第二十章 状语从句反意.doc

学大教育第二十章 状语从句复合句是高考英语考查的重点内容之一，每年的考点仅单项填空就多达三、四道小题。近年来，状语从句的考点比重有逐年增长的趋势。因此，同学们应对状语从句的学习与掌握引起足够的重视。状语从句在复合句里起状语作用，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词。状语从句由从属连词引导，从属连词在从句中不充当成分。状语从句根据它们表达的意思不同，可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较等状语从句。一、时间状语从句高考试题传真 1. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _ Father was away in France. (1994) A. as B. that C. during D. if 2. -What was the party like? -Wonderful. Its years _ I enjoyed myself so much.(1993)A. after B. before C. when D. since3.Not until all the fish died in the river _ how serious the pollution was （NMET 95） Adid the villagers realize Bthe villagers realized Cthe villagers did realize Ddidnt the villagers realize 4.She thought I was talking about her daugher，_，in fact，I was talking about my daughter （1995） Awhom Bwhere Cwhich Dwhile5.Im going to the post office _you are there，can you get me some stamps？ （1999） AAs BWhile CBecause DIf6. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up_ I could answer the telephone.(2000) A. as B. since C. until D. before7.Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her？ YesI gave it to her _ I saw her （2000春季） Awhile Bthe moment Csuddenly Donce8. _the poem a second time,the meaning will become clearer to you. (1996上海) A.Your having read B.While reading C.If reading D.When you read9.They were surprised that a child should work out the problem _ they themselves couldnt （1996上海） Aonce Bthen Cwhile Dif 10.He_to the lab than he set out to do the experiment. (1999上海) A.has no sooner got B.no sooner gotC.will no sooner get D.had no sooner got11I thought her nice and honest _ I met her. (1998,上海)A. first time B. for the first timeC. the first time D. by the first time12. -Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? -Yes. I gave it to her_I saw her.(2001春季) A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once常用来引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:when(当的时候)，whenever(每 当)，after(在之后)，before(在之前)，as(当 ;一边一边)，as soon as/hardlywhen/no soonerthan(一就)，while(在期间)，till/until(直到)，since(自从)，once(一旦就)。如果主句是一般将来时，在时间状语从句中用一般现在时。如:As the students watched him quietly, he mixed three liquids together.在学生们静静地看着他的时候，他把3种液体搅拌在一起。When this soil is destroyed, the forest land will become sand again.土壤被毁坏之后，林地又会变成沙地。They travelled until they came to a wild part of the forest.他们一直走到森林中-块野地里才停下来。Ill return it as soon as I can.我会尽快归还的。注意1while,when和as的用法比较while意为“当时候”，常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程，强调主句的动词和从句的动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。如:Dont talk so loud while others are working.别人工作时，请勿大声说话。when引导的时间状语从句，通常指时间的一点，从句的谓语动词用终止性动词;但它也可以指一段时间，从句中用持续性动词。when引导的从句表示的动作或状态，可以与主句表示的动作或状态同时发生，也可以是先后或紧接着发生。如:He was only ten when he began to work.他10岁时就开始干活了。It was raining hard when I got there.我到达那里时，正在下大雨。as表示“当时候”，往往可以和when互换，但它通常表示动作发生的过程，而不表示状态。在表示 随着或 一边一边的意思时，要用as。如:As we walked we talked.我们边走边谈。注意2since和before的用法比较两者均可用于It+be.+since/before-从句的句型。区别在于since表示自从以来，所在主、从句的谓语动词的时态关系是:It is/has been sometime since sb. did sth.。而before的含义是 (过了多久)才，主、从句的时态关系是:It was/had been some time before sb. did sth.。表过去和将来时，两者相应的句型分别是:It was some time since sb. had done sth.和It will be some time before sb. does sth. 如:It is 30 years since he joined the revolution. 他参加革命己三十年了。It was three days before he came back. 他三天后才回来。注意3名词、副词作连词用有时名词every time(每次)，the next time(下一次)，the next day(第二天)，the moment(一就)等，也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。如:Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.你每一次晚上回来，都把鞋子丢在地板上。Dont stop every time you come to a word or phrase you do not know.不要每遇到一个不认识的单词或短语就停下来。I didnt have a penny the last time I saw you.上一次见你时，我身无分文。The moment he reached the country, he started his search.他一到达这个国家，就开始他的探寻工作。有些副词如immediately，instantly，directly等也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句，表示一就的意思。如:The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise.那位年轻女士一听到响声就冲进房间。Directly the master came in, everyone was quiet.校长一进来，大家就安静下来。二、原因状语从句高考试题传真1.We had better hurry_its getting dark.(1984) A.and B.but C.as D.unless2. Jane wore a raincoat _ it was raining. (1986)A. so B. but C. however D. because3._ you have seen both fighters, _ will win?(1995,上海) A. Since; do you th ink who B. As; who you think C. When; whoever D. Since; who do you think4. _ everybody knows about it, I dont want to talk any more.(1999,上海) A. For B. Even C. Since D. However5. _youve got a chance,you might as well make full use of it. (1999) A.Now that B.After C.Although D.As soon as原因状语从句一般由because(因为)，since(既然)，as(由于)，now that(既然，因为)等连词引导。如:I dont drink beer, because I have to drive home after the party.我不喝啤酒，因为聚会后我要开车回家。Wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking.穿上结实的鞋子，因为我们要走许多路程。Why do people come to his lecture since he is difficult to understand?既然他的话难以听懂，人们为什么还来听他的演讲呢?注意because,since,as,for和now that的用法比较because表示直接的原因或理由，表示原因的语气最强，常表示必然的因果关系。回答以why引起的特殊疑问句，只能用because。如:He is absent today because he is ill.他今天缺课，因为他病了。since表示对方已经知晓、无须加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because稍弱。如:Ill do it for you since you are busy.既然你忙，我来替你做吧。as表示的往往是十分明显的原因，听者或读者已经知道或能看得出来，语气较弱，比较口语化。如:As you object, Ill change the plan.由于你反对，我将改变计划。for是并列连词，它引导的分句不表示直接的原因，而是用来附带解释或说明前面一句的情况。for引导的分句常位于第一分句之后，它们之间用逗号隔开。如:It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨晚准是下雨了，今天早上地面还是湿的。now that意为既然，与since同义，但更突出事实本身。如:Now that I am well again, I can go on with my work.我既然恢复了健康，那就可以继续工作了。三、地点状语从句高考试题传真1.After the war,a new school building was put up_there had once been a theatre. (1997) A.that B.where C.which D.when 2. You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again. (1999)A. when B. where C. then D. there3. She found her calculator_she lost it. (2000上海) A.where B.when C.in which D.that地点状语从句一般由where(在地方; 那里)，wherever(无论哪里)引导。如:We should go where we are needed.我们应该到需要我们的地方去。Where there is no rain, farming is difficult.没有雨水的地方，农作是困难的。You can take it with you wherever you go.不论走到什么地方，你都可随身携带它。四、让步状语从句让步状语从句在中学英语中较为常见，高考也常常涉及。本文结合历年高考试题，总结归纳其常见考点。 (一)由although，though引导，意为“虽然”。 高考试题传真1 _ journalism seems like a good profession，I would prefer to be a teacher（1998，上海） AAlthough BEven CNo matter DNow that 2Although he is considered a great writer，_（1991） Ahis works are not widely read Bbut his works are not widely read Chowever his works are not widely read Dstill his works are not widely read 分析1.A 2.A。汉语中虽有“虽然但是”，但英语中用了although，though，一般不可再用but。 (二)由even if，eventhough引导，意为“即使；尽管”。 高考试题传真1We wont give up _ we should fail ten times（1993，上海） Aeven if Bsince Cwhether Duntil 2He might have given you more help，_he was very busy Ano matter Bin spite of Ceven though Das though （1990） 分析1.A 2.C。even if，even though所接的句子常用虚拟语气。 (三)由as引导，表示“尽管”。 高考试题传真_，I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John（2001，上海） AAs long as I have traveled BNow that I have traveled so much CMuch as I have traveled DAs I have traveled so much 分析C。as引导让步状语从句，从句中的表语、状语或主要动词应移到句首。若表语是名词，该名词无冠词修饰。如： Child as he is，he knows much English 教你巧学巧记:浅谈as引导的让步状语从句as除了引导原因状语从句、时间状语从句外，还可引导让步状语从句，但从句须用倒装语序。这时，as意为“虽然”、“尽管”，等于though。下面谈谈三种倒装情况：一、如果句中谓语是“连系动词+表语”，则将表语放在as之前。如:Long as the sentence is,its structure is very simple.句子虽长，但其结构很简单。注:如果表语为单数可数名词，这个名词不带冠词。如:Child as he is，he knows a lot.虽然他还是个孩子，却懂的很多。二、如果句中谓语包含情态动词或助动词，则将实意动词放在as之前。如:Try as I might，I couldnt lift the stone.我使多大劲儿也搬不动这块石头。Praised as he was, he remained modest.他虽然受到表扬，但仍然保持着谦虚。三、如果句中谓语仅有实意动词，则将实意动词(原形)放在as之前，并在主语后面加助动词do。如:Torture her as they did, the enemy got nothing out of her.虽然敌人拷打她，却没有能从她嘴里得到什么。注:但是，如果在这种情况下，句中谓语有副词修饰，则将副词放在as之前。如：Again and again as he failed, he didnt lose heart.他虽然多次失败，但仍不灰心丧气。Much as I admire his courage,I dont think he acted wisely.我虽然佩服他的勇气，但是我认为他这样做是不明智的。(四)由no matter引导，表示“不管；无论”。no matter与what，which，who，how，when， where等疑问代词或副词连用。 高考试题传真Nobody believed him _ what he said（1987） Aeven though Bin spite Cno matter Dcontrary to 分析C。no matter引导让步状语从句，不能与but，so，and等并列连词同时使用。 (五)由疑问词ever引导，表示“不管，不论”。如whatever，whichever，whoever，however， whenever，wherever等。 高考试题传真1 _，Mother will wait for him to have dinner together（1997） AHowever late is he BHowever he is late CHowever is he late DHowever late he is 2Well have to finish the job，_（1999） Along it takes however Bit takes however long Clong however it takes Dhowever long it takes 3If we work with a strong will，we can overcome any difficulty，_great it is（1995） Awhat Bhow Chowever Dwhatever 4. _much advice I gave him,he did exactly what he wanted to do. (1996上海) A.How B.Whatever C.However D.No matter分析1D。however应与其修饰的形容词或副词放在一起，句子主谓不倒装。2.D 3.C 4.C。 引导让步状语从句时，no matter 疑问词与疑问词ever可以互换。疑问词ever还可引导名词性从句，no matter 疑问词则不能这样用。比较： 4Its generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants（1997） Ahowever Bwhatever Cwhichever Dwherever 分析4.B。whatever引导宾语从句。 VI由whetheror引导，表示“不论还是”。本考点近年高考尚未涉及。 In my opinion， they will carry on the work，_or not they can get the money they need Auntil Bunless Cwhether Dthough分析C。五、条件状语从句高考试题传真 1. The belt is rung_there is a fire. (1985)A. even B. that C. if D. although 2. You will be late _ you leave immediately. (1992)A. unless B. until C. if D. or3. I dont think Ill need any money but I bring some _.(2000) A. at least B. in case C. once again D. in time4. The WTO can not live up to its name _ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.(2000) A. as long as B. while C. even though D. if5. _your composition carefully,some spelling mistakes can be avoided. (1999上海) A.Having checked B.Checked C.If you check D.To check条件状语从句一般由if(如果)，unless(除非)，once(一旦;只要)，as/so long as(如果;只要)，in case(假使)引导。除这些词的语义差别外，需注意的是，条件状语从句也只能用一般现在时表示一般将来时。如:Dont touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.除非老师吩咐，否则就不要碰任何东西。You may stay in my room, as long as you are quiet.只要你安静，你可以呆在我的房间。If you work hard , you are sure to succeed.你如果努力工作的话，肯定会成功。教你巧学巧记:“条件”表示法种种条件即一个动作或一种情况发生或存在的前提，究其种类，有真实条件、虚拟条件之分。本文仅对几种常见的条件概念表示法分别简述如下:一、从句常用来引导条件从句的连词有：if，unless，even if，in case，provided(that)，providing(that)，suppose,supposing,as long as，so long as，so far as，on condition that等。例如:If we fight resolutely,the enemy can be defeated.如果我们坚决斗争，敌人是可以击败的。I wont go to the party unless I am invited.要是没人邀请，我是不会去参加聚会的。We wouldnt lose heart even if we should fail ten times.即使失败十次，我们也不灰心。Wed better take our raincoats in case it should rain.我们最好带着雨衣，以防下雨。Providing(that)you let me know in good time,Ill come.要是你及时通知，我会来的。Suppose (or Supposing) he does not come，what shall we do?如果他不来，我们该怎么办?As long as we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty.我们只要不灰心，就能找到克服困难的办法。Granted that this is true, what conclusion can you draw?就算这是实际情况，你又能得出什么结论呢?二、分句1.祈使句表示条件，简单句表示结果。例如:Come earlier tomorrow and youll see him. (=lf you come earlier tomorrow,youll) 你明天早点来的话，就会见到他。Use your head, and youll find a better way. (=lf you use your head,youll)只要动动脑筋，你就会想出更好的办法来。2.由转折连词引导的分句可表示虚拟条件。例如:I was very busy today. Otherwise (= If I had not been very busy that day), I would have taken part in the discussion.今天我很忙，否则，我会参加那次讨论的。He would have given you more help, but he was very busy (=If he had not been very busy).他要不是很忙，就会给你更多的帮助的。3.有些谚语中的省略句，虽没有表示条件的连词，也可表示条件。 例如:Easy come，easy go.(=If money comes easily, it will go easily. )来得容易，去得快。First come, first served. (=If one comes first, he will be served first.)先来先招待。三、名词词组其作用相当于一个条件从句。例如: One step further, and you are lost. (=lf you take one step further,you)再往前走一步的话，你就没命了。Another half hour (= If another half hour should pass或If you should wait for another half hour), all doors would be locked.再等半个小时，所有的门就锁上了。四、介词短语其作用相当于条件状语从句。例如:We could not have succeeded without your help(= If you had not helped us).如果没有你的帮助，我们就不会成功。Many people believed that, for the spelling difficulties(=if there were not the spelling difficulties), English would be an easy language. 很多人认为，要不是拼写有困难，英语会是一种容易学的语言。五、不定式短语To look at him (=If you were to look at him ), you would think him a young man. 如果看一看，你会觉得他很年轻。六、独立主格结构Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow.如果天气许可，我明天出去郊游。All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.从各方面考虑起来，她的论文比你的论文更有价值些。六、目的状语从句1.John shut everbody out of the kitchen_he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. (2002) A.which B.when C.so that D.as if目的状语从句一般由that(以便)，so that(以便)，in order that(以便)等连词引导，从句中的谓语动词一般含有情态动词，如: Drive carefully so that everyone can enjoy a long life.开车小心点，让大家多活几年。She got up early in order that she might be in time for class.她起得早，以便按时去上课。教你巧学巧记:如何判断so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句so that后既可跟目的状语从句，也可跟结果状语从句。如何判断？下面的方法可帮助你解决问题。一、当表达的含义是“为了”、“以便”时，为目的状语从句；当表达的是“以至于”、“因此”含义时，为结果状语从句。例如：1.If you do know,answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear.(目的状语从句)如果你的确知道，应大声回答，以便让全班学生都可以听见。2.It rained hard the day before yesterday,so that she had to stay at home.(结果状语从句)前天雨下得很大，因此她只好呆在家里。二、当从句的谓语动词有情态动词can,could,may,might等时，是目的状语从句；当从句里没有情态动词，且谓语动词是一般现在时（过去时）、现在完成时等时态时，是结果状语从句。例如：1.We stopped at Salt Lake City so that we could(might)visit the monument to seagulls. (目的状语从句)我们在盐湖城逗留，以便可以参观为海鸥修的纪念碑。2.They have walked a long way,so that we are all tired. (结果状语从句)他们走了很长的路，所以都很累。三、当从句之前的so that可用in order that代替时，是目的状语从句；反之，是结果状语从句。例如：We now study hard so that we may work well in the future.(=We now study hard in order that we may work well in the future. (目的状语从句)我们现在努力学习是为了将来更好地工作。四、当so that之前有逗号时，是结果状语从句；反之，是目的状语从句。例如：The story is very interesting,so that I like it very much.(结果状语从句)这部小说很有趣，因而我非常喜欢。七、比较状语从句高考试题传真1. The director gave me a better offer than_.(1998上海) A.that of Dicks B.Dicks C.he gave Dick D.those of Dick2. In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go,_. (2001上海) A.our holiday will be better B.our holiday will be the better C.the better our holiday will be D.the better will our holiday be比较状语从句一般由asas(和一样)，not as/soas(与不一样)，than(比),the more, the more(越越)引导。如:English is as important as maths.英语和数学一样重要。It is not so easy as you thought.它不像你想象的那么容易。We came earlier than they did.我们来得比他们早。教你巧学巧记:Than后面的代词是用主格还是用宾格?下列两句中，than分别用了I和me，两者都正确：She is older than me.(口语中常用)She is older than I(am)(较正式文体常用)但是，在有些句子中，用主格和用宾格，句子会截然不同。John likes Henry more than I. John likes Henry more than me.我们知道，than用作连词，它的后面省略了一个比较(方式)状语从句。现在我们把以上两句补充完整。John likes Henry more than I like Henry. John likes Henry more than he likes me.看得出，第一句的意思是：约翰比我更喜欢亨利。第二句的意思是：约翰喜欢亨利胜过喜欢我。那么，在什么情况下，than后面的人称代词用主格？什么情况下用宾格？一、如果主句谓语是不及物动词，than后面的人称代词用主格或宾格均可，且意义无区别。例如：She draws better than I(me).它画得比我好。要注意：如果人称代词后面有all时，人称代词一般用宾格。She draws better than them all.二、如果主句谓语是及物动词，且than后面的名词或代词又与动词连用时，than后面的人称代词只能用主格。例如：He loves the dog more than his wife does.他比他的妻子更爱这条狗。三、如果主句谓语是连系动词be,than后面的人称代词用主格或宾格均可，且意义无区别。例如：He is taller than I(me).他比我长得高。四、如果主句谓语是及物动词，特别是like,love,hate等及物动词，than后面的人称代词用用主格或宾格均可， 但句意不同。逻辑上，这些及物动词既能与人称代词构成“主谓关系”，又能构成“动宾关系”。因此，用主格时，后面省去了主句中的谓语和宾语；用宾格时省去了句子的主语和谓语。例如：I like the boy better than she.=I like the boy better than she likes the boy.我比她更喜欢那个男孩。I like the boy better than her.=I like the boy better than I like her.我喜欢那个男孩胜过喜欢她。八、方式状语从句高考试题传真1.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. (1995) A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 2.The two strangers talked as if they _friends for years.(1993, 上海) A. should be B. would be C .have been D. had been3. I dont like_you speak to her. (1992,上海) A.the way B.the in that C.the way which D.the way of which方式状语从句一般由as(正如;按照)，as if/as though(好像),the way等引导，如:He spoke as if he knew the question very well.他说得好像对这个问题知道得很清楚。You must do everything as I do.你们要照我这样去做。难点：as if引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。例如：I dont like Norman. He talks as if he knew everything.She speaks English as if she were a native speaker.但在It looks as if.,It seems as if.句型中常用陈述语气。例如：It looks as if he is coming.难点：the way的用法。the way后面的引导词常用that引导，而且经常省略。一般不用in which引导。例如：We didnt like th way_he treated us. A.which B.where C.that D.in which九、结果/程度状语从句高考试题传真1.So difficult_it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.(2001上海) A.I have left B.have I left C.I did feel D.did I feel结果/程度状语从句一般由so that(结果是;以致)，so/suchthat(如此以至于)引导，如:There were so many beautiful things that it was hard to choose.有那么多漂亮的东西，真不知挑哪样才好。He is ill, so that he cant go to school.他病了，不能去上学了。He became so angry that he couldnt speak. 他气得说不出话来。注意sothat与suchthat的区别这两种结构都可引导结果状语从句。so是副词，后接形容词或副词;such是形容词，后接名词。还须注意以下几点:1)在so.that与such.that中间出现的是单数名词，且该名词前有形容词修饰时，这两种结构可互换，但要注意它们的词序不同:such+a/an+形容词十名词=so+形容词+a/an+名词。如:She is such a good teacher (=so good