高一必修4unit3语言点及语法知识精解.doc

语言点及语法知识精解 词汇1）extraordinary, 1) adj.（形容词）非凡的，超出一般或平常的，显著的：a man of extraordinary strength一位力气惊人的男子an extraordinary achievement.一个非凡的成就特别的：用于特殊的服务、功能或场合的：a minister extraordinary； an extraordinary professor.特派部长；一位特职教授What an extraordinary idea!多么离奇的想法!特别的，临时的，额外的an extraordinary session临时会议It is extraordinary that.-是不平常的It was extraordinary that he refused our request.他拒绝了我们的邀请实在是不寻常。2）charactern.（名词）1）性质，性格， 特色， 身份； a determined character 果断的性格；in his character as father. 以父亲的身份；2) 字The characters in Chinese writing look like small pictures.汉字看起来象是一幅幅小图画。a Chinese character一个汉字3）个性；特色；（事物的）特性He has a strong but gentle character. the character of the savanna areas 大草原地方的特色 ；他有坚强但温柔的性格。The new buildings have changed the character of the village.新建筑改变了这个村庄的特点。4）（书、剧中的）人物I find all the characters in his new play very real.我觉得他那出新戏中所有的人物都很真实。The story has only a few characters.那故事只有几个角色。相关词组：in character相符的：与某人特性或行为相符的：behavior that was totally in character.与特性完全相符的行为out of character不相符的：与某人特性或行为不相符的：a response so much out of character that it amazed me.回答与其性格如此不符，使我感到吃惊3）setv.（动词）v.tr.（及物动词）set， setting， sets放置：放在指定的地方；放置：set a book on a table.在桌上放一本书使处于某种状态：set the prisoner at liberty.给犯人自由使牢固：放入稳定的位置：set the fence post into a bed of concrete.将篱笆桩置于水泥床上set a broken arm.接合断臂set the sails.扬帆set an alarm clock.上闹钟安排：适当布置以备用：set a place for a dinner guest; set a table.为宴会客人安排地方；放置桌子以为背景：确定一幕剧的情节展开的特定地点：a play that is set in Venice.以威尼斯为背景的剧创立：set a world record.创世界纪录树立榜样：A parent must set a good example for the children.父母必须为孩子树立好榜样有准备的：We are set to leave early tomorrow morning.我们准备明早离开相关词组：set about开始：开始或出发：set about solving the problem.着手解决问题set down坐：使坐；坐下：Set the baby down here.让小孩坐这儿记录：写下；记录：We set down the facts.我们记下事实认为；看作：Just set him down as a sneak.当他是个阴险的人把归于：由引起；把归于：Lets set the error down to inexperience.让我们把错误归于没有经验着陆：（飞机）着陆：The pilot set the plane down hard.飞行员艰难地使飞机着陆set forth提出：提出想法；建议：set forth a sound plan.提出一个合理的计划表达：用语言表达：She has set forth her ideas.她已经表达出了想法set off发生：引起；导致发生：set off a chemical reaction.发生化学反应爆炸：引起爆炸：set off a bomb.炸弹爆炸开始旅程：set off for Europe.开始欧洲之旅set out着手：开始一个热切的计划；着手：He set out to understand why the plan had failed.他开始明白为什么计划失败了种：set out seedlings.种小树开始旅程：She set out at dawn for town.她日出时出发去镇上set up建立：set up a charity.建立一家慈善机构set fire to纵火：点燃或使燃烧set (ones) heart on决心做某事n.（名词）一套：一组互属并成套使用的同类物品：a chess set.一套国际象棋4）reason n.（名词）.原因；理由；动机The reason she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。The reason for this is that this plane is also a bicycle.其原因是,这架飞机又是一辆自行车。理性；理智；道理；判断力Theres a great deal of reason in his advice.他的忠告极有道理。There are reasons for this great interest in the ideas, feelings, and actions of youth.对年青人的思想、感情和行动发生这样巨大的兴趣,自有它的道理。it stands to reason合乎道理listen to reason服从道理with reason有理由；合乎情理He thinks, with reason, that I dont like him.他有理由认为我不喜欢他。vi., vt.推理；推究to reason clearly推理清楚（与into, out of连用）劝说to reason a person out of fear劝人别害怕（与with连用）与争辩5）via, prep.（介词）经由，途经to travel from Beijing to Shanghai via Tianjin由北京经由天津去上海通过；凭藉I sent a message to Mary via her brother.我托玛丽的兄弟把信带给她。6）deliver, v.tr.（及物动词）递送：带到或运送到适当的地方或接受者；分送：deliver groceries; deliver the mail.运送食品；投递邮件交付：把（某人或某物）交给他人；移交：delivered the criminal to the police.把罪犯交给警察的工人To throw or hurl:掷，猛投：The pitcher delivered the ball.投手猛一投球陈述，发言：用言辞表达；发表，讲：deliver a lecture.发表演讲分娩：She delivered a baby boy this morning.今天早晨她生了个小男孩使分娩：给（产妇）接生：The doctor delivered her of twins.这个医生为她接生了一对双胞胎放出，制造；生产：The oil well delivered only 50 barrels a day.这口油井每天只产原油五十桶7）impress, （常与with连用）使（人）印象深刻；使铭记常用被动语态，不用进行式，常与on连用）使印象深刻The book impressed a lot of people. 这本书在很多人心中留下深刻印象。I was deeply impressed by (at, with) his speech. 他的演讲给我留下深刻印象 Impress +n.+ on(upon) + n. (person) =impress +n.(person)+with I impressed on him the importance of his work.=I impressed him with the importance of his work.我使他注意他的工作的重要性。（常与on连用）盖（印）；盖（印）于impress wax with a seal把印盖在火漆上8） announce宣布，宣告：使公开地知道To proclaim the presence or arrival of:宣布的出席，宣布的到来：announce a caller.宣布来访者To provide an indication of beforehand; foretell:预示：事先提供暗示；预示：The invention of the microchip announced a new generation of computers.微晶片的发明预示了新一代的计算机To serve as an announcer for:当的播音员：announce a football game on TV.在电视上给一场足球赛作播音r.（不及物动词）To declare ones candidacy:宣布竞选：宣布某人的候选人身份：Presidential candidates announce two years in advance of the elections.在总统选举前两年宣布竞选者To serve as an announcer.作播音员9）force n.n.（名词）力，力量the force of the explosion爆炸力You must use force to open that bottle.你必须用力打开那个瓶子。The porter had to force the window open every morning.每天早晨门房只好用力硬把窗户打开。New emerging forces are invincible.新生力量是不可战胜的。暴力The thief took the money from the old man by force.小偷用暴力夺走了老人的钱。物力the force of gravity地心引力The force of gravity makes things fall to earth.地心引力使物体落向地面。威力；势力the forces of evil邪恶势力the forces of nature自然力说服力force of example榜样的力量There is force in what he said.他的话有说服力。部队；兵力the police force警察部队(pl) 三军武装力量The air force is one of the armed forces.空军是武装部队的一种。in force大批地The police were there in force.大批警察驻守在那儿。in force生效；在施行中 (= into force)join forces (with)联合；合作v.tr.（及物动词）forced， forcing， forces强迫：通过压力或需迫使：I forced myself to practice daily. He was forced to take a second job.我强迫自己每天练习。他被迫要找第二份工作强行，硬：反对抵制或惯性地运动或影响：forced my foot into the shoe.将脚硬塞入鞋中强加：无情地折磨或强加：He forced his ideas upon the group.他把自己的意见强加给别人To put undue strain on:施加过分的压力：She forced her voice despite being hoarse.尽管嗓子已哑，她仍使劲提高嗓音force (someones) hand迫使仓促行动：迫使某人在条件未成熟或不情愿的情况下行动或发言in force大批：大批的；大量的：有效的；操作性的Demonstrators were out in force.大批示威者上街a rule that is no longer in force.不再有效的规则force， oblige， Force 最为普遍，通常指力量的使用，尤其是体力上，或指不允许任何替代屈从的环境的进行：Tear gas forced the fugitives out of their hiding place. 催泪弹气体将逃犯从藏身之处呛了出来。Lack of funds will eventually force him to look for work. 资金缺乏最终将会迫使他找工作。Oblige 适用于出于权力、需要、道德或伦理的考虑而被迫屈从：“Work consists of whatever a body is obliged to do” (Mark Twain). “无论什么样的工作都必须 要做” （马克吐温）。10）guiden.（名词）领路人，导师，导游，向导To serve as a guide.监督的训练或教育：作为向导指南a shoppers guide.，购物指南A guidebook. 指南，手册v.（动词）guided， guiding， guidesv.tr.（及物动词）带领，为做向导， They guided us to the office.他们带领我们到了办公室。领导；引导；指导，影响；支配；操纵Be guided by your feeling.按你的感觉行事。引导，指引guided me to my seat; 带我到我的座位上去；guide a ship through a channel.引领轮船通过海峡r.（不及物动词）guide, conduct, lead, steer作为动词在一起比较的一般含义是“领”、“导”或“引”。guide(抽象名词guidance，具体名词guide“向导”)是通用词，可以用于“为别人带路”、“指导别人的学习、品行修养”，它的内涵是避免走弯路或遇到危险Thousands of lanterns slowly drift out to sea guiding the dead on their return journey to the other world.数千只灯笼慢慢向大海漂去，给死人返回阴间指明道路。At the top of the bank my guide paused and looked back at me.我的向导在河岸上稍停了一下，并且回头看了看我。He is now studying under the guidance of Professor Green.他现在正在格林教授的指导下学习。而conduct(抽象名词conductance“传导力”，具体名词conductor“向导者”，公共汽车等的“售票员”)在表示“指导”、“引导”时含有明显的主从关系，即被引导者不服从是不可以的The policeman eventually had his hands tied up and conducted him to a shelter.警察最后把他的双手绑了起来并把他带到一个防空洞。Do you prefer conducted tours or independent travel?你是喜欢跟着导游还是喜欢独立地去旅行？lead(抽象名词leadership“领导”，具体名词leader“领袖”、“领队”)可以表示“领导”、“带路”，但它总含有领导者走在前面，而把被领导者控制在自己的权威之下，或被领导者处于秩序井然的状态中的意思Our guide led us through a series of caves.我们的向导带领着我们穿过一个接一个的洞穴。steer(抽象名词steerage“操纵”，具体名词steersman“舵手”)一般表示“驾驶”、“掌舵”，但常用于比喻，词义引伸后有“操纵”、“指导”的意思。尤其适用于表示“指导着度过难关”的意义The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her.卡蒂萨克号向两侧摇晃着，驾驶这只船是不可能的了。Soon the country will be steered to peace and prosperity.这个国家很快便会被带入和平与繁荣之境。词组：1）pass on 传递；前进，传下来；传给（后代），离去；往前Let us now pass on to the next subject.现在让我们看看下一个题目。2） put forward 提出：提议以供考虑：put forward a new plan.提出一个新计划3）come across 偶然遇到或找到：came across my old college roommate in town today.今天在镇上遇到我大学的老同学给予印象：“He comes across as a very sincere, religious individual”(William L. Clay)“他给人的印象是一个很虔诚的、笃实的人”(威廉L.克莱)4）not only .but also一、主要用法：1、连接主语： Not only I but also Tom and Mary are found of watching television. 不仅我，而且汤姆和玛丽都喜欢看电视。 由于not only A but also B 句式的重点在B上，所以谓语动词一般要与B保持人称和数的一致。2、连接谓语： The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs. 英国人和美国人不但语言相同，而且有很多相同的风俗习惯。 注意not onlybut also连接的动词一般不重复，这与汉语不同。如汉语说“我不仅懂英语，而且懂俄语”，英语则说“I know not only English but also Russian”，而不说“I not only know English but also know Russian”.再如：“气体不仅改变形状，而且改变体积”，英译为“A gas changes not only in shape but also in volume.”（注意介词常重复）3、连接宾语： The problem for the recipient was trying to guess not only who the sender was, but also what his secret feelings might be. 收信人不仅要尽力猜出是谁的，还要猜测寄信人的内心有什么想法。4、连接表语： Shakespeare was not only a writer but (also) an actor. 莎士比亚不仅是一位剧作家，而且是一位演员。5、连接宾语补足语： Light and bright colors make people not only happier but more active. 浅色和鲜艳的颜色不但使人看了高兴，也会使人更加活泼。6、连接状语： If your friend reminds you kindly of your faults, take what he says not merely pleasantly but thankfully. 如果你的朋友善意的指明你的缺点，你不但要欣然接受，而且要心怀感激之情。7、连接从句： He didnt let us off the book until we had proved not only that we know what an organism was bur also that we had the fortitude to stand up for the truth. 直到我们证明了我们不仅知道什么是生物体，而且具有坚持真理的不屈不挠的精神时，他这才放过我们。8、连接定语： Man has become master not only of the sky but also of the space. 人类不仅征服了太空，而且征服了太空。9、连接句子I not only heard it, but (also) I saw it. 我不仅听到、而且看到了它。Not onlybut also连接句子时，not only可以置于句首表示强调，这是第一分句要采用倒装结构。例如：Not only has he a first-class brain but also he is a tremendously hard worker. 它不仅有着头等的头脑，而且工作很能吃苦。Not only had the poor man been arrested but he had been sent to prison as well. 这个可怜人不仅被逮捕，而且被投进监狱。Not only do the professors have their own ideas on the matter, but the students have theirs too. 对这件事不仅教授们有自己的看法，学生们也有自己的想法。10、用于it isthat强调结构： It is not only the scientist and the physician who need a long special training now, but the computer expert, the accountant, and the business manager. 现在，不仅科学家和医生需要长时期的专门训练，计算机专家、会计师和企业经理也需要这种训练。二、not onlybut的省略及其变体1、not onlybut also中的also可以省略。有人认为该句型所连接的第二部分最高级形容词或它所表示的范围、程度、影响等超过第一部分时，常将also省略。例如：He was not only a successful writer but (also) the greatest poet of his time. 它不仅是一位成功的作家，而且还是他那个时代最伟大的诗人。Not only do they suffer less pain than most women in labor, but the town boasts an unusually low rate of infant mortality. 这不仅使她们比大多数的妇女受痛苦，而且是城市婴儿死亡率大大降低。2、not onlybut also句型一般只可以省略also，但在连接句子时，有时也可见到省略but甚至but also的情形。例如：Not only was I tired, I was also cold. 我不光困倦，还感到很冷。（省去了but）Since moisture is needed for rain, dry air in the morning not only allows the spider to get an early start, is also means a dry day. 有了湿度才会下雨，因此，早晨空气干燥不仅使蜘蛛早点开始结网，而且意味着这一天不会下雨。(省去了but)Not only has she been an excellent wife, she has been a better husband than Ill never be. 她不仅是一个极其出色的妻子，而且是一个我永远也做不到的好丈夫。(省去了but also)3、not onlybut also的形式比较固定，但也会出现but与also被分开的情形。例如：Not only the mother but the children are also sick. Not only is his right lung affected but his left lung is also. 4、not only A but also B的替代式常见的还有not only a but B as well, not only A but B too, not merely A but also B, not just A but also B, notalone. .but等。例如：In jurisprudence it is a well-known principle that justice should not merely be done but should also be seen to be done. 在法理学方面，人所共知的原则是：对受害者不仅应该公正对待，而且应当让人们看到他得到了公正的对待。Not poets alone, nor artists, nor that superior order of mind which arrogates to itself all refinement, feel this, but dogs and all men. 不仅使人，艺术家以及那些自命不凡、思想杰出的人觉得如此，连狗和普通人也有同感。三、其他注意事项：1、“not only A but also B”结构中的A和B通常是同等成分。由于同一成分常常由同一词类的词来担任，所以A 与B 常常也是同一词性，但是，也有A与B属于不同词性的情形。例如：“He is not only very clever, but also a very hard worker, and he likes to do everything well.”（他不但聪明，而且能下功夫。他喜欢把每件事都做得很好。）其中A是形容词，B是名词，但两者均在句中作表语，因此仍是正确的句子。然而，在“He not only plays the piano, but also the violin.”一句中，A是动词，B是名词，不是同一成分，因此语法学家认为此句有点欠妥，至少在书面语中就是如此。如改为“He plays not only the piano, but also the violin.”就无懈可击了，再看下面的例子：The surprise grant not only enabled Dad to finish A&T, but to graduate first in his class. 这笔意外的奖学金不仅是我的父亲能读完农业和技术学院，而且毕业成绩名列榜首。2、有人认为，not onlybut also 不能用于否定句。汉语中用于否定句中的“不但而且”在英语中要用as well as表示。如“不但我不想看戏，而且他也不想看戏”可译作“He, as well as I, doesnt want to see the play. ”不过，这条规则也有例外，请看下面的例子:Not only dont I know the population of Nepal, I dont know where in gods world it is! 我不但不知道尼泊尔人口，而且连它究竟在哪里也不知道！这个例句有几个共同点：都是连接否定分句，都是倒装句，都没有用but also。下面一例出自一位美国作家之手，所不同的是not onlybut连接的是并列谓语，第一个动词是不定的，第二个动词则是肯定的：Nonetheless, as he described Marys attitudes her accomplishments, he found himself wishing that she cared more about the police side of his life than she seemed to, that she might understand it as intimately, say, as the woman opposite him. But this motion seemed to him so disloyal to Mary that he not only did not articulate it, but at once tried to suppress it. Notes1 Upon reaching the top of the mountain, a feeling of happiness and a sense of achievement will be experienced. The preposition upon here means at or immediately after the time or occasion of. The preposition on can also be used to express the same meaning. Upon/On his arrival in Paris, the famous film star was recognized and surrounded by his fans. Upon/On hearing of the death of his parents, he cried for hours. 2 Special gloves are also worn so that people and objects in the film can be touched.Here so that means with the aim that, which is used to introduce a clause showing a purpose. She worked hard so that everything would be ready by 6 oclock. So that can also mean with the result that, which is used to introduce a clauseshowing a result. Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he had left.3 To add to the virtual world of RealCine, smells are given out through small openings in the headsets. Here add to means to increase.The West Lake adds to the beauty of the city of Hangzhou. This phrase can also be used like add .to. If you add twelve to eighty-five, you get ninety-seven.4 In scientific studies it has been shown that VR can provide teenagers with another way to experience the world and make them work harder to make their dreams come true. Here it refers to the subject clause that VR can provide teenagers with another way to experience the world and . When the subject is a clause, an empty subject it is often used, and the order of the sentence is normally changed.Compare each pair of sentences as follows: What she looks like doesnt matter. It doesnt matter what she looks like. That income tax should be abolished has actually been suggested. It has actually been suggested that income tax should be abolished. 5 An argument has been put forward that some viewers will be disappointed by RealCine because VR is not real.Here that is used to introduce an appositive clause some viewers will bedisappointed by RealCine because VR is not real. This clause refers to an argument and that cannot be omitted. Your belief that things will improve is too optimistic. Your suggestion that we should pay more attention to our table manners is a good one. 语法点津Passive Voice英文动词有主动语态 Active Voice 和被动语态 Passive Voice 之分。如果主语是动作或状态的发出者，动词就用主动语态；如果主语是动作或状态的承受者，动词就用被动语态。例如： 1. John encouraged Mary.约翰鼓励玛莉。 2. Mary was encouraged by John.玛莉受到约翰鼓励。 第一句的动词 encouraged 是主动语态；第二句的动词 was encouraged是被动语态。动词被动语态的基本形态是： 助动词BE + 及物动词的过去分词(-ed分词)动词的被动语态通常有六种时、体形式：即一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行体、过去进行体、现在完成体和过去完成体。1Simple Present Tense主动语态： I teach him.被动语态： He is taught by me.2 Simple Past Tense主动语态： I taught him yesterday.被动语态： He was taught by me yesterday.3Present Continuous Tense主动语态： I am teaching him.被动语态： He is being taught by me.4Past Continuous Tense主动语态： I was teaching him when you came. 被动语态： He was being taught by me when you came.5 Present Perfect Tense主动语态： I have taught him. 被动语态： He has been taught by me.6 Past Perfect Tense主动语态： I had taught him before you came.被动语态： He had been taught by me before you came.一般将来时 Simple Future Tense 也常常有这种被动语态形式主动语态： I shall teach him tomorrow. 被动语态： He will be taught by me tomorrow.动词由主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：1. 先找出谓语动词；2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。例：1.Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week.2.Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.3. He has written two novels so far.Two novels have been written by him so far.4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.5. Lucy is writing a letter now.A letter is being written by Lucy now.6. You must lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave.三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1. 不及物动词无被动语态。What will happen in 100 years.The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well.This new book sells well.3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.The boss made the little boy do heavy