正式文体与非正式文体的若干差别2003.doc

正式文体与非正式文体的若干差别缩写词，如dont, mustnt, hes, Ive 等，一般用于非正式文体。在正式文体中则把它们写全。泛指的不定代词you常用于非正式文体中，在正式文体中则用？You never know what new measures the president will take.One never knows what new measures the president will take.在非正式文体中，who可以代替whom在疑问句中用作宾语。在非正式文体中，宾语从句前的that常省去，尤其在表示“说”和“想”的动词后面：She said (that) she would come. 在非正式文体中，they 可以指代everyone, everybody, someone, no one等。Has everyone finished doing their exercises?Has everyone finished doing his or her exercises?在非正式文体中，虚拟语气的句子如是I, he, she 及it等词，可用was 代替were.I wish he was here with us.分词短语一般用于正式文体。Having been warned of the impending storm, the captain decided to put off the voyage.When the captain heard a storm was coming, he decided to put off the voyage.独立主格结构一般用于正式文体The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.As the weather was fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.作状语或定语的短语，放在主语前使句子更加正式。Eager to finish the work, he continued to do it until midnight.插入语使句子更显正式He shaved very slowly and carefully, as was his custom, in front of the mirror above the sink.一系列的名词，动词或形容词使句子正式化She experienced love and hate, grief and happiness.下列句型常用于正式文体长句 平行结构的句子Let us be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal vanities, indifferent to age, rank or experience if these stand in our way.并列复合句对偶句(结构相似，意思相反)The politician is concerned with successful elections, whereas the statesman is interested in the future of his people.圆周句（最重要的意思放在最后，直到最后一个词时句子的结构才完整）松散句：She decided to study English though she was interested in music.圆周句：Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.在词汇方面，日常用语多来自盎格鲁萨克森语（古英语），而正式词汇多来自希腊语，拉丁语和法语。在学到一个正式词汇时，不妨同时记住一个意思相近的非正式词。begin deepcommence profoundlucky end continuefortunate terminate proceedraise clear sameelevate explicit identicallearned try strangeerudite endeavor eccentric动词短语常用于谈话体go on (continue)look into (investigate)endure( put up with)produce(turn out) 缩略语，如ad, bike, pop等，在正式文体中并不多见。俚语的说法极为随便，不用于正式文体。科技论文及摘要的写作注意事项所写的英语句子语法上一定要正确，进而努力做到地道，准确。在语法结构正确的基础上，进一步熟悉各个专业固有的表达法。如数学上，“这个解验证无误”，英语常用“The solution checks”. “这等于是说”，英语用“This amounts to saying” 或“This is equivalent to saying”等。2. 本文提出了一种新的计算机辅助设计方法。最后举例说明了这种方法的应用。A new computer-aided design method is presented (in this paper).Finally, the application of this method is illustrated with an example.广泛使用被动句在科技论文中由于主要讲述客观现象和事实，被动句的使用很广泛，英文文摘中更是如此。我们通常见到的英文文摘的第一句话“本文提出了（介绍了，证明了）。，英美人常用被动句。e.g. A new procedure for checking the stability of the digital filters is proposed.若在文摘中使用主动语态，则可用?the authors/ the author,词汇问题3.1 科技工作者在写作时除了大量使用专门术语外，还喜欢用一些日常语言中不怎么使用的书面词汇（big words）。 科技文的词汇总的来说形体比较长，词义比较专一，前后缀出现频率高。3.1.1 规范词汇（formal words）about/approximatelychange/ transformsay/ remarkput/place3.1.2 bring out/introducefind out/ discover不用动词短语，体现科技英语精炼的特征，力避冗赘。注意词汇搭配晶体管和电子管相比有不少优点。Transistors have several advantages over electron tubes.避免使用口语Lots of/ manyQuite a few/ several避免使用缩略语Lab/ laboratoryMike/ microphone我们把无线电波与水波作了比较.本文对这一设备的性能进行了分析。Radio waves are compared with water waves.A comparison of radio waves with water waves is made.The performance of this device is analyzed(in this paper).An analysis of the performance of this device is made( in this paper).趋于用名词来表示动作。4句子特征4.1 句子比较长，结构严密紧凑。科技语体要求使用完整严密的句法，句子成分多，层次多，复居多，长句多。有统计资料表明，科技论文的句子平均长度在20-30个词。如何使文章的结构较为严密，紧凑？ e.g. 我们对器件参数进行了初步的分析，其结果令人满意。An initial analysis of the device parameters has been made with satisfactory results.电子与原子核的大小大致相同，其直径大约为厘米。An electron is about as large as a nucleus, its diameter being about cm.本文对计算机的原理作了简要的介绍，重点放在软件上。A brief introduction to the principles of a computer is given with emphasis on software.本文提出了解决这一问题的新方法，这种方法简单而可行。A new method to solve this problem is presented, which is simple and practicable.通常有三种手段。with 短语，形容词短语分词，独立主格结构各类从句（尤其定语从句）4.2 趋于采用一些常用句型4.2.1 “have” 句型a. 表示尺寸，大小等结构The mountain has a height of 2000 meters.These steel plates have a thickness of 2 centimeters.b. 表示优缺点的结构That type of antenna has the advantages of simple structure and high efficiency.This external load has a low resistance.c.表示比较的结构X-rays have a shorter wavelength than light rays(do).4.2.2 采用“be”句型The mountain is 2000 meters high( in height).The height of the mountain is 2000 meters.X-rays are shorter in wavelength than light rays (are).The wavelength of X-rays is shorter than that of light rays(is).4.3 采用静态结构来表示状态，特征。This concept can be applied to metallic conductors.(is applicable)The effect cannot be seen.(is invisible)Example 1 illustrates straight-line programming.(is an illustration of)This proves again that most liquids are good conductors.(is another proof)This problem is now being considered.(is now under consideration)This new method is being tested.(is on trial).4.3.1 系表结构（形容词，名词，介词短语）4.4 常用短语来代替从句使句子结构紧凑。Because it interacts with the ground.Because of its interaction with the ground.If is equal to zeroFor equal to zeroWith equal to zeroWhen we studied electricity,In our study of electricity4.4.1 介词短语If the diode is analyzed physically, it can be shown thatA physical analysis of the diode shows thatIf the assumptions are thoroughly examined, it can be revealed thatA through examination of the assumptions reveals thatBecause the iron is presenting the coil, the induction has been increased to over 5000 times what it was.The presence of the iron in the coil has increased the induction to over 5000 times what it was.4.4.2 用作主语的名词短语代替状语从句The signals which are not wantedThe unwanted signalsAn alloy which is widely usedA widely used alloyA country which produces rubberA rubber-producing countryEquipment which is driven by a motorMotor-driven equipment采用前置定语。在表示的方法是时，不用the method foris增大电容量的方法是加大平板的面积The capacitance is increased by making the area of the plates large减小波纹的方法是增大滤波电容器的数值Ripple is reduced by increasing the value of the filter capacitor.科技论文和文摘中不使用缩略形式。It is of great importanceWe cannot determine词性转译集成电路只是最近几年才发展起来的。Integrated circuits are fairly recent development.操作电机需要懂得电机的一些性能。The operation of an electric machine needs some knowledge of its performance.激光可应用于许多科学领域，也适合各种实际用途。Laser has the applicability to many fields of science and the adaptability to practical uses.空气是由若干种气体混合而成。The air is made up of mixture of gases.当物体所带电子超过正常数时，该物体便带负电。A body is negatively charged when it has electrons in excess of its normal number.大多数低温试验都要借助于液态氮。Most experiments at very low temperature are made with the help of liquid helium.对制造集成电路来说，高纯度的单晶是绝对必要的。Single crystals of high perfection are an absolute necessity for the fabrication of integrated circuits.光掩模的尺寸必须是稳定的。The photo mask must possess dimensional stability.这些设计计算可用来证明半导体器件理论的实际应用。The design calculation will serve as an illustrative application of the theory of semiconductor devices.在裂变过程中，裂变碎块的放射性很强。In fission processes the fission fragment are very radioactive.The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.刀具须具有足够的强度，硬度，韧性和耐磨性。这种仪器的特点是结构紧凑和携带方便。The instrument is characterized by its compactness and portability.The scale is marked to show the strength of the current in amps.度盘上的刻度表示电流强度的安培数。气体和固体的区别在于气体的可压缩性比固体的大。Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.用食盐制取的氯可用来漂白纸张和纺织品。The chlorine from salt is used for bleaching paper and textiles.这块电表具有很高的灵敏度