短文改错专题讲座.doc

短文改错专题讲座短文改错旨在测试考生发现、判断和纠正错误的能力。它要求考生具有词法、句法和在语篇中的综合运用英语的能力，因此考点综合性强，覆盖面广，错项设置类型多，是历年高考营养的中的难题。为了提高做短文改错的能力，除了要加强基础知识的积累、提高语篇的整体理解能力之外，还应该对其错项设置的基本情况有所了解，以便做到目标明确，有的放矢，从而提高解题的正确率，本文拟从语法和逻辑的角度，有口诀的形式，向同学们介绍高考英语短文的改错中的最常见的几类错误。 短文改错口诀：动词形，名词数，注意是形还是副；非谓动词细辨别，习惯用法要记住；句子成分多分析，逻辑错误须关注一、 动词形主要包括两类错误：动词的时态和语态错误，以及主、谓不一致的错误。例如：NMET98 My favorite sport si football.I was a member of our school football team . amNMET00 Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library . are 以上两例分别属于时态错误和主谓不一致错误。找出此类错误的关键是树立牢固的时态感念，注意短文内容发生或存在的时间，保持时间概念的一致性。二、 名词数指名次单、复数形式的用法错误。长表现为将名词复数写成单数。 例如： NMET 01 so that Ill get good marks in all my subject. Subjects三、 区分形和副及区分形容词和副词在句子中的作用和具体用法。这也是高考短文改错的常考点。例如：NMET95 Im sure well have a wonderfully time together. WonderfulNMET99 Unfortunate ,there are too many people in my family . Unfortunately需要注意的是，形容词多用来做定、表、补语等，而副词只能在句子中作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。第一例中的wonderful作定语修饰time，第二句的Unfortunately作状语修饰整个句子。四、 非谓语动词细辨别这是考查最多的错误形式之一。主要有分次和动名词类错误，也包括不定式类错误。例如：1). in my spare time ,but now I am interesting in football . interested2).Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also Playing3. My parents love me and will do all they can make sure can后加to上述二、三例句分别是动名词作主语和不定式做目的状语。一般的现在分词有主动态和进行时的含义，而过去分词具有被动态和完成时的含义，不定式有将来时态的含义。五、 习惯用法要记住主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识。这也是历年高考的常考点，其错误表现形式主要有三种：多词、少词和搭配错误。例如：1).It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and for改of 2).We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ourselves. Instead 后加of六、句子成分多分析 不同的句子成分要用不同的词类；不同的语景要选择不同的词语。这些都有待我们对句子结构和句子成分作细致的分析，才能找出用词不当的错误。例如： They eager to know everything about China and were I live in Beijing,where is the capital of China , where改成 which 第一例句漏掉了谓语动词were，这是受汉语习惯的影响而导致的错误；第二例则是此类与它在句子中的成分不相符，where是副词，不能做主语。七、 错误须关注与句子的上、下文不一致，甚至相矛盾，属于逻辑性错误。如称谓上的张冠李戴，人名、地名、时间、方位等方面的错误，常是这类错误的考查对象。例如：1).The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home . their2).First ,let me tell you something more about myself. 去掉more3).no way of setting the matter except by selling the set.Now someone at home reads instead. Everyone上述第一例中的主语是Smiths（史密斯夫妇俩），因此后面的his不合逻辑。第二例中的more在这儿表“再”的意思，才开始告诉别人，怎么能说“再告诉你一些事”？第三例讲的是为了解决看电视时的争端，“我们”把电视机卖了；每晚没有电视看了，所以与从前一样，大家又都读书了。所以该有everyone。 除了上述错误类型外，常考的错误形式还有：连词but,and,or 和so的用法错误（可以归类为逻辑错误），以及冠词的用法错误等。例如：1). She was smiling but nodding at me . and2). It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest . or下面是一个例文，试着做做： （一）Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to EmeiMountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows, its famous 1_Mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather 2_was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of 3_the mountain, the three of them were very excited. As we 4_climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples 5_and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture 6_since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. 7_Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top 8_of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was 9_good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my 10_head touched the pillow.答案与简析1. famous 前加a（名词数）.2正确 。3 we前面加when 引导一个世界状语从句。（句子成分多分析）4 them改为us（逻辑错误须关注）5 visiting改为visited（非谓动词细辨别）6.picture改为 pictures（名词数）7.passes 改为passed（动词形）8.去掉down（习惯用法要记住）。9.and改为but(but,and,or和so)。10.去掉at (句子成分多分析/习惯用法要记住)。短文改错的训练方法三步法：1. 通读全文，掌握大意短文改错一般是一篇完整的短文而不是一个孤立的单词。它既有句法，语法方面的错误也有逻辑意义的混乱。例如：In others we must write the number of book,its tittle and the name of the author on a piece of paper,sign it,then hand it to the Librarian in order to borrow the book.You can keep it for weeks.文中的“you ”一词从单句来说无论从语法或从意义上看都是正确的，但是联系上下文，借书时，我们应当填写书号，图书目录及作者姓名，然后才能借到书，而又“you ”指“你”可以借阅几个星期，和前面的主语不符。只有把“you ”改为“we”。这种错误只有从整篇行文的角度去考虑，才能判断正确，如果只见树木不见森林，这些错误句就很难发现。这一步应是速度短文，以掌握文意为主。而不是只注意文中错误，分析错误的句子上。2逐句分析，找出深层错误 构成搭配关系完整，和谐顺畅。一篇文章内容句子之间互相顺成关联，但在结构上各有章法。如果是一般阅读，以获取信息为目的，一个句子不在以行之内，被移行或跨若干行“句”的标志就是句号，各个词语在一个句子中各就各位，七对阅读速度效果的影响不明显。而以改正错误为目的，且每个词有可能产生错误，或词与词之间却有可能成为相互间的致错原因，高考试卷的行尾之间残差不齐多与之有关，此时移行或跨行对解题就有影响，倘若一个句子在一个水平线上，情况有所不同。3复读全文，检查调整 每个错误找出以后，应再回头把改正的文章读一遍。检查一改过的地方是否准确，前后是否有矛盾的地方，以进行必要的修改和调整。 英语改错训练（二）When you are traveling abroad, it is importance to follow 1_the customs of the country where you are visiting. If you are invited 2_to a home in Britain, here is some advices. As soon as you are invite, 3_it is good manners to refuse or accept an invitation, either by 4_writing or by telephoning, When you go to the party, it is polite 5_to arrive at on time. It is good manners to shake hands with your 6_host and any guest. You can take a present if you like, 7_possible a bottle of wine, a box of chocolates or some flowers. 8_However, it was not bad manners to take nothing. It is not polite 9_to stay too late before the other guests have gone. Of course, 10_it is good manners to write or telephone a day or two later to thank your host.（答案与简析）1 importance 改为important。属句型“It is +adj+to do sth”。2where改为 which/that或去掉where。先行词在定语从句中作宾语。3advices 改为advice。不可数名词4an改为the。此处的“请柬”是特指。5正确。6去掉at。arrive后面没有宾语。7guest前加other。表与其他客人握手。8possible改为possibly。修饰take。9was改为is。时态一致。10before改为after。根据上下文，此处表达“其他客人走后”。 短文改错训练（三）Know what to do in case of fire is important, 1_If the fire broke out, what would you do? First, you 2_should warn everyone in the house about the dangerous. 3_Dont panic(惊慌)or start shouting. Be calmly and 4_act fast. Second, you and all the others should go out of 5_the house. Dont stopped to take anything with you. Once 6_you are out of the house, stay out. Do not come back 7_for any reason. Finally, before you are out of the house, 8_call the fire dep