形容词和副词比较等级的规则变化.doc

形容词和副词比较等级的规则变化1. 单音节以及少数双音节形容词或副词大致按以下规律变化：(1) 一般在形容词或副词后面直接加er 变为比较级，加est 变为最高级。如：oldolderoldesthighhigherhighest(2) 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，则双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-er变为比较级，加 est 变为最高级。如：bigbiggerbiggestthinthinnerthinnest (3) 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的单词，则将改y为 i 再加-er变为比较级，加 est 变为最高级。如：busybusierbusiestheavyheavierheaviest (4) 以字母 e 结尾的单词，直接加 r 变为比较级，加 st 变为最高级。如：largelargerlargestfreefreerfreest 2. 多音节以及某些双音节形容词或副词变为比较级或最高级时，则通常在其前加more变为比较级，加 most变为最高级。如：importantmore importantmost importantdifficultmore difficultmost difficultusefulmore usefulmost useful3. 少数单音节单词，特别是分词形容词，须在前面加more变为比较级，(the) most变为最高级。如：fondmore fondmost fondpleasedmore pleasedmost pleased4. 有些单词的比较级或最高级有两种形式，如：clevercleverer / more clevercleverest / most cleverableabler / more ableablest / most ablenarrownarrower / more narrownarrowest / most narrow形容词和副词比较级的常用句型及应用1. 当A B 时，用“比较级 + than + 比较对象”来表示。如：My room is smaller than yours. 我的房间比你的小。She got there earlier than I did. 她比我到得早。注意：一般来说，比较对象为人称代词时，用主格或宾格均可。但是，当句子中谓语动词为及物动词时，人称代词用主格或宾格意义不同。如：I like you better than he (likes you). 我比他更喜欢你。I like you better than (he likes) him. 我喜欢你胜过喜欢他。2. 当A B，但B包含A时，则须用other来将A排除出去，即：(1) 用“比较级 + than + any other + 名词单数”来表示。如：China is larger than any other country in Asia. 中国比其他任何亚洲国家都要大。(2) 用“比较级 + than + any of the other + 名词复数”来表示。如：He is older than any of the other boys in his class. 他比他班上任何同学年纪都大。(3) 用“比较级 + than + all the other +名词复数”来表示。如：Your department spent more last year than all the other departments put together. 你们部门去年的花销比其他所有部门的加起来还多。(4) 用“比较级 + than + (any of) the others”来表示。如：I received less money than the others did. 我比别人收到的钱少。(5) 用“比较级 + than + the other + 名词复数”来表示。如：He is cleverer than the other students in his class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。(6) 用“比较级 + than + anyone else”来表示。如：You know him better than anyone else. 你对他比任何别人都更了解。3. 当A B，但B不包含A时，句型为：(1) 用“比较级 + than + any of the + 名词复数”来表示。如：He is richer than any of the people here. 他比这儿的任何人都有钱。(2) 用“比较级 + than + any + 名词单数”来表示。如：Im taller than any student of your class. 我比你们班的任何学生都高。4. 当A = B 时，用“as + 原级 + as + 比较对象”来表示。如：She is as tall as me。她与我一样高。He gets up as early as his parents. 他起床与他父母起得一样早。5. 当A B 时，用“not so /as + 原级 + as +比较对象”来表示。如：Im not as so lucky as you. 我不像你那么幸运。He doesnt study as so hard as Mary. 他学习不如玛丽努力。6. 当A = 数字B 时，用下列结构来表示：(from )(1) 用“数字 + times + as + 原级 + as +比较对象”来表示。如：Their house is about three times as big as ours. 他们的房子大约有我们房子三倍大。(2) 用“数字 + times + the size / length / depth / height / width + of +比较对象” 来表示。如：Your office is three times the size of ours. 你的办公室是我们办公室的三倍大。(3) 用“数字 + times + 比较级 + than + 比较对象”来表示。如：He runs three times faster than Jack. 他比杰克跑得快三倍。注：若指两倍，以上各句型中的“数字+times”则应换成twice。如：This room is twice the length of the other, but much narrower. 这个房间的长度是那个房间的两倍, 但窄得多。7. 在三者或三者以上的人或物中，用最高级表示，结构为“the + 最高级 + 比较范围”。如：She is the best player in the team. 她是队里最优秀的运动员。He works the hardest of all the students. 他是所有学生中最用功的。8. 表示“越来越”时，用“比较级 + and + 比较级”。如：Your English is getting better and better. 你的英语越来越好了。Its becoming more and more difficult to find a job. 找工作越来越困难了。9. 表示“越就越”时，用“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”。如：The younger you are, the easier it is to learn. 年纪越轻，学习越容易。The more money you make, the more you spend. 你挣的钱越多，花的钱也越多。10. “否定词+谓语+比较级”相当于最高级。如：(from )Ive never seen a nicer bird than this one.=This bird is the nicest bird Ive ever seen. 这是我所见过的最好的鸟。How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice. 她唱得多好啊！我从来没有听过这么动听的声音。形容词与副词的比较等级用法注意1. 比较级的基本用法英语中的形容词和副词有三个等级，即原级、比较级和高最级。比较级主要用于两者比较，最高级主要用于多者比较。注意2. 不能使用双重比较等级即构成比较级时不能既加词尾-er，又在其前加more；构成最高级时不能既在词尾加-est，又在其前加most，如不能说more better, most earliest 等。不过“比较级+and+比较级”这样的形式却完全可用。如：I am getting fatter and fatter. 我越来越胖了。Were going more and more slowly. 我们越走越慢了。3. 使用比较等级要注意合乎逻辑请看两组正误句：我的电脑比她的贵。误：My computer is more expensive than her正：My computer is more expensive than hers. 析：从逻辑上说，应该是my computer 与 her computer 作比较，而不是my computer 与her 比较。上面正句中的hers=her computer。上海人口比中国其他城市的人口要多。误：The population of Shanghai is larger than that of any city in China.正：The population of Shanghai is larger than that of any other city in China.析：从逻辑上说，Shanghai在China范围内，或者说Shanghai也是China范围内的一个城市，若不用other，则句意为“上海的人口比中国任何城市的人口都多”， 4. 比较级和最高级的常见修饰语比较级的修饰语：常见的有far, even, still, a lot, lots, a great deal, a bit, rather, three times, any, no, very much 等。如：Japanese is much far more difficult than English. 日语比英语难多了。She felt a great deal more comfortable now. 她现在感觉舒服多了。He works hard, but she works still harder harder still. 他工作很努力，但她工作更努力。最高级的修饰语：常见的有(by) far, much, nearly, almost, not quite, by no means, very, second, next 等。如：His illness is far more serious than we thought. 他的病比我们想像的要严重得多。Chinas population is by far the largest of any country. 中国是全世界人口最多的国家。I want to give my children the very best education I can afford. 我想给我孩子力所能及的最良好的教育。The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河流。注：very不能修饰比较级，却可修饰最高级，但它与一般的修饰最高的副词有所不同，即它要放在最高级前定冠词之后，而不是之前(另外，second, third, next等也要入在定冠词之后)。最高级前不用the的五种情况(1) 形容词最高级前通常用the，副词最高级前的the可以不用。(2) 形容词最高级作表语时，有时可以省略the。如：Which of the boys is (the) strongest?这些孩子中哪个最强壮？(3) 最高级形容词作表语，副词用状语时，没和别人比较时不用the。如：Hes busiest on Monday.他星期一最忙。He works hardest when doing something for his family.他为自己家做事时最卖力。(4) 最高级前已有名词所有格或物主代词时，不用the。如：He is my best friend.他是我最好的朋友。 Hainan is Chinas second largest island. 海南是中国第二大岛。(5) 有时most是表示“非常”，而不是最高级，不用the。如：He is a most amazing person. 他是一个非常了不起的人。与比较级相关的习语(1) no more than =only只有，仅仅，只不过There are no more than a hundred people in the hall.大厅里只有100人。(2) not more than=at the most不超过，至多There are not more than a hundred people in the hall.大厅里至多100人。(3) no less than多达，不少于He made no less than500. 他赚了多达五百英镑的钱。He walks no less than five miles to school. 他上学至少要走五英里。(4) less than不到，不太，极不I wont take less than $5000 for my car.我的汽车低于5000美元不卖。The boys were less than happy about having a party. 开晚会男孩子并不很高兴。Doctors have been less than successful in treating this condition.医生在治疗这种病时极不成功。(5) more than多于，超过(=over, 后接数词)；不只是(=not only, 后接名词、动词或副词)；非常，十分(=very, 后接形容词、副词、动词或分词)；难以，完全不能(用于more thancan)“。He was more than seventy years of age. 他有七十多岁了。He more than smiled, but laughed.他不只是微笑而是大笑。They were more than glad to help.他们非常乐于帮忙。That is more than I can tell.那我就不知道了(from )。(6) more or less(=almost, nearly, about)基本上，差不多，大约The work is more or less finished.工作基本上完成了。The repairs will cost $30, more or less.修理费大约要30美元。(7) sooner or later迟早，早晚，总有一天(from )You should tell her because shell find out sooner or later.你还是告诉她吧，因为她早晚会发觉的。(8) whats more而且，此外，还有，更有甚者I missed the bus and had to walk home. Whats more, it was raining and I got all wet. 我赶不上巴士，不得不走回家，而且那时正在下雨，我全身都湿透了。(9) no soonerthan一就He had no sooner arrived than he was asked to leave again.他刚到就被支走了。有关比较等级重要考点一、考查比较等级的基本用法1. Of the two sisters, Betty is _ one, and she is also the one who loves to be quiet. (安徽卷)A. a youngerB. a youngest C. the youngerD. the youngest【解析】答案选C。根据句中的of the two sisters可知，此题涉及的是两者比较，故用比较级；另外，由于是特指两者中的一个，故其前用定冠词，不用不定冠词。2. Of the two coats, Id choose the _ one to spare some money for a book. (四川卷)A. cheapestB. cheaper C. more expensiveD. most expensive【解析】答案选B。因是两者比较，故用比较级，可将答案锁定在B和C之间；再根据句意，排除C。3. Speaking of all the songs he has written, I think this is probably his _ one. (全国卷II)A. better-knownB. well-known C. best-knownD. most-known【解析】答案选C。因为是从他所写的所有歌中选出一首来比较，故用最高级。二、在语境中考查比较等级的用法1. I dont think this film is by far the most boring. I have seen _. (江西卷)A. better B. worse C. the bestD. the worst【解析】答案选B。既然前文说“这不是最最烦人的电影”，那么下文说的肯定就“还有更糟的”，故用worse。有意思的是，2006年的这道江西卷的考题与下面这道2004年的湖南卷极为相似：That doesnt sound very frightening. Paul, Ive seen _. What did you like most about the film? (湖南卷)A. better B. worse C. best D. worst由前句“这听起来并不十分令人恐惧”可知，说话人曾见过比这个更令人恐惧的事，所以用比较级worse。2. The new group of students is better-behaved than the other group who stayed here _. (北京卷)A. earlyB. earlierC. earliestD. the earliest【解析】答案选B。做此题的关键词是new，即把“新来的学生”与“早些时候呆在这儿的学生”进行比较。全句意为：新来的这群学生比早些时候呆在这儿的那些学生表现得更好些。3. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog. ” But there is _ wisdom in this: “Love me, love my book.” (湖南卷)A. someB. muchC. moreD. most【解析】答案选C。由于是将“Love me, love my dog”与“Love me, love my book”进行比较，故用比较级。此题的巧妙之处在于句中没有出现than，而是给出两个待比较的proverb。4. With April 18s railway speedup, highway and air transport will have to compete with _ service for passengers. (江苏卷)A. goodB. betterC. bestD. the best【解析】答案选B。句子大意为：由于铁路提速了，所以公路和航空业要提高服务质量来竞争客源。因将“公路和航空”与“铁路”比较，故用比较级。三、考查“否定词+a+比较级”结构1. Your story is perfect. Ive never heard _ before. (全国卷III)A. the better oneB. the best oneC. a better oneD. a good one【解析】答案选C。“否定词（尤其是never）+a+比较级”的意思是“从来没有一个更的”，这类结构通常可视为在其后省略了一个than短语，做题时要注意根据具体的语境作出正确的理解，如：I have never read a better article. 我从未读过（比这篇文章）更好的文章（=这是我所读过的最好的文章）。I have never seen a worse film. 我从没看过（比这部电影）更糟的电影（=这是我所看过的最糟的电影）。本题中的Ive never heard a better one before的意思是“我从未听到过（比你这个事故）更好听的事故”。2. Did you enjoy yourself at the party?Yes. Ive never been to _ one before. (四川卷)A. a more excited B. the most excitedC. a more excitingD. the most exciting【解析】答案选C。Ive never been to a more exciting one before实为Ive never been to a more exciting one before than this one. 其意为“我从未参加过比这个晚会更令人兴奋的晚会”，即“这是我参加过最令人兴奋的晚会”。又如：Ive never had a worse morning than today. 我哪一天早上也不像今天早上这样倒霉。若意思明确，有时可省略than结构：He is fine, never better. 他很好，比以往任何时候都好。注意：有时根据不同语法结构的需要，也可能没有不定冠词。如：No news could be more delightful to me. 这消息最令我高兴。I have never drunk better beer. 我从来没喝过这么好的啤酒。四、考查比较等级的修饰语After two years research, we now have a _ better understanding of the disease. (全国卷II)A. veryB. farC. fairlyD. quite【解析】答案选B。这四个副词中，通常只有far可用于修饰比较级。注：quite有时也可用于修饰比较级better，但它只用于表示“身体康复”，不用于其他意义。五、考查相似比较级结构的区别Do you need any help, Lucy?Yes. The job is _ I could do myself. (福建卷)A. less thanB. more thanC. no more thanD. not more than