基础语法-定语从句.doc

Attributive ClauseI. 定语从句（形容词性从句）1. 分类-限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句： 限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开，引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略； 非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思的完整，一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。关系代词用which，不用that；指人时可用who，例如： I have two sisters, who are both students. Crusoes dog, which was now very old, became ill and died.2. 连接词-关系代词who, whom, which, that关系代词as关系副词where, when ,why, that；关系代词(形容词)whose；3解题原则-保持主句的完整性并避免主句成分的重叠在定语从句中，不管出现任何情况，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须有主语和谓语，缺一不可，否则，整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较：（1）Is this factory _ we visited last week ? （2）Is this the factory _ we visited last week ? A. which B. where C. what D. the one判断先行词在句中担当的语法成分。4that 的用法- 由that引导的定语从句：that在定语从句中可以指人或物，在从句中作主语、谓语动词或介词的宾语。（但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语）例如： The letter that I received was from my father.先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。例如：All that we have to do is to practise every day.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。例如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten. This is the best film that Ive ever seen. 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰。例如：I have read all the books (that) you gave me. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，例如：This is the only shirt that I want to buy. 先行词既有人又有物时，例如：They talked of things and persons that they remembered. 当句中已有who时，为避免重复。例如：Who is the man that is talking to John? 用作关系代词，修饰表示时间的名词如day, time, moment等，代替when。例如：It happened on the day that/when I was born. 主句是who 或which 引导的特殊问句时为避免重复。例如：Who is the girl that is standing under the tree ? Which is the machine that we used last Sunday? 如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用，则另一个用that。例如：Tom built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.5介词+关系代词- 不能用that。介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如：Thats the reason for which he was late for school. This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan. 定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时，介词应放在动词之后，不能拆开放在关系代词前。例如：This is the key which you are looking for. This is the baby whom you will look after. 注意：该结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which .6定语从句中的主谓一致-关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如：Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.7As/as与which 的用法辨析-as引导的定语从句： as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、表语或状语，构成the sameas, suchas等结构。例如：I like the same book as you do.(as作宾语） I shall do it in the same way as you did.（as作状语） I want to have such a dictionary as he has.(as作宾语）； as引导非限定性定语从句。as在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前。例如： As we all know, he studies very hard.（as代表整个句子，作宾语） As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.（as代表整个句子，作主语） 常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is known to all, as it is, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。 注意：关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致；关系代词whom, which, that在限定性定语从句作动词宾语或介词宾语，而该介词又位于从句末尾时，经常省略，但as一般不省略；关系代词which和as在定语从句中的区别是：位置上的区别- as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可插在主句的中间；which只能放在句中；例如：As is known to us all , the earth turns around the sun . The earth , as is known to us all , turns around the sun . The earth turns around the sun , as is known to us all . The earth turns around the sun , which our parents once told us when we were very young . 2. 词义与联系上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系，as 本身含有“正如”、“就像”之意；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句，which 本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。例如：Light travels faster than sound , as we all know . Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry . 【专项训练】1Football is a very interesting game , is played all over the worldAthat BwhichCit Dwho2Is there anything else you require?AwhichBthatCwhoDwhat3The last place we visited was the Great WallAwhichBthatCwhere Dit 4He talked happily about the men and books interested him greatly in the schoolAwhichBwhoCitDthat5The railway tunnel, though the train goes, will be completed soonAwhich BthatCitDwhom6His uncle works in a factory bicycles are madeAthat Bwhich Cwhere Dthere7There is no dictionary you can find everythingAthatBwhichCwhere Din that8Next month, youll spend in your hometown is comingAwhichBthatCwhenDwhere9Next month, youll be in your hometown is comingAwhichBthatCwhenDwhere10I often thought of my childhood , I lived on a farmAwhichBwhereCwhenDwho11He wanted to know the time he needed to know AthatBwhenCwhereDwhat12There isnt so much noise in the country in big citiesAthatBwhichCwhereDas 13They could only read such stories had been rewritten in simple English AthatBwhichCas Dwhat14The stems of bamboo are hollow makes them very lightAwhichBas CthatDit15Crusoes dog became ill and died , made him very lonely Aas BwhichCthatDthis16Theyve invited me to their party , is kind of themAas BwhichCThatDthis17 we know now ,bats come out only at night AAs BWhich C ThatDWhat18John got beaten in the game , had been expected Aas BthatCwhatDwho19 has been said above ,grammar is a set of dead rulesAWhichBWhatCThatDAs 20Do you know the reason he was late?AthatBwhichCfor whatDfor which21He built a telescope he could study the skiesAin which Bwith thatCthrough which Dby it 22I have bought two ballpens , writes well Anone of which Bneither of which Cnone of them Dneither of them23There are two thousand students in our school , are girls Aof whom two thirds Btwo -thirds of them Ctwo -third in them Dtwo -thirds in which 24Do you know the man ?Awhom I spoke Bto who I spoke CI spoke to Dthat I spoke25The factory well visit next week isnt far from here Awhere Bin which Cwhich Dto which26This is one of the best films this yearAhave been shown Bthat have shownCthat have been shownDwhich has been shown27Can you lend me the book the other day ?Ayou talked about Babout that you talked Cthat you talked Dwhich you talked 28Is there any one in you class family is in the city Awho Bwhos Cwhich Dwhose29Ill never forget the days we stayed togetherAwhen Bin which Cwhich Dwhat30Is some German friends visited last week