职称英语真题1.doc

1二、Fermi Problem On a Monday morning in July, the worlds first atom bomb exploded in the New Mexico desert. Forty seconds later, the shock waves reached the base camp where the ItalianAmerican physicist Enrico Fermi and his team stood. After a mental calculation, Fermi announced to his team that the bombs energy had equated 10,000 tons of TNT. The bomb team was impressed, but not surprised. Fermis genius was known throughout the scientific world. In 1938 he had won a Nobel Prize. Four years later he produced the first nuclear chain reaction, leading us into the nuclear age. Since Fermis death in 1954,no physicist has been at once a master experimentalist and a leading theoretician. Like all virtuosos, Fermi had a distinctive style. He preferred the most direct route to an answer. He was very good at dividing difficult problems into small, manageable bitstalent we all can use in our daily lives. To develop this talent in his students. Fermi would suggest a type of question now known as a Fermi problem. Upon first hearing one of these, you havent the remotest notion of the answer ,and you feel certain that too little information had been given to solve it. Yet when the problem is broken into subproblems, each answerable without the help of experts or books, you can come close to the exact solution. Suppose you want to determine Earths circumference without looking it up. Everyone knows that New York and Los Angeles are about 3,000 miles apart and that the time difference between them is three hours. Three hours is oneeighth of a day, and a day is the time it takes the planet to complete one rotation, so its circumference must be eight times 3,000 or 24,000 miles. This answer differs from the true value, 24,902.45 miles, by less than four percent. Ultimately the value of dealing with everyday problems the way Fermi did lies in the rewards of making independent discoveries and inventions. It doesnt matter whether the discovery is as important as determining the power of an atom or as small as measuring the distance between New York and Los Angeles. Looking up the answer, or letting someone else find it, deprives you of the pleasure and pride that accompany creativity, and deprives you of an experience that builds up selfconfidence. Thus, approaching personal dilemmas as Fermi problems can become a habit that enriches your life. 16. Fermis team was impressed by Fermis announcement in the base camp because he could even work out the power of the atom bomb in his mind.17. Fermi, an experimentalist as well as a theoretician, won a Nobel Prize for producing the first nuclear chain reaction in the world. 18. Dividing a big problem into small problems is a talent Fermi had and a talent that has practical value in life.19. Fermi problem is to develop the talent of breaking a seemingly unanswerable problem into subproblems and finding the solution to it, which is a typical Fermi problem.20. Then the fourth paragraph tells us how Fermi solved the problem of earths circumference without looking up.21. The last paragraph concludes the whole writing by stressing the value of important inventions and small discoveries.22. Fermi was famous for inventing a device to calculate bombs energy accurately. 3: 概括大意与完成句子 , Adult Education 1 Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult education. Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge and interpret their experience as adults. Adults may want to study something which they missed in earlier schooling, get new skills or job training, find out about new technological developments, seek better selfunderstanding, or develop new talents and skills. 2 This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries, correspondence courses, or broadcasting. It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges, study groups, workshops, clubs, and professional associations. 3 Modern adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18th and 19th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Great economic and social changes were taking place: people were moving from rural areas to cities, new types of work were being created in an expanding factory system. These and other factors produced a need for further education and reeducation of adults. 4 The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1790s, with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics institute in Glasgow. The earliest adult education institution in the United States was founded by Benjamin Franklin and some friends in Philadelphia in 1727. 5 People recognize that continued learning is necessary for most forms of employment today. For example, parts of the adult population in many countries find it necessary to take part in retraining programs at work or even to learn completely new jobs. Adult education programs are springing up constantly to meet these and other needs.1 Paragraph 2 _(23.1)_ 2 Paragraph 3 _(23.2)_ 3 Paragraph 4 _(23.3)_ 4 Paragraph 5 _(23.4)_ A Necessity for developing adult education B Early days of adult education C Ways of receiving adult education D Growth of adult education E Institutions of adult education F Definition of adult education5 Some adults want to learn _(23.5)_ .6 There are various forms of adult education, including _(23.6)_ 7 Adult education has been made necessary _(23.7)_ 8The earliest organized adult education _(23.8)_ A by social and economic changes B guided selfstudy and correspondence courses C by studying together with children D what they did not manage to learn earlier E dates back to the eighteenth century F mass production 大题 4: 阅读理解 , “Life Form Found” on Saturns TitanScientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturns moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency, NASA3, analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4, which pointed to the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturns biggest moon. Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are “breathing” in Titans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen. They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titans planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This, they say, points to the existence of some “bugs” 5consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth. “We suggested hydrogen consumption because its the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan, similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,” says NASA scientist Chris McKay. “If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth. ” To date, scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere, though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6 (minus 290 degrees Farenheit), a methane-based organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titans surface and much too cold to support life as we know it. Scientists had expected the Suns interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titans surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface. The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titans surface can very well have a non-biological explanation, said Mark Allen, a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team. “Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed, ” Allen said. “We have a lot of work to do to rule out8possible non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process, without biology, can explain these results. ” 24. What have scientists found about Saturn?A. They have found a new moon orbiting SaturnB. They have found methane-based life on Saturn.C. They have found methane-based life on Titan.D. They have found earthlike life on a Saturns moon.25. What do scientists say about Titan?A. There are life clues there.B. There is acetylene there.C. Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.D. Rivers and lakes there contain life forms.26. To date, scientists have not yet detected this form of life. . . ( paragraph 5 ) What does “this form of life” refer to?A. Water-based life.B. Methane-based life.C. Liquid-water-based microorganisms.D. Gas-based life.27. What can be inferred from what Allen said?A. Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.B. Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.C. Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.D. Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.28. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage?.A. Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.B. Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.C. Titan, a New Satellite Found.D. A different Life Form, a Possibility.Walking Robot Carries a Person The first walking robot capable of carrying a person unveiled on Friday in Tokyo， Japan. Its creators at Waseda University in Tokyo and the Japanese robotics company Tmsuk hope their two-legged creation will one day enable wheel-chair users to climb up and down the stairs and assist the movement of heavy goods over uneven ground. The battery-powered robot， code-named WL-16， is essentially an aluminium chair mounted on two sets of telescopic poles. The poles are bolted to flat plates which act as feet. WL-16 uses 12 actuators （传动装置） to move forwards， backwards and sideways while carrying an adult weighing up to 60 kilograms （130 pounds）。 The robot can adjust its body and walk smoothly even if the person it is carrying shifts in the chair. At present it can only step up or down a few millimeters， but the， team plans to make it capable of dealing with a normal flight of stairs. I believe this bipedal （两足的） robot， which I prefer to call a two-legged walking chair rather than a wheel-chair， will eventually enable people to go up and down the stairs，“ said Atsuo Takanishi， from Waseda University. “We have had strong robots for some time but usually they have been manipulators， they have not been geared to carrying people around，” says Ron Arkin， at the Georgia Institute of Technology and robotics consultant for Sony. “But I dont know how safe and how user-friendly WL-16 is.” Tmsuk chief executive Yoichi Takamoto argues that bipedal or multi-legged robots will be more useful than so-called “caterpillar （毛毛虫） models” for moving over uneven ground. WL-16s normal walking step measures 30 centimetres， but it can stretch its legs to 136 cm apart. The prototype （原型） is currently radio-controlled， but the research team plans to equip it with a stick-like controller for the user in future. Takanishi said it will take “at least two years” to develop the WL-16 prototype into a working model. Smaller， ground-hugging （紧贴地面行走的） robots have been developed to pass across tricky ground. One maggot-like （像蛆一样的） device uses a magnetic fluid to pulse its way along， while another snake-like robot uses smart software to devise new movement strategies if the landscape affects any one part. One ball-shaped robot even uses a leap-and-bounce approach to travel over rough territory. But none of these are big or strong enough to carry a person too.29. The robot presented to the public on Friday in Tokyo， JapanA. surprised visitors from Waseda University.B. can move up to 60 kilometres per hour.C. has two legs and is able to carry a person.D. can transport heavy goods over uneven ground30. The researchers plan to make WL-16 capable ofA. turning its head easily.B. moving up and down the stairs easily.C. using a telescope to find the way.D. carrying a person of over 60 kilograms.31. What does Ron Arkin think of WL-16？A. He doesnt think it is useful.B. He thinks it is only a manipulator.C. He thinks it is user-friendly.D. He is unsure of its safety.32. Which of the following is true of WL-16？A. It can only move forwards and backwards.B. It is a caterpillar model.C. It is equipped with a stick-like controller.D. It can walk with a step of up to 136 cm.33. Which type of robot is NOI mentioned in the last paragraph？A. Maggot-like robots.B. Snake-like robots.C. Chair-shaped robots.D. Ball-shaped robots.Sunspots Its not surprising that sunspots(太阳黑子)were observed by ancient astronomers(天文学家).The largest sunspots on the sun can be seen without a telescope. It was not until the.invention of the telescope(望远镜)in the early 17th century, however，that systematic studies of sunspots could be undertaken.The great astronomer Galileo was among the first to make telescopic observations of sunspots. Sunspots are regions of extremely strong magnetic fields(磁场)found on the suns surface.A sunspot has a dark central core known as the umbra.The umbra is surrounded by a dark ring called the penumbra，where the magnetic field spreads outward.Sunspots appear dark because they are giving off less radiation.They are cooler than the rest of the suns Surface. Sunspots are frequently observed in pairs or in paired groups.The members of a spot pair are identified as the leading spot and the following spot.They are identified by their position in the pair in terms of the direction in which the sun rotates(旋转). The number of sunspots at any one time varies。A large spot group may consist of as many as 1 0 groups and 300 Spots across the Sun.The number of spots changes in a fairly regular pattern called the sunspot cycle.The largest number occurs about every 11 years.At sunspot minimum，there are at most just a few small spots. The average lifetime of an individual spot group is roughly one solar rotation，which is about 25 days.The most persistent large spots，however，can survive for two to three months.34. Careful observations and systematic studies of sunspotsA. were made by ancient astronomers.B. started in the early 17th century.C. were made by Galileo only.D. could be made without a telescope.35. Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the suns surface becauseA. they produce less energy.B. they are buried in the sun.C. they are far away from magnetic fields.D. they are close to magnetic fields.36. The leading spot and the following spot are the names ofA. two large sunspotsB. a large spot and a small spot.C. the two spots in a spot pair.D. the central core and the ring around it.37. If an intense sunspot activ