独立主格结构的用法.doc

。独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、名词等构成，在句中常作状语。一、独立主格结构的特点1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不同，它独立存在。2、名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。3、独立主格结构一般是用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构的构成1、名词或代词 + 现在分词 The children playing in the room, I couldnt get down studying. 孩子们在屋里玩，我没法学习。 Mother being ill, I had to stay at home looking after her. 母亲病了，我只好待在家里照顾她。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。2、名词或代词 + 过去分词 Five years later, he returned home, his character greatly changed. 五年后他返回家乡，性格大变了。 They walked along holding hands, their fingers interlocked. 他们手指交错，携手而行。 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 Everything considered, his plan seems better. 从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎好一些。 That done, he put on his sweater and went out. 做完这事他穿上毛衣出去了。 The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. 问题解决了，他们就各自回到了他们的工作岗位。 This done, we went home. 做完这事，我们就回家了。3、名词或代词 + 不定式 在“名词/代词 + 动词不定式”这类独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式，如： We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 下个星期他会去参加会议，所有费用归公司出。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 学校种上了许多树、花和草，我们新建的学校看起来越来越漂亮了。4、名词或代词 + 形容词 He entered the room, his face pale. 他走进屋来脸色苍白。 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。 The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. 特洛伊睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。5、名词或代词 + 副词 在“名词或代词 + 副词”这类独立主格结构中，其中的副词主要是over, on, off, up, down等这类小品词，一般不用 -ly这类方式副词。如： The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。 The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。6、名词或代词 + 名词 His first shot failure, he fired again. 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多小孩。His book now a bestseller, he felt pleased with the world. 他的书成了畅销书，他对一切都满意了。7、名词或代词 + 介词短语 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼镜望着她的背影。 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带着泪痕。 We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。三、独立主格结构的用法 它表示谓语动词的发生时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1、作时间状语 The work done (= After the work had been done), we went home. This done, we went home. The question settled, we went home. My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room, treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.2、作条件状语 Weather permitting (= If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. Weather permitting, well have the match tomorrow. Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.3、作原因状语 An important lecture to be given tomorrow (= As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 明天将有一场重要的演讲要举行，讲师会熬夜到很晚。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。 The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 经过这个男孩指路，我们很容易的就找到了那个奇怪的洞穴。 The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. 夜里河水上涨，渡河不可能了。 There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。4、作伴随状语 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (= and his hands were crossed under his head) 他躺在草地上，他的手圈起来放在头下。 Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三楼，房间的窗户可以俯瞰运动场。 He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他印着她，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。 He died in 1892, his death being considered as a national calamity. 他死于1892年，他的逝世被认为是举国的不幸。5、表补充说明 A hunter came in, his face red with cold. (= and his face was red with cold) 注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可以放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放在句末。四、使用独立主格结构注意事项1、独立主格与状语从句的转换 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如： After class was over (= Class being over/ Class over), the students soon left the classroom.2、不能省略being （having been）的情形 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略： （1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如： It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。 （2）在There being + 名词的结构中。如： There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3、通常不用物主代词或冠词 在“名词（或代词） + 介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：Mr. Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了教室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构：Mr. Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand4、独立主格结构没有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。 比较动名词复合结构： The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.5、独立主格的式问题 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成式，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如： The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.Practice:1. I have a lot of books, half of _ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them2. _ more hand more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. Because B. As C. With D. Since3. The bus was crowed with passengers going home from market, most of _ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of _ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it5. The cave _ very dark, he lit some candles _ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand _ a gun and his face _ with sweat. A. held; covered B. holding; coveringC. holding; covered D. held; covering7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished9. On Sunday there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, _ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others11. Weather _, well go to the Great Wall. A. permits B. permitted C. permitting D. permit12. “Mama!” he cried suddenly, tears _ down his cheeks. A. roll B. rolling C. rolls D. rolled13. Nobody _ in the room, I didnt go in. A. is B. was C. being D. were14. Her tea _, she went on with her work. A. finished B. was finished C. finishing D. had been finished15. All the tickets _, we went away disappointed. A. have been sold out B. having been sold out C. have sold out D. were sold out16. The meeting _ over, he went home. A. is B. was C. being D. has been 17. All the guests _, the meeting was declared open. A. have arrived B. arrived C. having arrived D. being arrived18. _, he cant go out for a walk as usual. A. With so much work to do B. With so much work doing C. With so much work done D. Without so much work to do19. Its quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _ and his eyes _. A. closed; open B. closed; opened C. closing; open D. closing; opening20. All things _, the plan trip will have to be called off. A. be considered B. considered C. considering D. having considering21. _, we have to get down to business right away. A. As there was no time left B. There is no time left C. There being no time left D. There to be no time left22. _ yesterday, we went out for a walk. A. As a fine day B. It was a fine day C. It being a fine day D. For it was a fine day23. The old man stood there, _. A. with back against the wall B. with his back against the wall C. with back against wall D. his back against wall24. _, Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Times permitting25. _, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said26. _, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather27. _, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given28. She stood there, _ from her cheeks. A. tears rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down29. _, the leaves are turning green. A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on30. _, I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lose31. I used to sleep with the window _. A. opened B. open C. opening D. to open32. _, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder33. _ production up by 60, the compa