature becomes lower.D.The weather becomes a lot warmer.5.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.(NMET 2008陕西卷E篇)简析：第一句中包含一个that引导的同位语从句，在其中又有一个that引导的定语从句，还有一介词 + 关系代词(among whom)引导的定语从句。注意more women之后省去了与前半句中相同的take up jobs that require .。译文：大脑这些差异也解释了这样的事实：更多的男性从事空间技能的工作，而更多的女性则从事需要语言技能的工作。这种现象也可以追溯到我们的祖先时代，据一项研究表明，在他们当中，女性做的是照看孩子这样的需要语言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩猎这样的需要空间技能的工作。 实例：59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?A.Young boys may be stronger than young girls.B.More women take up jobs requiring speech skillsC.Women may have stronger feelings than men. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mD.Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.6.The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others.To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relaxthis has become the model of a successful life.(NMET 2008湖北卷D篇)简析：句中有“The + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构，还有复杂的不定式结构。译文：我们越忙，对我们自己而言，而且我们也以为在其他人看来，我们越重要。我们无空帮助朋友，找不到时间照顾家庭，找不到自己放松的时间，这已经成为了成功生活的模式。实例：74.According to Paragraph 4，a successful person is one who is believed to _ .A.be able to work without stressB.be more talented than other peopleC.be more important than anyone elseD.be busy working without time to rest7.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancerpeople with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for exampleare more likely to use sunscreen.As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.(NMET 2008福建卷E篇)简析：第一句的主体结构为：The research said that .is that they failed to .，其中第一个that引导一个宾语从句，宾语从句中又含有一个倒装结构，其中主语为that they often .的一个主语从句，表语为among the problems with .。破折号间内容为插入语。译文：研究员们说，早期研究带来的问题之一是他们没有考虑到那些最有可能患皮肤癌人，比如皮肤白皙和有雀斑的人。可是皮肤白皙的和有雀斑的人最有可能使用防晒剂，结果是好像防晒剂的使用者患皮肤癌更常见。实例：73.People with fair skin and freckles_.A.seldom use sunscreenB.are more in danger of skin cancerC.can be free from the harm of the sunD.often expose themselves to the sun七 常用的解题技巧有以下几种： 1、直接解题法，即读完文章后根据自己的理解找出问题的的答案。2、排除法，这也是解答阅读理解题的常用方法，对于那些不合情理或荒谬的选项、与短文内容相反的选项、与短文内容不相关的选项、虽在短文中出现但答非所问的选项，以及不是问题的主要因素的选项等，都可以采用排除法。3、信息查读法，即根据题干中的关键词，在文中进行相关信息的查寻与确认，再与题干中所提供的信息进行比对，得出答案。4、推理演绎法，即根据所读材料通过语篇的逻辑关系以及各个细节的信息和暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，悟出作者的言外之意和弦外之音。此时切忌就事论事、以偏概全，也不能主观臆想、随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。5、利用构词法，结合语境，对于词意猜测题进行理解和判断。6、利用首尾法，在解决文章主旨大意题时，往往要注意文章的首、末段的首、末句。这些句子往往是文章或段落大意的所在。当然，有的文章或段落的大意需要进行综合的推断方能得出。八 冲刺复习阶段阅读理解题备考建议1 养成良好的阅读习惯，扩大眼幅，不要点读，减少回读，默读时不出声音，不要有伴随动作。2 加强练习限时阅读，提高阅读速度。力争35分钟完成5篇文章。3重视阅读技巧的培养，练习如何推理，分析，概括，如何答题，最好以高考试题为答题样本，对常考的问题做适当归纳。4强化阅读基本功，注意平时阅读训练当中的词汇量的积累，适当练习长句分析，以便更好地理解文章句子。 5 培养良好的阅读心理素质，在考场上心情平和，充满信心，积极主动地与作者沟通，创造性的去理解文章内容；思想高度集中，尽量保持新闻记者的速度和理解的准确性。九 讲座配套专项练习卷高考英语阅读理解专题讲座专练卷主旨大意题例1 【2008 江西卷阅读A篇】When hollowed out and used as a drinking-cup, the unicorns horn was said to have the power to offer protection against person. It was believed that nobody could be harmed-by drinking the contents of a unicorns horn. Right up until the French Revolution in 1789, the French court was said to have used cups made of “unicorn” horn in order to protect the king. In addition, the horn was said to have medicinal value, so much so that it could be sold for more than ten times the price of the same weight of gold. What, then, was “unicorn” horn? We know at times the rhino(犀牛) was confused with this legendary creature. A drinking-cup supposedly made of “unicorn” horn was discovered to be made of the horn of a rhino.58. The last paragraph is mainly about _.A. the properties of the unicorn horn B. the users of the unicorn hornC. the price of the unicorn horn D. the comparison between the unicorn horn and the rhino horn例2 【2008 福建卷阅读E篇】A new study has found no evidence that sunscreen, commonly used to reduce the risk of skin cancer, actually increase t