江苏高考高三英语语法知识复习.doc

高三英语语法知识复习(复合句)一、名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词，可分别在句中作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。从属连词that：在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意思，只起连接作用，有时可以省略从属连词if, whether：在从句中不充当任何成分，有意义，不可以省略连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose：在从句中充当成分，有意义，不可以省略连接副词where, when, why, how：在从句中充当成分，有意义，不可以省略一、主语从句.由从属连词引导的主语从句：Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss. 那个国家是否应该建立核电站That light travels in straight line is known to all .光以直线传播.由连接代词引导的主语从句：What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是Whichever book you choose doesnt matter to me.无论你选哪本书.由连接副词引导的主语从句：When the plane is to take off hasnt been announced.飞机什么时候起飞How much water is flowing can be measured easily.水的流量是多少4.关于形式主语 it It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that有必要 It is important that重要的是 It is obvious that很明显 It is likely that.很可能It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that人们相信It is known to all that众所周知It has been decided that已决定 It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that事实是 可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。 It +不及物动词+ that-分句 It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧 It occurred to me that我突然想起 二、表语从句 可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病The question remains whether we can win the game.我们是否能赢得这次比赛 值得注意的是：1. 表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as, as if ，as though引导. It looks as if it is going to rain. 好象要下雨了。2、另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason whyis that (而不用 because)It ( This, That ) is becauseThe reason why he was dismissed is that he didnt work hard. 他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。三、同位语从句 同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。l. The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 登陆月球.2. I have no idea when he will be back. 什么时候回来3. The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen illMary也许病了四、宾语从句 宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。1.及物动词后的宾语从句：She will give whoever needs help a warm support任何需要帮助的人I wonder why she refused my invitation她为什么拒绝了我的邀请2.介词后的宾语从句：I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 老师对他所说的话很满意。3.某些形容词后的宾语从句：I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us.他没有告别就走了4.非谓语动词后的宾语从句：Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing. 5.关于形式宾语itWe must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。 五、名词性从句重难点1. 在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：Can you make sure _the gold ring ？（MET90）A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put2. 动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词；用在肯定句中，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用 that。Do you doubt that he will win ? I dont doubt that your proposition is wrong . 3. 否定转移问题。将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。 I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。We dont expect he will come tonight , will he ? 注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移 It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 4. 主谓一致问题。What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the worldWhat I bought were three English books5. 语气问题 在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+ 动词原形”的结构I suggest we (should) set off at once. 我建议我们应该立刻出发。 在It is 过去分词that的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。 It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening 在表语从句或同位语从句中 The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone 在It is（was）形容词that从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should ）动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。 It is necessary that a college student _at least a foreign language（上海1993） A.masters B.should master C.mastered D.will master 6.What引导名词从句的特殊含义:What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality(what为“所的事”，相当于“the thing that；all that；everything that”)After _ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed（M ET93） A.what B.when C.that D.which (what相当于“the time that”，表示“时间”)He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？(what表示“的人”，相当于“the person that”)What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world(what表示“的地方”，相当于“the place that”)Our income is now double what it was ten years ago(what表示“的数目”，相当于“the amount number that”)7.不可省略的连词：介词后的连词不可省略如：Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略如：That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。 8.比较：whether 与 if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：whether 引导主语从句在句首 Whether she comes or not doesnt concern me .引导表语从句 His first question was whether she had arrived yet. 他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。引导同位语从句 Answer my question whether you are coming.回答我你是否来的问题。whether 从句作介词宾语 I worry about whether I hurt her feeling .我担心是否伤了她的感情。与or not连在一起 I dont know whether or not he is going to Japan.我不知道他是否去日本。大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it 充当形式主语。例如： It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。 It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。二、状语从句状语从句是一种副词性从句，通常由一个从属连词或一个起连词作用的词组引导。1.时间状语从句由下列连词引导：when, while , as, before, after, once, till, until, once, as soon as, now that, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan,有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly, instantly, immediately, by the time，the moment, the second, the minute, the instant, every time, each time, next time, the last time等注意点如下： 1)when, while, as引导的时间状语从句as表示“当的时候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。She came up as I was cooking.(同时) When I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.在街上走时，碰到一位老朋友when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)When we arrived there, the film had already begun.(先后发生)While强调一段时间里，仅表示从句和主句的动作同时发生，并且有延续意义，该从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词，从句中常用过去进行时态或一般过去时态；在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。Please dont talk so loud while/when others are working. 其他人工作时请不要大声讲话。He fell asleep while/when reading. 读书时他睡着了。 While they were watching TV, I was preparing myself for the coming examination. Strike while the iron is hot.( 不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁”)as表示主从句动作同时发生，所以常译作一边一边。John sings as he works.当When引出的时间状语从句为系表结构，而且其主语和主句的主语一致，其表语又是一个名词时，就可以用 as 引导的省略句来代替。When he was a young man (= As a young man ) he was fond of hunting.2.原因状语从句 由下列连词引导：as, because, since, now that, considering that, seeing that(鉴于-)。下面几点值得注意：1) because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only, just 以及否定词not 连用。但不可以与so连用。如You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.He failed because he was careless. 他因粗心而失败了。because引导的从句可以被强调：It was because she wanted to study abroad that she entered for TOEFL2) since引导的从句语气次于because引导的从句，常表示稍加分析后而推断出的原因，或指人们已知的事实，比as正式一些,常置于句首。as语气最弱，其原因只是对结果的附带说明，一般放在句首。Since/ Now that no one is against it ,lets carry out the plan.As all the seats were full, he stood there. 所有的座位都满了他只好站那儿。3) for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它也常引导句子表原因，但不是原因状语从句，它是一个并列句。for所提供的理由是一种补充性的说明，表推测的理由。The day was short, for it was December.She must have cried for her eyes are red. 她一定哭过了，她眼睛红的。 3.地点状语从句 由下列连词引导:where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere。You are free to go wherever you like. 你可以去你想要去的任何地方。Anywhere he went, he got warm welcome. 无论他走到哪儿，都收到热烈欢迎。Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。4.结果状语从句 由下列连词引导：that，sothat，suchthat，so that等。注意以下几种结构：1).so+adj/adv+that 2).such(a/an+adj)+n+that3).so+adj+a/an+n+that=such a/an+adj+n+that 4).so many/much/few/little(少)+n+that5)such +(adj) +n (u /pl )+ that He spoke so fast that I couldnt follow him. 他说的如此的快，我跟不上他。It was such a lovely day / so lovely a day that we all went swimming天气好，我们大家都去游泳了。So或such置于句首时，主句常倒装。It was such a lovely day / so lovely a day that we all went swimming .Such a lovely day was it that we all went swimming.注意以上结构与定语从句so/suchas的区别。This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that everyone wants to see it. This is such an interesting/so interesting a film as everyone wants to see. 5.目的状语从句由下列连词引导：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case等。（注：so that也可用来引导结果状语从句） so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中常需用情态动词。so that引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，in order that 引导的目的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后。We set out early so that we could see the sunrise. 我们很早出发以便能看到日出He sent the letter by air mail so that it might reach them in time. 他空邮这份信的以便他们能按时收到。 for fear that, in case 引导的目的状语从句谓语动词要用should do 它们本身带有否定意义，相当于so that-not, in order that-notWe hid behind the bushes in case /for fear that passers-by should see us. 我们躲在丛林中以防过路人看见。Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget. 明天请再次提醒我以防我忘了。6.条件状语从句 分为真实条件句和非真实条件句（用在虚拟语气中）。由下列连词引导：if, unless, suppose, supposing, providing(that),provided(that),given(that),in case, on condition that, as long as, so long as, so far as等。(1)Unless=if not You will fail unless you study hard. 除非努力否则你就要失败。(2)suppose, supposing, providing(that),provided(that),given(that)= if Suppose I dont have a day off, what shall I do? Given that he supports us, well win the election. 如果他支持我们，我们就会赢得选举。(3) on condition that, as long as, so long as = only if As long as you dont lose heart, you will succeed. 只要你不灰心，你就会成功。(4) As far as I know, he cheated in the exam.As far as Im concerned , making money is not the only purpose of life.7.让步状语从句由下列连词引导：although, though, as, even if, even though ,while, whetheror, whoever, whatever, however, no matter+疑问词等。注意以下几点：1) although, though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet, still。Though it was raining hard, yet they didnt stop working. 尽管下着大雨，他们仍然在工作。2) as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。Though he is a child, he knows a lot.=Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.（在child前不要用冠词）Good as he is , he wont be top of class.Though I like it very much, I wont buy it.=Much as I like it, I wont buy it.Try as he would, he couldnt lift the heavy box.3) whether -or (not ) 引导的从句，提供两个对比的“尽管”情况， 含有条件意味。（Whether you） believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你， 这是真的。 Whether you come here or we go there , the topic of discussion will remain unchanged.4) 疑问词+everno matter +疑问词Whoever you are, you must show your pass. 无论你是谁，你都必须出示你的通行证。Whenever you come, you are welcome. 无论你啥时来，都欢迎。8.方式状语从句 由下列连词引导：as, as if, as though ,the way等。At Rome we must do as the Romans (do). 入乡随俗Do it the way you were told (to). 教你怎样做就怎样做。He treats me as if I were a stranger. 他对待我象陌生人一样。注意以下几点： 1)as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。I did it just as you told me.= I did it just as told to He didnt win the match as expected. 他没有像预料的一样赢得比赛。2) as if和as though 引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。 It seems as if it were going to rain. 3)连词while 和whereas 可表示对比。Whereas he is rather lazy, she is quite energetic.注意状语从句中的省略现象1)连接词+过去分词 Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use. Though _or many times, David often drives after drinking. A. to be warned B. having been warning C warned D. being warned 2)连词+现在分词 Look out while crossing the street.3)连词+形容词/其他 常见的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等4)比较状语从句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he had been)expected.三、定语从句一、 定语从句与引导词 定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词，而引导定语从句的词叫引导词，有关系代词和关系副词两类。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。 关系词主语宾语表语定语状语说明that人/物人/物不能用于非限定性从句which物物可用于非限定性从句who人whom人whose人/物whenwherewhyas主要用于非限制性的定语从句和suchas, the sameas, asas,结构中。懂得什么样的先行词后用什么样的引导词是学好定语从句的关键。1 关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语中表语，whose 作定语。代人的有：who,whom,whose,that；代物的有：that,which,whose. The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人，在定语从句中作主语) That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.(whom,who,that指代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略) Im not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人，在定从中作表语) A dictionary is a useful book which(that) tells us the meaning of words(which或that代物，在定从中作主语)2 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?(when可省略)The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。例如：Well visit the factory which(that) makes radios.(which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用)They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.(which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用)注意：先行词是表示地点的名词时（country, school, room），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum. The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his. 先行词是表示时间的名词（year, month, day, night），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。应特别注意：介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请看下面两个句子。那就是他工作的大学。 at which he works. which he works at. That is the college where he works. that he works at. he works at.它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。 on which he was born which he was born onThe day when he was born wasAug.20,1952. that he was born on he was born on二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代词；非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。非限制性定语从句例：Li Pings father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.(which指代主句内容，因前后两句是因果关系，此时which不可换为as。)He is good at physics, as is known to us all.As is known to us all, he is good at physics.(as指代主句内容，在as is known/believed, as we all know/believe这类结构中as不可换为which)三、 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合1 只用that引导的场合1） 当先行词既包括人又包括物时：He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.2） 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：These are the very points that interest me./Thats the only watch that I like most.3） 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.4） 先行词是指物的不定代词all, little, few, much,及everything, anything, nothing等时：There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?5） 先行词是who时：Who that have seen him does not like him?2 不用that的场合如下：1）非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film, which was about the Long March . 2）介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for.四、“介词关系代词”用法1 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with是习惯性搭配)2 介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），例如：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)3 当关系代词作“动词介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时因定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。例如：This is the watch which youre looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on.五、几个名词后的引导词1. situation后常用where, in which引导定语从句Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?2.way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：a.在比较正式的文体中用in whichI was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood. It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said.b.一般情况下用that Lincoln asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did. Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.c.in which和that省去。 Thats the way I looked at it.The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.六、关于as引导的定语从句的问题as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the sameas，suchas，asas的结构中。1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。He married the girl，as(which)was natural.He seemed a foreigner, as(which)in fact he was.不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。 As was natural, he married the girl.在the sameas, suchas, asas结构中，same, such, as之后应是名词或形容词名词。We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.We hope to get such a tool as he is using.这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分别可以改写成：We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands.We hope to get the tool which he is using.the sameas与the samethat引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。比较：This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）定语从句与其他从句或句型的区分一、定语从句与并列句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 Mr Li has th