补充注释 Unit 2 Notes to the Texts

Unit 2 Sailing the Oceans补充注释1. This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration, which carried the minimum amount of risk. 这似乎已是最早的、最有用的探险方式，所冒的风险也最小。在seem后接动词不定式的完成式seem to have done / been表示“该动作发生在seem之前”。如： He seems to have lost confidence in himself. 他似乎已失去了自信。 They dont seem to have grasped what I meant. （or They didnt seem to have grasped）他们好像还没明白我的意思。 Rose is quite familiar with the people in this town. She seems to have been there a lot. 罗丝和镇子里的人很熟悉。她好像经常去那里。carry在本句的意思是“具备；含有；包含”。如： This report carried a serious warning of future trouble. 这个报告含有对未来困境的严重警告。minimum在本句用作形容词，意思是the smallest possible or allowed，一般只能作定语用。如：Whats the minimum age for leaving school in Britain? 在英国离校的最小年龄是多少? Youll need a minimum deposit of $20,000. 你需要最好20 000美元的押金。 Eighty cents is the minimum fare on buses. 公交车最少的车票是80美分。 minimum常用作名词，意思是the smallest amount or level that is possible or allowed, 多用单数形式。其复数形式是minima或minimums。如： I need a minimum of seven hours sleep. 我至少需要七个小时的睡眠。 The minimum he will accept is25,000 a year. 他每年至少得到25 000英镑。 We will try and keep the cost of the tickets to a minimum. 我们要努力让票价保持在一个最低限。词语联想： the least“最少”（修饰不可数名词），the fewest“最少”（修饰可数名词），the lowest“最低”。如： Which method will cause the fewest problems? 哪种方法产生的问题最少? The lowest charge for a rented car is $20 a day. 租小汽车最少的费用是一天20美元。 minimum的反义词是maximum。如： The bus can carry a maximum of 40 people. 这辆公车最多可载40人。 25,000 is the maximum we can afford. 25000美元是我们付得起的最高价。 2. As the ship advanced through the water the knots were counted as they passed through a seamans hands. 当船只在水中前进时，这些绳结从海员的手中经过，这时海员就记下绳结的数目。 这句话里的as表示“当时候；与同时”（while something else is happening）。如：The phone rang just as I was leaving the house. 我刚要出门，电话就响了。 advance这里作动词，意思是“前进；向前推移”（move forward），也可用作及物动词，意思是“使前进；将推向前”（move or put something / somebody forward）。如：The army advanced on the city. 军队向城市进军。 The climbers have advanced two miles from base camp. 登山者已从大本营向前推进两英里。 What he has done will advance the cause of world peace. 他所做的将促进世界和平事业。 其反义词是retreat。 advance的其它意思与用法： 1）发展；拓展；增进（make progress, or help sth to progresshelp a person, a planto succeed）。如： Such conduct is unlikely to advance your interests. 这样的行为不太可能增加你的利益。 2）预支（pay money before it is due to be paid; lend money）。如： He asked his employer to advance him a months salary. 他要求雇主预付他一个月的薪水。 3）提出（看法、建议等）（make a suggestionfor discussion）。如： Scientists have advanced a new theory to explain this phenomenon. 科学家提出了一项解释这种现象的新理论。 The report advances the suggestion that safety standards should be improved. 这个报告提出了安全标准应改进的建议。 4）提前（move an event to an earlier date）。如： The date of the meeting has been advanced from 10 to 3 June. 会议日期已从6月10日提前到3日。Can we advance the date of the meeting by three days? 我们可以把会议日期提前3天吗? 这时其反义词是postpone, put off。 3. However, it was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself. 但是，它不容易使用，因为其参照点之一就是行驶中的船只本身。it指上面提到的星盘，awkward的意思是not convenient，difficult；as的意思是because。it was awkward to use可理解为：It was awkward to use the astrolabe. 这个句子的主语it又可看成是不定式的逻辑宾语。这种句子结构是“主语 + is / was+形容词 + 不定式”。再举几例：This tin opener is awkward to clean. 这个开罐器很难清洗。This river is dangerous to swim in. 在这条河里游泳很危险。awkward的意思是“笨拙的，不灵活的；难用的，不便操作的；尴尬的；为难的；麻烦的；棘手的”。如：He is rather awkward with his hands. 他动手能力很差。It is an awkward machine to use. 这是个很难操作的机器。 Our visitors came at an awkward time. 我们的客人在一个尴尬时刻来访。 There was along awkward silence in the room. 房间里出现了长时间令人尴尬的寂静场面。 reference的意思是“参考；查阅”。如： You can use this dictionary for easy reference. 为了查阅方便，你可以使用这本辞典。 There is a list of references at the end of the article. 在这篇文章后面有参考目录。 They will lend you money if you can provide a bankers reference. 如果你有银行证明，他们就给你贷款。 4. It was starvation quantities but the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with psychologically. 这点儿份量的食物只能让人处于饥饿之中，可是让我们心理上最难承受是极度缺水。it是指代上句的a piece of bread。starvation quantities意思是“分到的面包太少，吃了还是饿”。 the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with可理解为the hardest for us was to cope with the extreme lack of water，其结构可参见补充注释3。应注意的是，这里的不定式to cope是不及物动词，必须加上结构和意义所需的介词with。如： Mary is pleasant to talk to. 与玛丽聊天很愉快。I think this bed must be comfortable to sleep on. 我想睡在这张床上一定很舒服。 还可参见注释3的有关例句。starvation意思是“挨饿；饥饿；饿死”（suffering or death because there is not enough food）。例如： die of starvation饿死 on a starvation diet饥饿减肥 starvation wages即extremely low wages，挨饿工资，不够维持基本生活的工资。 词语联想 starvation的动词是starve，意思是“挨饿；饿死”（suffer very badly or die from hunger）。如： Millions of people are starving in the poor countries of the world. 世界贫困国家中无数的人在挨饿。 That winter many animals starved to death. 那年冬天有许多动物饿死。psychologically意思是“心理上地”（from a psychological point of view）。如： Psychologically it is a good idea to praise a child for their efforts. 从心理上来讲，因孩子的努力而表扬他们是个好主意。 She was tough, both physically and psychologically. 无论从心理上还是生理上他都是坚强的。词语联想 psychological（adj.）心理上的，心理学的（of or connected with the way that mind works），例如： Are there important psychological differences between the two sexes? 两性间是否有主要的心理差异?psychological tests心理检测 psychology（n. ） 1）心理学（the study or science of the mind and the way it works and influences behavior）。如：educational psychology教育心理学2）心理（the type of mind that a person or group of people has）。如： If we understood the psychology of the killer we would have a better chance of catching him. 如果我们了解杀手的心理，我们就有更多的机会抓住他。 psychologist（n.）心理学家（a person who is trained in psychology） 5. The tension in the boat got worse as the supply of food and water gradually disappeared. 随着食物与水的供应渐渐短缺，船上的气氛也越来越紧张。 tension在本句的意思是“紧张；焦虑；焦急”。如：Tension increased as we waited for the results to be published. 当我们等待结果发布时，越发紧张起来。I could hear the tension in her voice as she spoke. 当她说话时，我听出了她那紧张的语气。tension可以表示“紧张局势；紧张关系”。如：There are signs of growing tension between the two countries. 有迹象在表明两国之间的紧张局势在加剧。tension还可表示“拉力，张力；绷紧”。如：The ten