仁爱版九年级英语复习教案.doc

仁爱英语九上复习提纲Unit 1 Topic 1 Section A1. Great changes have taken place there此句是现在完成时，表示在说话之前已发生或完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。其结构是“助动词have/has+动词的过去分词”。e.g. I have finished that work. 我已经完成了那项工作。She has bought a new bike. 她买了一辆新自行车。2. have/has been to.去过。e.g. He has been to Hubei. 他去过湖北。（人已不在湖北，表示有此经历,曾经去过那里。）I have been to Beijing several times. 我去过北京几次。3. so.that. 如此以至于，引导结果状语从句。e.g. He ran so quickly that we couldnt keep up with him.他跑得很快，我们都赶不上。so.that.引导的从句有时可以和too.to.句型互换。e.g. He is so young that he cant go to school. = He is too young to go to school.他太小了，还不能上学。4. improve 意为“提高，(使)好转，改进，改善”。a.可作及物动词。improve oneself自我提高。e.g. He has improved his health. 他的健康状况得到了改善。b.可作不及物动词。e.g. His health is improving. 他的健康状况正在好转。另：improve on/upon sth.对做出改进。e.g. He has improved on the invention. 他进一步完善了他的发明。improvement n. 改进（处），增进，改进的事物。5. by the way 顺便问一问。e.g. By the way, do you know him? 顺便问一问，你认识他吗？6. have/has gone to.已经去了，它强调主语此时不在说话地点。e.g. She has gone to Shanghai. 她已经去了上海。注意：区分have/has been to和have/has gone to的用法。7. There goes the bell.Thats the bell.The bell is ringing.铃响了。此句是倒装语序。倒装分为局部倒装和完全倒装，主语是代词时一般用局部倒装，主语是名词时则用完全倒装。e.g. There comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。Look! Here he comes. 看！他来了。Here you are. 给你。Unit 1 Topic 1 Section B1. learn (.) from. 从中学习（到）。e.g. We must learn from each other. 我们必须互相学习。He learnt a lot from his friends last summer. 去年夏天他从朋友那里学了很多知识。2. a. though conj. 尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句。注意：though不能与but连用。e.g. Though it was late, he went on working. 尽管天晚了，但他仍在工作。b. have (no) time to do sth. 意为“有(没有)时间做”。e.g. I have time to see you. 我有时间去看你。3. a. describe v. 描述。e.g. The police asked her to describe the two men. 警察让她描述那两名男子。其名词是description。b. in detail详细地。e.g. Please explain your plan in detail. 请详细讲讲你的计划。4. afford 常接在can, could, be able to之后，表示担负得起（的费用、损失、后果等）；抽得出（时间）。e.g. At last, we can afford a house. 最后我们终于买得起房子了。We cant afford to waste time and money. 我们不能浪费时间和金钱。afford还可意为“提供，给予，出产”。e.g. Reading affords pleasure.读书给人带来快乐。5. in order to. 为了，以便e.g. He studied hard in order to pass the exam. 他努力学习以便通过考试。support 作动词。a.维持,供养,负担（费用）。e.g. He has a large family to support. 他有一大家子要养活。b.支撑，扶持。e.g. Walls support the roof. 墙支撑着屋顶。c.支持，赞成。e.g. His family supported him in his decision. 他的家人支持他的决定。give support to.为提供帮助。这里support作名词。e.g. We should give support to poor children. 我们应该给贫困孩子提供帮助。6. nowadays adv. 现今，现时（着重与过去相比）。常用于一般现在时。e.g. Nowadays most children in our country can get a good education. 现今我国大多数的孩子都能受到好的教育。now adv. 现在，此刻，目前。着重指现在。常用于一般现在时或现在进行时中。e.g. He is at home now. 他现在在家。Now they are playing games in the park. 现在他们在公园里玩游戏。7. develop v.发展，发达。developed adj. 发达的，developing adj. 发展中的，development n.发展。e.g. Chinas economy has developed a lot, but China is still a developing country while the U.S.A. is adeveloped country. 中国的经济已经有了很大的发展，但中国仍是一个发展中国家，而美国是一个发达国家。Unit 1 Topic 1 Section C1. more than 相当于over，意为“超过，多于”，后常跟数词。more than/over ten men 十多个人。more . than . 意为“比更”，是比较级的一种用法。中间多接名词、多音节的形容词或副词原级。e.g. I have more friends than you. 我的朋友比你的多。He is more careful than Jim. 他比吉姆细心。2. see sth. oneself 意为“亲眼目睹”。e.g. I saw him helping others myself. 我亲眼目睹他帮助别人。3. have the chance to do sth. 意为“有机会做某事”。e.g. Ill have the chance to visit your factory next Sunday. 下星期天我将有机会去参观你们的工厂。4. a. keep in touch with . 意为“与保持联系”。e.g. He still keeps in touch with his old friends. 他仍和老朋友们保持联系。b. far away遥远，常放在句末作后置定语。e.g. They live in a village far away. 他们住在一个遥远的村子里。far away adj. 遥远的e.g. a far away town 一个遥远的小镇far away from+某地，离遥远。如前面有具体数字时，则不能连用far。e.g. My home is far away from Beijing. 我家离北京很远。My hometown is about 100 kilometers away from Shanghai.我的家乡离上海大约100公里。5. not only.but also. 不但而且，用来连接两个相同的成分。连接主语时，谓语动词须和邻近的主语保持一致。e.g. Not only he but also I have been to Canada. 不仅他去过加拿大，我也去过。6. a. already adv. 意为“已经”，多用于现在完成时，常放在肯定句中间或句末。e.g. I have already read this book. 我已经看过这本书了。b. succeed in sth./doing sth.意为“成功地做某事”。e.g. Tom succeeded in making a beautiful model plane. 汤姆成功地做好了一个漂亮的飞机模型。success n. 成功。successful adj. 成功的。7. a. it 是形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语。e.g. I find it is easy for us to learn English well. 我发现对我们来说学好英语是容易的。b. dream about 梦想，展望，后接名词或动词-ing形式。e.g. He dreams about a new house. 他梦想拥有一栋新房子。We used to dream about living abroad. 过去我们常常梦想去国外生活。Unit 1 Topic 2 Section A1. get lost 走失，迷路。其中lost为形容词，其近义词有missing和gone。e.g. I found my bike missing.我发现我的自行车丢了。My pen is lost. 我的笔丢了。My watch is gone.我的手表不见了。2. call up给打电话,名词作宾语时可以放在up后面或两词之间；宾语是代词时，必须放在两词之间。e.g. I called Tom up yesterday, but he didnt answer it. 昨天我给汤姆打电话，但他没有接。Ill call you up as soon as I come back. 我一回来就给你打电话。同义词组：ring up, make a telephone call。3. So do I. 此句为完全倒装句。其含义为“A如此，B也如此。”其结构是so+be/助动词/情态动词主语。e.g. He likes playing the piano. So does she. 他喜欢弹钢琴，她也是。其否定结构为neither/norbe/助动词/情态动词+主语。e.g. I am not good at singing, neither is he. 我不擅长唱歌，他也是。注:so主语+ be/助动词/情态动词，它指两者对同一事物的看法，意为“A如此或A的确如此。”e.g. I think Tom can work out the problem. 我认为汤姆能算出这道题。So he can. 他的确能。4. already常用于肯定句中，指动作已经发生,或比期望发生的要早，一般用在句子中间或句末；yet用于疑问句和否定句中，谈论尚未发生但可能发生的事，通常位于句末。e.g. Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃过午饭了吗？Yes, Ive already had it.是的，我已经吃过了。5. a. such a beautiful country 意为“如此美丽的国家”。区别so, such的用法：so修饰形容词或副词原级，such修饰名词，有时两者可互换。e.g. such a nice girl = so nice a girl 如此漂亮的一个女孩。但名词前如果出现much, many, little, few等表数量的词时要用so。e.g. so many people 这么多人。b. before（表示时间）以前，是副词而不是介词或连词，属较模糊的时间状语，表示到说话时间为止之前发生的事，大多使用完成时态。e.g. I have read that novel before.我以前看过那本小说。6. seem v.似乎是，其近义词为appear，常见结构有seem(to be)表语。e.g. He seems (to be) quite happy. 他似乎很快乐。It seems that 从句。e.g. It seems that he is quite happy.他似乎很快乐。I seem to have seen him somewhere before. It seems that I have seen him somewhere before. 我好像曾在什么地方见过他。seemto do sth. e.g. He seemed to enjoy himself.他好像很愉快。7. population意为“人口”,“居民”，常用形容词large或small来表示人口的多少。e.g. China has the largestpopulation in the world.中国拥有世界上最多的人口。注:常用句式：Whats the population of.? 意为“人口是多少？”have a population of. 意为“有人口”e.g. China has a population of 1.3 billion. 中国有13亿人口。8. take place 发生，常指经过安排的。e.g. When will the party take place? 那个聚会什么时候举行？happen 发生、碰巧，常指偶然发生。e.g. A traffic accident happened to his father yesterday. 他的爸爸昨天发生了车祸。He happened to meet an old friend. 他碰巧遇见了一位老朋友。注意：happen和take place没有被动语态形式。9. because ofn./v.-ing 因为。e.g. Now most families have only one child because of our countrys one-child policy. =Because our country has the one-child policy, now most families have only one child. 由于我国实施独生子女政策，现在大多数家庭只有一个孩子。10. neither pron.意为“两者都不”。e.g. Neither answer is right. 两个答案都错了。当A不怎样，B也不怎样时，其结构为：neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语。e.g. You arent a worker, neither is he. 你不是工人，他也不是。11. be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格。e.g. The teacher is strict with his students.老师对他的学生要求严格。be strict in (doing) sth. 对(做)某事严格要求。e.g. The teachers are strict in our homework.老师们对我们的作业要求严格。Unit 1 Topic 2 Section B1. increase v. (使)增加，（使)增大，增多,increase by倍数或百分数，表示“增加了倍或百分之”。e.g. Compared with last year, our pay hasincreased by three times. 与去年相比，我们的工资增长了三倍。increase to具体的增长后的数字，表示“增加到了”。e.g. Our rice output has increased to 6 million tons this year. 我们水稻产量今年增长到了六百万吨。2. second在这里意为“居第二位的”。India is second with 1.1 billion相当于India has the second largest population with 1.1 billion。e.g. As a dancer, she is second to none. 作为一名舞蹈家，她的舞技不亚于任何人。3. carry out 实行，进行，执行。e.g. It wont be an easy plan to carry out. 那并不是一个容易实施的计划。e.g. This is a new policy, and they will carry it out next year. 这是一项新政策，他们将在明年实施它。Unit 1 Topic 2 Section C1. 要表示“几分之几的”时，采用“分数+ of + .”形式。e.g. two thirds of the students. 三分之二的学生。英语中分数表示法为：分子采用基数词，分母采用序数词且有单/复数形式。分子大于1，分母要用复数形式。e.g. one seventh七分之一，two sevenths七分之二。注：四分之一亦作a quarter，百分数读作“基数词+percent（无复数）”。e.g. 30%读作thirty percent。half意为“一半，二分之一”，相当于one second或50%。2. whole着眼于整体，接可数名词单数形式。谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。e.g. The whole family likes watching TV.全家人都喜爱看电视。This whole week has passed quickly.整个一周都过得很快。all着重于全体中的各个部分，接不可数名词或名词复数。e.g. All the people in the ship lost their lives.轮船上所有人都遇难了。3. be short of 缺乏。e.g. She is always short of money. 她总是缺钱。be short for . 是的缩写；for short简称、简写。e.g. TV is short for television. = we call television TV for short. TV是television的缩写形式。4. be known as.be famous as. 以而闻名。e.g. Edison was famous/known as a great scientist. 爱迪生以一位伟大的科学家而闻名/著称。5. work well in doing sth. 在做某事方面很有成效。e.g. Reciting texts every day has worked well in learning English. 每天背诵课文在学习英语方面很有成效。Unit 1 Topic 2 Section D1. called Fairmont过去分词短语放在名词后作后置定语，这里called可改为named/with the name of .。e.g. The boy called/named/with the name of Li Lei is my brother. 名叫李雷的那个男孩是我的弟弟。2. unless conj. 除非，如果不。e.g. I will not go unless he asks me to go. 如果他不让我去，我就不去。unless = if not上句同义句：I will not go if he doesnt ask me to go.3. a couple of在本文中意为“一些，几个”，相当于a few, several, 修饰可数名词。e.g. a couple of apples几个苹果。a couple of 通常意为“一对，一双，夫妇”，指任何两件同类的东西。e.g. a couple of dogs两条狗, two couples of socks两双袜子, a young couple一对年轻夫妇。a pair of 指两件不能分开使用的东西，如鞋、袜、手套、裤子、剪刀等。e.g. a pair of shoes一双鞋, a pair of pants一条裤子。4. interest意为“吸引力,趣味”,不可数名词。a place of interest一处名胜，places of interest许多名胜。e.g. There are many places of interest in our city. 我们城市有许多名胜。5. huge巨大的，庞大的，反义词tiny，除表示数量、体积等外，还可表示程度很高。e.g. a huge success巨大的成功。Unit 1 Topic 3 Section A1. How do you like (doing) sth.?=What do you think of .? e.g. How do you like the weather inBeijing?你认为北京的天气怎么样？=What do you think of the weather in Beijing? How do you like playing basketball now? 你认为现在打篮球怎么样？=What do you think of playing basketball now?2. get used to (doing) sth.习惯于做某事，可用于现在、过去、将来的多种时态中。get可用be/become等来代替。e.g. He will be (has been) used to getting up early. 他将会(已经)习惯早起。used to do sth. 过去总是做某事（而现在不做了），只用于过去时。e.g. He used to be a quiet boy. 他过去是个不太爱说话的男孩。be used to do sth.被用于做某事。e.g. Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用于造纸。3. since引导的从句常用一般过去时，表示“自从以 来”，它前面的主句通常使用完成时。e.g. It has rained since I came here two days ago. 自从两天前我来到这里就一直下雨。4. a. as a matter of fact实际上，相当于in fact。e.g. I havent been here long. As a matter of fact, I just got off the plane yesterday morning. 我到这里没多久。实际上，我昨天早上刚下飞机。b. 动词不定式to live在此作place的定语。动词不定式作定语时,与所修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,如果该不定式是不及物动词,或者其本身有宾语,后面应有必要的介词。但当动词不定式所修饰的名词是place时，不定式后面通常没有介词。类似的句子：We were looking for a place to eat. 我们正找个吃饭的地方。5. must是情态动词，在这里意为“一定”，常用于表达希望尽快做某事。e.g. We must come over and try out your new car. 我们改天一定来试试你的新汽车。for在此是介词，表示目的。e.g. You must come for seeing me next week. 下周你一定要来看我。6. discover v. 发现，是由cover加上前缀dis-构成的新单词。这种构词法叫派生法，派生法可通过加前缀或后缀构成新单词。e.g. invent v. 发明，加上后缀-tion构成invention n.发明。Unit 1 Topic 3 Section B1. a. once conj.一旦就。引导时间状语从句。e.g. Once you hear the song，you will never forget it. 一旦你听到这首歌，你会永远忘不了它。b. in need 在困难时，在贫困之中。e.g. The teacher is so kind-hearted that he often helps the students in need. 这位老师心地善良，他经常帮助贫困的学生。c. decide on+n./v.-ing = decide to do sth. 决定要做某事。e.g. They decided on a field trip for their holidays. = They decided to have a field trip for their holidays. 他们决定假期春游。2. provide v. 提供，供应。e.g. That hotel provides good meals.那家旅馆供应丰盛的膳食。常用于下列结构: provide sb. with sth.（提供给某人某物）。e.g. The man-agers provided us with a few computers. 经理们给我们提供了几台电脑。provide sth. for sb.（为某人提供某物）。e.g. They provided food for the poor. 他们给穷人们提供了食品。3. a. It is +adj. + for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是。e.g. It is important for us to learn English well. 对于我们来说学好英语是重要的。b. feel good感到愉快或有信心。e.g. Feeling good about yourself is helpful to you. 有信心对你是有帮助的。Unit 1 Topic 1 Section C1. is called 意为“被称为”，是被动语态，结构为：be+动词过去分词。e.g. He is called Little Tom. 他被称为小汤姆。2. success n.，意为“成功”。e.g. I wished him success. 我祝愿他成功。successful adj.，句式 be successful in sth./doing sth. 在(做)某事方面很成功。 e.g. Tom was very successful in (passing) the examination. 汤姆成功地通过了考试。succeed v. 成功，做成，胜利，succeed in (doing) sth. 成功地做了某事。e.g. Michael succeeded in solving the problem. 迈克尔终于解决了这个问题。3. so that以便,以致，既可引导目的状语从句也可引导结果状语从句。引导目的状语从句时，可转换成in order that+从句或in order to do sth.句式。课文句子中so that引导的是目的状语从句，能换成in order that或in order to句式。e.g. Drive carefully so that everyone can enjoy a long life. = Drive carefully in order that everyone can enjoy a long life. 小心开车，利人利己。He was badly ill so that he had to stay in bed for several days. 他病得很重，因此要卧床几天。在这里，so that 不能换成in order that。4. take drugs吸毒。drug还有“药”的意思，但多指狭义的“麻醉剂”、“毒品”，是可数名词。a drug user吸毒者。medicine多指起治疗作用的“药”，通常为口服药，属不可数名词。英语中表示服药的动词常用take或have。Unit 1 Topic 3 Section D1. aim to do sth. 目的是，力争达到。e.g. We aim to finish the work before five oclock. 我们力争五点前完工。2. in the past+时间，此介词结构作时间状语，常指刚刚过去的一段时间，含现在在内，常用于现在完成时中。e.g. In the past twenty years，great changes have taken place in my hometown. 在过去的20年里，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。during the last+时间段，在过去的期间，常用于一般过去时。e.g. During the last five years, our country developed a lot. 在过去的5年间，我们的国家发展很快。3. a. raise征收，招募，筹集。e.g. raise an army招兵, raise money募捐。raise举起，抬起。e.g. raise ones hand举手。b. at home and abroad 国内外。4. a. pay for为付款。e.g. How much did you pay for the book? 这本书花了你多少钱？pay+钱+for sth. 买某物花多少钱。e.g. I paid 5 yuan for a pen yesterday. 昨天我花5元钱买了一支钢笔。b. send . to . 把送到/派到 e.g. The U.S.A. sent lots of soldiers to Iraq. 美国向伊拉克派遣了大量士兵。send sb. to do sth. 派某人去做某事。 e.g. They sent me to learn French there. 他们派我去那儿学习法语。send for派人去请。e.g. Mother is ill. We must send for a doctor. 母亲病了，我们得请医生来。Unit 2 Topic 1 Section A 1. go 在此处为不及物动词，意为“不复存在，不见了，丢失，失窃”。e.g. My new bike has gone. I cant find it. 我的新自行车不见了，我找不到它了。2. a. There be + sth. /sb. doing sth.为固定句型，意为“有某人或某物正在做某事”。e.g. Look! There is a little girl crying in the street瞧！有个小女孩正在街上哭。b. pour . into把倒入。e.g. Please pour the sugar into a cup.请把糖倒入杯里。c. waste adj. 废弃的，无用的，丢弃的。n. 浪费，废弃物 e.g. a waste of time 浪费时间。v. 浪费 e.g. waste ones words 白费口舌。3. be harmful to sb./sth. 对某人或某物有害。e.g. Sweet food is harmful to childrens teeth.甜食对孩子的牙齿有害。Drinking too much wine is harmful to health.嗜酒对健康有害。4. influence v. 对有影响。e.g. The moon influences the tides. 月亮对潮汐有影响。n.影响(力)，感化(力)。e.g. influences on character对性格的影响。Unit2 Topic 1 Section B1. breathe /bri(:)T/ v.意为“呼吸”，名词是breath /bre/，注意不同词性时单词的拼写。e.g. We breathe fresh air我们呼吸新鲜的空气。You can see your breath on a very cold day.你可以在寒冷的天看到你的呼吸。breathe in吸入，breathe out呼出，hold ones breath屏住呼吸，take a (deep) breath (深深地)吸一口气。2. produce v.在此意为“产生，造成，引起”, 表示结果。注意：produce一般侧重工业生产，农业产品，也包括创造脑力劳动产品，而make含义很广,没有具体限制生产何种产品。e.g. The writer produces a new novel every year. 这位作家每年写一本新小说。A hen produces eggs.母鸡产蛋。Toms mother is making a cake for him. 汤姆的妈妈在为他做蛋糕。3. in a bad mood 意为“心情差”；in a good mood 意为“心情好”。e.g. He is in a bad mood today.他今天心情差。4. cant stand sth./doing sth.意为“不能容忍某事/做某事。”e.g. I cant stand the pain. 我受不了这疼痛。I cant stand staying up so late. 这么晚不睡觉我受不了。5. hope v.希望。hope +从句 e.g. I hope(that) you can come, because you are important to me. 我希望你能来，因为你对我来说很重要。hope to do sth. 希望做某事。e.g. I hope to see you at the party. 我希望在聚会上见到你。n. 希望。e.g. Jony failed in the competition, but he never gave up his hope. 乔尼比赛输了，但他从不放弃希望。注：wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事，但不能说hope sb. to do sth.Unit 2 Topic 1 Section C1. not all .此结构表示部分否定，意为“不是所有的”。not与both, all，every以及every的派生词连用时表示部分否定。e.g. Not everybody likes playing basketball不是所有的人都爱打篮球。而neither，none，nothing，nobody， no one等用来表示全部否定。e.g. None of my friends likes swimming我的朋友中没有一个人喜欢游泳。2. quite a few 许多，大量。 e.g. There are quite a few old people living in this area. 这个地区住着许多老年人。3. a. recently最近，指过去不久的某一时刻，和一般过去时连用；指过去不久到现在的一段时间，和现在完成时连用。e.g. I havent heard of her recently. 最近我没听到她的消息。b. it is reported据报道, it is said据说, 这两个短语均表示其后为引用内容。c. no better than. 意为“和(几乎)一样坏”。e.g. His composition is no better than mine. 他的作文和我的一样差。4. do(great)harm to . 对有(很大)害处，此处harm为名词。相当于be harmful to . 意为“对有害的”。e.g. Reading in the sun is harmful to your eyes. = Reading in the sun does harm to your eyes. 在太阳底下阅读对眼睛是有害的。5. including prep. 包括,包含在内。e.g. Ten members were present at the meeting, including myself. 包括我自己在内的10个人出席了会议。include v. 包括,包含。e.g. The price includes both the house and furniture. 这个价格包括房子和里面的家具。6. effect n.影响, have an (no) effect on sth. 对某事（没）有影响。e.g. Smoking must have effects on our health. 吸烟一定对我们的健康有影响。Unit 2 Topic 2 Section A1. as a result 结果。e.g. As a result, we were all late for class. 结果，我们都迟到了。as a result of. 由于。e.g. As a result of ill health, he couldnt go on working any longer. 由于健康状况不佳，他不能继续工作了。2. something useful 形容词修饰不定代词时，要放在所修饰词的后面，作后置定语。somewhere warm 暖和的地方，nothing serious 没什么严重的。e.g. There is something interesting in todays newspaper. 今天的报纸上有一些有趣的事。3. none指三者或三者以上的“没有，都不”，既可指“人”也可指“物”，常与of连用，既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。构成“none of+名词/代词”结构，当名词是不可数名词时，谓语动词用第三人称单数，当名词是复数时，谓语动词用单复数均可。e.g. None of those buses go(es) there.没有一辆公共汽车去那里。若要表示二者的“都不”，应该用neither。回答以how many/much引导的特殊疑问句表示否定时用none; 回答以who引导的特殊疑问句用no one。4. here and there 处处，到处。与everywhere同义。e.g. Ive looked for my key here and there (everywhere), but I cant find it. 我到处找我的钥匙，但就是找不到。5. everyone表示“每个人”，只指人，不指物，不接of短语，它强调整体，如果后接表范围的of短语，则写成every one。e.g. He knows everyone in our class. 他认识我们班里的每一个人。6. We should do everything we can to protect the environment. 此句中we can作everything的定语，省略了引导词that及从句中的谓语do, 意为“一切能做的事情”。Unit 2 Topic 2 Section B1. change into. 变成。e.g. Water has changed into steam. 水变成了蒸气。2. a. stop/prevent sb./sth. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人/某物做某事，from可以省略。e.g. The heavy snow stopped/prevented the visitors (from) leaving the top of the mountain. 大雪使游人不得不停留在山顶上。b. earth着重指与天空相对的“土地”，还泛指泥土；soil主要指用于种植庄稼的“土壤”；ground主要指大地表面；land着重指与河、湖、海洋相对的陆地。e.g. Put the tree in the hole and fill it with earth again. 把树放进坑里，然后用土重新将坑填满。Light, water, air and soil are essential to plant life. 日光、水分、空气和土壤对植物生长是不可缺少的。The bag fell on the ground. 那个包掉到地上了。A lot of good land has gone. 大片的良田消失了。3. cut down砍倒。 e.g. Dont cut down any trees. 别砍树木。注意：cut的现在分词为cutt