四六级阅读理解 （1）

,四六级阅读,快速阅读 10%选词填空（四级），完成句子（六级）：5%篇章阅读：20%,快速阅读,一. 快速阅读13大命题原则,主旨处常考并列，递进，转折关系举例或列举处解释说明或补充说明观点态度处引用处方式方法,逻辑关系处因果与目的意图比较对比时间数字特殊句式强调处否定处,二. 快速阅读八大定位法则,(一) 专有名词定位法,1. 人名  CET-6 2010-6 How did Erin White feel upon seeing Barack Obamas victory in the election?Excited       B) Victorious Anxious      D) RelievedAs Erin White watched the election results head towards victor for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders.,2. 地名,CET-4 2010-123. What does a study in Sweden show?The natural environment can help children learn better.More access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.A good playground helps kids develop their physical abilities.Natural views can prevent children from developing ADHD.,A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground.,2. 地名,CET-4 2010-123. What does a study in Sweden show?The natural environment can help children learn better.More access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.A good playground helps kids develop their physical abilities.Natural views can prevent children from developing ADHD.,3.其它,CET-4 2010-125. What does the author suggest we do to help children with ADHD?A Find more effective drugs for them.B Provide more green spaces for them.C Place them under more personal care.D Engage them in more meaningful activities.,One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.,（二）对象定位：主语，宾语,CET-4 2010-12What is the authors profound belief?A People instinctively seek nature in different ways.B People should spend most of their lives in the wild.C People have quite different perceptions of nature.D People must make more efforts to study nature.,It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.,（三） 标题段落定位（四） 行为语言定位：动作或某人说的话（五） 事件定位（六） 现象定位（七） 修饰语定位（八） 时间数字定位,三. 快速阅读设题方式,1. 同义转换    肯定-双重否定  换词法-换同义词或近义词,CET-4 2010-12,10. The five suggestions the author gives at the end of the passage are meant to seek_ with the natural world.Five ways to find harmony with the natural world.  WalkSitDrinkLearnTravel,harmony,2. 段落主旨，强对比强转折后,CET-4 2010-12,8. It is extremely harmful to think that humanity and the natural world can be_.but the very idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging.,separated / separable/,仔细阅读,仔细阅读常考处,句子结构，语义逻辑，连接词，时态语态，冠词，不定式搭配，词义复现，上下文的并列关系单复数搭配,仔细阅读步骤,1. 确定填空处的词性  经常是实词，包括动词、名词、形容词和副词。动词可能以第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和ing形式出现；名词可能以复数形式出现；形容词可能以比较级和最高级形式出现。2. 根据所提供的词汇及句子的结构、语法和语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。3. 重读文章,完成句子（六级）,定位法则+同义替换,（一）专有名词定位（二）主语，并于定位（三） 标题段落定位（四） 行为语言定位：动作或某人说的话（五） 事件定位（六） 现象定位（七） 修饰语定位（八） 时间数字定位,CET-6 2011-647.   Instead of directly saying no to your boss, you should find out _.The first rule of saying no to the boss is don't say no. She probably has something in mind when she makes suggestions, and it's up to you to find out what.,What is in your bosss mind.,CET-6 2011-6,48.   The author's second warning is that we should avoid running a greater risk by _. The second rule is don't raise the stakes by challenging her authority.,challenging our bosss authority,篇章阅读,一. 篇章阅读命题原则,主旨处常考  篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾并列，递进， firstly, secondly, not onlybut also, in addition, furthermore, moreover, above all, on one hand, on the other hand转折关系举例或列举处解释说明或补充说明观点态度处,比较对比引用处行为方式处逻辑关系处因果与目的意图特殊句式处特殊标点处指示词,二. 解题技巧,语义理解 ：结合上下文及文章主旨进行判断。,1. 根据定义猜测词义,我们在阅读文章时，不能因为生词的存在而却步，相反随着对全文的理解，会逐渐明白某个生词的词义。有些文章常常采取直接定义的方法，来解释说明生词的词义。,2. 根据解释猜测词义,解释与定义有时很相似，但是它不如定义那样详尽、严密，尽管如此，它为我们提供的信息已足够猜测词义使用了。,3. 根据复述猜测词义,复述也是一种解释方式，即换用不同的词语重新表达同一内容。复述部分可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句或者句子。In other words, that is to say, that is,4. 根据举例猜测词义,在阅读过程中，短文中常常出现"for example，such as，asas"等这一类的词语，它对我们认识生词帮助很大。它通过恰当的举例能更清楚、更生动地表达词义。,5. 根据对比和类比关系猜测词义,对比（表示不同）： “but”，“unlike”，“in spite of”，“despite”，“however” 类比（表示相同）： like, as, just as, also,CET-4 2010-1257. By “a one-way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means _.A university researchers know little about the commercial worldB there is little exchange between industry and academiaC few industrial scientists would quit to work in a universityD few university professors are willing to do industrial research,It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction.,CET-4 2010-12,64. It can be inferred from the context that the “flip side” (Line 4, Para. 2) refers to _.A the disadvantages of being marriedB the emotional problems arising from marriageC the responsibility of taking care of ones familyD the consequence of a broken marriage,Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesnt smoke. Theres a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouses death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems.,6. 根据因果关系猜测词义,一定的原因导致一定结果，只要确认了这一逻辑关系，无论生词出现在原因方面，还是出现在结果方面，都可以根据这种因果关系来推测其词义。,CET-4 2010-12,58. The word “deterrent” (Line 2, Para. 1) most probably refers to something that _.A keeps someone from taking actionB helps to move the traffic C attracts peoples attentionD brings someone a financial burden,Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job.,7. 根据构词法识别生词1词干：patient (名人，病人) 加前缀：impatient(形容词，不耐心的)再加后缀：impatiently(副词，不耐心地)2词干：state(动词，陈述，声明)加前缀：restate(动词，重申)再加后缀：restatement(名词，重新陈述)。,语义题解题技巧总结：联系上下文,三. 阅读理解试题干扰项的特点,干扰项的目的就是扰乱你的思维，使你不能轻易或仅凭胡乱猜测就能找到答案。干扰项不仅语言复杂，而且欺骗性强，两个语言水平相同，对文章理解差不多的考生会因为对干扰项的辨别能力不同，而答题正确率不一样，因而为了提高辨别错误或干扰信息的能力，有必要分析干扰项的种种变化及其性质,道正认为这一方面是关键所在。,(一)以假乱真，亦即文章中根本没有此意思，硬是编造一个信息，组成一个选项，以假乱真，以迷惑和干扰考生，它具有两种表现形式：1. 欺骗性的信息是利用文章中出现的一些词。2. 欺骗性的信息是利用基本常识和一般的看法。,CET-4 2010-12,63. Linda Waites studies support the idea that _.A older men should quit smoking to stay healthyB marriage can help make up for ill healthC the married are happier than the unmarriedD unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life,(二)偷梁换柱，亦即用原文的结构和大部分的词汇，只是在不起眼的地方换了几个词，造成意思的变化。(三)张冠李戴，亦即将文章作者的观点与文章中他人的观点混淆起来。,(四)以偏概全，亦即在猜测文章或段落大意、标题以及释义题中，干扰项总是以偏概全，具体表现为：  1. 把文章中的次要观点、细节混进体现文章主要观点、中心思想的选项。2. 把超过文章讨论的东西亦作为归纳或结论混进选项，所以提醒考生，在做归纳性、概括性题目时，要注意选项的归纳分寸，不要被归纳不够或归纳过头的选项所迷惑,66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Its important that we develop a social network when young.B To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network.C Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.D We should share our social networks with each other.,A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”,66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Its important that we develop a social network when young.B To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network.C Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.D We should share our social networks with each other.,篇章阅读投机原则,“中心思想是解”,对一主题题型“中心思想是解”非常好理解。但大家一定要注意到大多数细节题也符合“中心思想是解”，因为很多细节刀是围绕中心的细枝末节。,“隐蔽处有解”,指方章中的或一名话的隐蔽之处，常见有同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句、从句、副词、不定式等。,“合理项不是解；不合理项是解；,合理项是指合理的选项，合理项主要分为两种情况:一种是生活常识，另一种是在不看文章的前提下，问题与答案极其吻合。,“照抄原文不是解；同义替换是解”,如果选项中出现照抄原文的情况，有时选项同文章中的某句话一模一样，此选项高度可疑，而某选项通过同义替换，或词类转换如由名词转换成动词，则“同义替换是解”。,“含义肯定的不是解，含义不肯定的是解”,“can” “could”“may” “usually” “most” “more or less” “relatively” “be likely to”,Yes!,CET-4 2009-12,64. What do we learn about European universities from the passage?A) The tuitions they charge have been rising considerably.B) Their operation is under strict government supervision.C) They are strengthening their position by globalization.D) Most of their revenues come from the government.,“not definitely” “possible” “suspicion” “not necessarily” “dubious” “hesitate” “suggest” “potential” “trend” “threat” .   “unknown”,Yes!,“absolutely” “must” “always” “never”“the most” “all” “only” (CET-6 2010-6 52)“any” “none” “No”“entirely” ,  “最高级” ,No,CET-6 2010-12,61. When he submitted his papers in 1905, Einstein _.A forgot to make footnotes and citationsB was little known in academic circlesC was known as a young genius in math calculationsD knew nothing about the format of academic papers,57. What do scientists seem to agree upon, judging from the first two paragraphs?A Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits.B It will take another Einstein to build a unified theory.C No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 years.D It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.,“极端的不是解，中庸是解”,“具体的不是解，概括性的是解”,只见树木，不见森林，这是很多学生阅读的一个阶段，命题者常利用这一点“欺负”考生，将解做成概括性的选项，干扰项使用具体的内容，使同学犯瞎子摸象的错误。,“both” “various” “and” “名词复数” “many” “general” “not onlybut also” “系表结构” “some” “certain”,Yes!,Some & certain,既符合概括性的是解，也符合含义相对的是解。具备此两者“美德”的单词不多，所以这两次倍受命题者青睐，古今中外的各种考试中不时出现。 SomeoneSomethingSomebodySomeone Some time,CET-6 2010-12,57. What do scientists seem to agree upon, judging from the first two paragraphs?A Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits.B It will take another Einstein to build a unified theory.C No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 years.D It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.,“具体的不是解，抽象的是解”,与具体的选项相比，抽象的不容易理解，这成了命题者增加难度的常见手段。,“approach” “concept” “misconception” “awareness” “property” “character” “chance” “opportunity”,Yes!,CET-6 2011-6,59. What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?A)  Age and educational background.                B)  Social and professional experience.             C) Attitude and approach to business.D) Ethnic origin and gender.,“重要是解”,“important” “necessity” “essential” “significant” “dominant” “special” “vital” “particular” “fundamental” ,“基础是解”,“basis” “be based on” “basic” “in the nature” “origin” “originate”,CET-4 2010-6,62. What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?It is a highly profitable industry.B) It is based on the concept of positive thinking.C) It was established by Norman Vincent Peale.D) It has yielded positive results.,CET-6 2010-6,56. Why does the author object to classifying parenting as a personal choice?It is regarded as a legal obligation.It relies largely on social support.It generates huge social benefits.It is basically a social undertaking.,“虚词型的解”,“another” “other” “more” “either” “also” “beside” “additional” “extra” “same” “ “nearly” “not enough” “part” “inadequate” ,Yes!,“简单的不是解，复杂的是解”,含义矛盾的选项是解复合句含有比较结构的体现原文字面含义的不是解，体现内在意义的是解,“复合句是解” , “长的是解”, “难的是解” “比较结构是解” “字面意思不是解，深刻含义是解” “双重否定是解”, “三重否定是解”,“含义矛盾的是解”,“different是解” “separation是解” “division是解” “X and not X是解” “instead of 是解” “complex是解” “discuss是解”,CET-6 2011-6,52. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A)  Whether immigrants are good or bad for the economy has been puzzling economists.B)  The American economy used to thrive on immigration but now it's a different story.C)  The consensus among economists is that immigration shou