专题7 非谓语动词.doc

从近几年的高考试题来看，非谓语动词考查特征呈现情景和设问角度的多样化趋势。具体考点如下：现在分词与过去分词的区别；done, being done, to be done的区别；不定式与分词作状语的区别；不定式的时态及疑问词不定式形式；谓语动词与非谓语动词的区分；非谓语动词的时态、语态、复合结构以及独立结构的使用。大家在判断使用何种非谓语动词形式时，可遵循以下规律：对比时间：对照谓语动词的时间，确定非谓语动词的时态形式；辨明逻辑：从非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系判断非谓语动词的语态。一、动词不定式1动词不定式的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义主动被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing/完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing/如：He seems to know this.It is important to read English every day.The bridge to be built next year is very long.Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long.His new novel is said to have been published.She happened to be writing a letter when I passed by.了解不定式各种形式的时态和语态意义对正确理解和使用不定式起着很重要的作用。要结合不定式的句法功能一起掌握，灵活运用。 2不定式的句法功能除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(作主语和表语)You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活到老学到老。(作宾语)She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上经常有很多会要开。(作定语)To do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对。(作状语)I didnt expect you to arrive so early. 我没想到你来得那么早。(作宾语补足语)3学习动词不定式应注意的几个问题(1)用不定式作宾语的词语。下列词语常用不定式作宾语：afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，wish，want，fail，plan，agree，prefer，decide，manage，arrange，determine，desire等。下列动词后可接“疑问词不定式”：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，ask，advise，discuss等。(2)理解和使用不定式作宾补。see，watch，notice，hear，listen to，observe，feel，make，let，have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to，此时的不定式就是主语补足语。常用不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/likesb. to do sth.主语think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imaginesb.to be/to have done sth.主语call on/depend on/wait for/ask forsb.to do sth. (3)不定式作定语的特殊用法。下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，wish，right，courage，need，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。如：He had a good way to make his lessons lively and interesting. Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。如：There is no one to look after her. 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：I have a lot of work to do. 如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应有必要的介词。如：He is looking for a room to live in. 但如果及物动词后已有了自己的宾语，其后还应加适当的介词。Here is a box to put things in. 注意：如果不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都出现在不定式前面，不定式则用主动形式；若在句中找不到不定式的逻辑主语，则用不定式的被动形式。注意这两句话的区别：I have a letter to write. 我有封信要写。(我写信)Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your friends？你有什么要(我)带给你的朋友们吗？(被我带而不是你带)(4)不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。如：We hurried to the classroom only to find none there. in order (not) to，so as (not) to用来引导目的状语，但so as to不能用于句首。soas to do, such 名词as to do引导结果状语。如：The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus. Im not such a fool as to believe that. 不定式还可以作修饰表语形容词或补语形容词的状语。如：He is hard to please / to get along with. Do you think him easy to work with? 注意：此时不定式用主动，而不需用被动。而且不及物动词后的介词不能遗漏。(5)不定式的完成式的特殊用法。表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。如：The novel was said to have been published. I regret to have been with you for so many years. seem，appear，be said，be supposed，be believed，be thought，be known，be reported等常用于上面句型。此外，glad，happy，satisfied，sorry，surprised，disappointed后也可接不定式的完成式。不定式的完成式还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。(A)would like/would love 不定式的完成式。(B)was/were 不定式的完成式，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。(C)expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish 不定式的完成式，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。(6)不定式的省略。两个并列的不定式由and或or连接时，省略后面的不定式中的to。如：I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例：To be or not to be，this is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示对比)句中含有动词do时，but，except，besides等后面的to可省略。即“前有do，后省to”。如：He didnt do anything but complain.why not, had better，would rather，cant but等后省to。如：He could not but walk home. (7)不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或补语的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动词have或be的任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：Susan is not what she used to be. Id like /love /be happy to. You came late this morning. You ought to have finished your homework. I know I ought to have. 二、动名词动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式之分，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1 动名词的基本构成和意义时态与语态意义例句一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时或稍后发生Would you mind my opening the window？你介意我打开窗户吗？完成式表示动作先于谓语动词发生I remembered having been taken to Beijing three times. 我记得自己被带到北京三次。主动语态逻辑主语是动名词动作的执行者They were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 他们因提前完成工作而受到表扬。被动语态逻辑主语是动名词的承受者No one likes being laughed at in public. 没有人愿意当众被嘲笑。2.动名词的句法功能(1)作主语动名词作主语表示抽象的概念，通常直接置于句首，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：Climbing mountains is really fun.爬山真有趣。It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。(谚语) (2)作宾语作动词的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的动词巧记如下：考虑建议盼原谅(consider，suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon)承认推迟没得想(admit, delay/put off, fancy)避免错过继续练(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise)否认完成停止赏(deny, finish, stop, enjoy/appreciate)不禁介意准逃亡(cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape)不准冒险凭想象(forbid, risk, imagine)作动词短语的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的动词短语有：think of，depend on，set about，succeed in，worry about，think about，give up，put off，burst out，insist on，cant stand, be/get used to，devoteto，look forward to，pay attention to，get down to，object to，feel like，adapt to，dream of等。三、分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词。学习分词要注意下面两大问题：分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义；分词的句法功能。1 分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义形式时态意义语态意义例句现在分词 一般式 动作正在进行或与主句谓语动词同时发生 主动 He stood on the street begging. 被动 The building being built is a hospital. 完成式 动作发生在主句谓语动词之前 主动 Having finished my homework, I went to bed. Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 被动 Having been criticized many times, Jack didnt come any more. 形式时态意义语态意义例句现在分词 一般式 动作正在进行或与主句谓语动词同时发生 主动 He stood on the street begging. 被动 The building being built is a hospital. 完成式 动作发生在主句谓语动词之前 主动 Having finished my homework, I went to bed. Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 被动 Having been criticized many times, Jack didnt come any more. 注意：了解分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义，是正确理解和使用分词的关键。形式时态意义语态意义例句过去分词 及物动词的过去分词 动作已完成 主动 I often heard the song sung. 无时态意义 被动 spoken and written English少数不及物动词的过去分词 动作已完成 被动fallen leavesthe risen sun (对比falling leaves正在下落的叶子，the rising sun正在升起的太阳) 分词的时态意义和语态意义不同于谓语动词的时态和语态，非谓语的时态意义和语态意义都是相对而言的。具体地说，非谓语动词的时态意义是和主句谓语动词相对而言，例如：如果分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，则可能用现在分词一般式，如果是在主句谓语动词之前发生，则可能用现在分词完成式。而语态意义则和分词的逻辑主语有关，如果分词的动作与其逻辑主语是主动关系，则用现在分词，如果与其逻辑主语是被动关系，则可能用现在分词的被动式，或过去分词。所谓的逻辑主语即句子中与分词形成逻辑关系的名词或代词。例如：分词作状语和表语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。分词作宾语补足语，其逻辑主语就是句子的宾语。2分词的句法功能(1)作定语 Mike held a burning stick and Tom carried a gun. (The stick was burning.)How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields(that had been wasted )!Asia is the largest continent, covering one third of the earths land area (which covers ). 分词短语作定语有时和它所修饰的名词或代词发生分隔开来的现象。There is a notice on the blackboard reading “An examination will be given next week. (which reads)”(2)作表语 We were excited at the news. His shoes were old and worn. (3)作补语包括宾语补足语和主语补足语。常用于see, leave, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后以及with复合结构中。I saw Tom coming out of the house. No tricky words would move him. He kept his mouth tightly closed. We mustnt leave the work unfinished. He stood for some time with his hand still raised. (4)作状语分词作状语常表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随或结果、附加说明等。Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school life. (时间状语)Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday. (原因状语)Not having done it as he told us to, we were scolded. (原因状语)Working hard, you will succeed. (条件状语)He came running all the way. (方式状语)The children headed towards school, followed by their dogs. (伴随状语)He dropped the plate, breaking it into hundreds of pieces. (结果状语)If the advertising fails, having no effect on sales, the whole programme will be reviewed. (附加说明)注意：分词作结果状语往往表示意料中的结果，而不定式作结果状语则表示意料之外的结果。试比较：A terrible storm hit the area, causing great damage to the crops. He arrived to the station only to find the train had already left. 分词作状语时有时前面可加有连词。如：Once, while working on a new invention, Edison made 8,000 tests without success. I wont go to his party unless invited. The beggar waited as if expecting more. (5)作插入语的分词独立结构分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。如：generally speaking一般说来talking of (speaking of)说到strictly speaking 严格地说judging from 从判断all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration全面看来Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。(speaking不是dogs的动作)1【误】 We dont allow to smoke in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow smoking in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture hall.【解析】 考查固定结构。allow doing sth.; allow sb. to do sth.2【误】 She was the first person thinking of the idea. 【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea. 【解析】 当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时，此定语通常由不定式来充当。3【误】 The question being discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【正】 The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【解析】 being discussed表示动作正在进行，而根据at tomorrows meeting可判断动作发生在将来，故用to be discussed表示。4【误】 This boy was seen come late this morning. 【正】 This boy was seen to come late this morning. 【解析】 see，watch等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式一般需要带to。5Ive been looking forward to hear from you.【答案】 hear 改为hearing。 【解析】 短语look forward to中，to为介词，所以应用动名词作宾语。6He admitted to have stolen the car.【答案】 to have改为having。【解析】 admit 后面跟动词的ing形式作宾语。7This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.【答案】 This改为 It。【解析】 作形式主语，代替动词的ing形式，只能用it。8The flowers need being watered. 【答案】 being watered改为watering或者to be watered。【解析】 need, want, require等动词的主语为物时，后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构，表示“需要被”。9现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语。(1)【误】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated. 【正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated. (2)【误】 The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 【正】 The book written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 10作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。(1)【误】 Having found the cause, the experiment continued. 【正】 Having found the cause, they continued the experiment. (Having foundAfter/When they had found)(2)【误】 Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 【正】 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. (SeenWhen the city is seen)11非谓语的否定式中，not必须放在非谓语的最前面。(1)【误】 Having not finished his homework, he didnt want to go to bed. 【正】 Not having finished his homework, he didnt want to go to bed.(2)【误】 Mother warns us to not play in the street. 【正】 Mother warns us not to play in the street. 1The book mainly deals with the trouble students might have _ right from wrong. Adistinguishing BdistinguishedCto distinguish Dto be distinguished【解析】 A考查固定搭配have trouble (in) doing sth.，只不过此题中的trouble提到前面作先行词了。2. _ of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it. AConvinced BConvincingCTo convince DHaving convinced【解析】 A动词convince表示“使确信”；be convinced of sth.“确信，相信”；此处用过去分词作状语。3Be careful! Dont forget you are on a ladder. But you are holding it for me, nothing _ . Aworry about Bto worry aboutCis worried about Dworrying about【解析】 B考查非谓语动词。“小心点。别忘了你在梯子上。”“但是你扶着呢，没什么可担心的。”不定式to worry about作后置定语。4He looked at me, with an expression _ that he felt even more puzzled. Aindicate BindicatesCindicating Dindicated【解析】 Cwith an expression indicating为with复合结构，其中an expression为逻辑主语，indicate与这个逻辑主语之间有主动关系，故用现在分词。5Your cousin is said _ a new computer programme recently, but do you know when he will finish it?Ato design Bto be designingCto have been designing Dto have designed【解析】 C本题考查不定式的用法。句意为：你的堂兄最近一直在设计一组电脑程序，你知道他什么时候完成吗？sb be said to do为固定用法，由recently可知，设计程序是从过去一直持续到现在的动作，应用to have been doing结构。6When John came to himself, he found himself _ in the hospital, but he didnt know how that had come _. Astaying; around Blying; aboutClied; across Dlying; into being【解析】 Bfind himself lying发现他自己正躺在；come about意为“发生，产生”。7He claimed _ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. Abeing badly treatedBtreating badlyCto be treated badlyDto have been badly treated【答案】 D8Why are the students working so hard these days? _ ready for the coming entrance examination. ATo get BGet CGetting DGot【解析】 A本题考查非谓语动词。联系语境可知，这些日子学生们努力学习是为即将到来的考试做准备，动词不定式作目的状语。故A项正确。9If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades _ ，water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world. Acoming Bhaving comeCto come Dto be coming【解析】 C本题考查非谓语动词。用不定式表示将要到来的。句意为：如果在将来的几十年水资源变得稀少，那么水资源的缺乏将会成为全球比较热门的一个话题。10The party was a success，but we thought it a pity not _ you. Ato invite Bto be invitingCto have invited Dto be invited【答案】 C11Hearing the 2009 World Winter University Games _ open，all the people in the Harbin Sports Center Gym burst into cheers. Adeclare BdeclaredCdeclaring Dto be declared【解析】 B考查过去分词的用法。很显然选项B和其逻辑主语the 2009 World Winter University Games是被动关系，选B。12As the light turned green，I stood for a moment, not _ and asked myself what I was going to do. Amoved BmovingCto move Dbeing moved【解析】 Bmove的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，所以用现在分词，not moving 作伴随状语。如果不注意分析，很容易受并列的谓语动词stoodand asked干扰而误选A。13An offer of a reward has caused many students in our school _ actively in the competition. Aparticipate BparticipatedCparticipating Dto participate【解析】 D句意为：比赛有奖，这使得我校很多学生积极参加了比赛。cause sb. to do sth. 为固定用法。14The boy the teachers considered _ was caught _ in the exam, which surprised us very much. Ato be the best; cheatingBas the best student; to cheatCbeing the best; cheatingDas a good student; to cheat【解析】 Athe teachers considered _作定语，修饰the boy；considerto be意为“把看作”；catch sb. doing sth. 意为“抓到某人正在干某事”。15Tourists all over the world come to visit the Summer Palace in Beijing, _ the combination of nature and culture. Aenjoyed Bhaving enjoyedCto have enjoyed Denjoying【解析】 D考查非谓语动词的用法。 enjoying 引导的分词短语在句中作伴随状语。16Where is Tom？I have something important to tell him.I last saw him _ in the library reading. Asit Bseated Cseating Dsat【解析】 B本题考查非谓语动词。题干句子空白处用seated作宾语补足语，因为seat是及物动词和宾语him之间的逻辑关系是动宾关系。17Something as simple as _ vegetables in childhood may help to protect you against serious illness in later life. Ato eat Beating Cto be eating Deaten【解析】 B考查非谓语动词。空格前的as为介词，其后的动词应用其动名词形式。句意为：童年时像吃蔬菜这样的简单事也许会对你后来预防疾病有好处。18Tom woke up late and left home without breakfast _ another long and boring day at school. Ahaving anticipated BanticipatedCbeing anticipated Danticipating【解析】 D本题考查非谓语动词。句意为：Tom醒得很迟，没有吃早饭就离开家了，预期在学校又是漫长、枯燥的一天。本句中，应该用现在分词形式作状语。选D。192010江苏卷 The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _ the students to return to their classrooms. Aenabling Bhaving enabledCto enable Dto have enabled【解析】 A本题考查非谓语动词。现在分词短语作谓语动词donated的结果状语。专题七 实战演练202010江西卷 There were many talented actors out there just waiting _. Ato discover Bto be discoveredCdiscovered Dbeing discovered【解析】 B考查非谓语动词的用法。waiting to be discovered意为“等待被发现”。21Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _ from the library.Ato borrow Bto be borrowedCborrowed Dborrowing【解析】 C考查非谓语动词的用法。borrowed短语作后置定语，表示一个被动的、已经完成的动作。222010上海卷 That is the only way we can imagine _ the overuse of water in students bathrooms.Areducing Bto reduce Creduced Dreduce【解析】 B此处考查非谓语动词。the way to do sth.意为“做某事的途径、方式”。we can imagine 作定语，前面省略了that。232010陕西卷 _ from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. ASeen BSeeing CHaving seen DTo see【解析】 A本题考查非谓语动词。句子的主语和see构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词短语作状语。242010辽宁卷 Alexander tried to get his work _ in the medical circles. Ato recognize Brecognizing Crecognize Drecognized【解析】 D考查非谓语动词的用法。宾语work和recognize之间存在被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。句意为：亚历山大试图让他的工作在医学界得到认可。25. 2010四川卷 The lawyer listened with full attention, _ to miss any point. Anot trying Btrying notCto try not Dnot to try【解析】 B考查非谓语动词的用法。主语lawyer和try之间是主谓关系，用现在分词作伴随状语，try not to do sth. 意为“尽力不做某事”。262010四川卷 In many peoples opinion，that company，though relatively small，is pleasant _. Ato deal with Bdealing with Cto be dealt with Ddealt with【解析】 A考查非谓语动词的用法。这里用“形容词动词不定式”结构，动词不定式主动形式表示被动意义。272010山东卷 I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. Acompleting Bto completeCcompleted Dbeing completed【解析】 B根据动词短语have sth. to do，且本句有时间状语the end of this term，选B。282010重庆卷 Many buildings in the city need repairing，but the one _ first is the library.A. repaired B. being repairedC. repairing D. to be repaired【解析】 D考查非谓语动词的用法。这里指“图书馆将是第一批被修复的建筑物”，to be repaired表示一个将来的、被动的动作1(2011海淀区第二学期期中练习)The scientist was rewarded by the government for_such a great contribution to the country.Amake BmakingCbeing made Dhaving made解析：考查非谓语动词。在介词