定语从句讲解3.doc

限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语：“的”通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上A作宾语时可省略A不可省略B可用that，可用whyB不用that，why 用for which 代替C可用who 代替whomD which只能指代前面的先行词C不可用who 代替whomD which可以指代整个句子定语从句：第三讲：非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句比较His brother who lives in London will go to America next week.他住在伦敦的哥哥（可能还有别的）His brother ，who lives in London ，will go to America next week.（只有一个哥哥）This is the boy （whom/who） I met at the theatre.A young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.I have told him them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting.Her son is very smart, which makes her happy.练习1：单项选择1. (2007 山东) We are just to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. A. where B. that C. when D. which 2. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where3. They will fly to Washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days. (2008重庆) A. where B. there C. which D. when4.Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _ wanted to buy it. 2007 安徽卷 A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom5. The computer, _ he paid ￥3,000, was once owned by his uncle. A. which B. for which C. that D. to that 6. I have many friends, some _ are businessmen. (2005 全国) A. why B. from which C. who of D. of whom 7. It is reported that two schools, _ are being built in my hometown，will open next year. A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which 填空：Fill in the blanks with proper relative words.1. The famous basketball star, _ is an American, came to China yesterday.2. In those days, she used to go to Mr Black, with _ she had a wonderful time.3. I bought a car yesterday, _ cost me a lot.4. Xian, _ I visited last year, is a nice old city.5. He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy.6. The school, _ I once studied, was built thirty years ago.7. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true.as引导的限制性定语从句as在定语从句中作主语、宾语、或表语。as 常用于the same.as, such. as , as. as和so.as 结构中。as 引导的定语从句常采用省略形式。I have never seen such a lazy man as you (are).我从来没有见过像你这样懒的人。(作表语)Let children read such books as will make them better and wiser.让孩子们读使他们变得更好更聪明的书。(作主语)Take as many as you want.你想要多少就拿多少。(作宾语)Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.这儿有一块没人能搬走的那么大的石头。(作宾语)注: the same.后既可以用that 也可以用 as 来引导定语从句, that“同一的”即指同一事物; 而后者引导定语从句时, as“相似”即指同类事物。如:1) This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. (This sentence means: This pen is mine. I lost it yesterday.)2) This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. (This sentence means: This pen is very much like mine that I lost yesterday. In fact, it isnt mine.)as和which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别 Same：都可以指代整个句子的内容，非限定语从句位于句末且as 或which作主语、宾语或表语时，常可互换。He married her, as /which was natural.He is an old kind fisherman, as /which anybody can see.(宾语)e.g. He married her, which/as was natural I was very useful to him, which/as he realizedDifferent：下列情况下as和which一般不能互换:1. as可以指前面提到过的事实或情况, 因此as可以放在句首、句末, 也可以插入主句中,而which指前面提到的事实或情况, 一般放在主句之后，不能放在句首如： As our teacher points out, that book is of benefit to everyone. Heat is a form of energy, as is known to all of us This machine, as might be expected, has stopped operating2. as含有正如、按照、正像之意, as一般用在肯定句中, 而which则可以用于含否定 意义的句子中, 如： He failed in the exam again, as was expected. He failed in the exam again, which was unexpected3. 当关系代词代表主句引起的结果，又做主谓宾补(svoc)结构中的主语时， 多用which, 如： He saw the girl, which delighted him He didnt pass the exam, which made his mother angry4. 下列固定结构, 一般不能用which, 如：as has been said before 如前所述as often happens 正像经常发生的那样as is well known 众所周知as is known to allas we know 正如我们知道的那样as we all can see 正如我们大家看到的那样as will be shown in Fig 3 将如图3所示as may be imagined 这可以想象得出来as follows 如下所示As is often the case 情况常常是这样As might be imagined 可以想象得到As might be expected 正如所预料的那样As has been pointed out 正如所指出的那样As has been said before/above 正如前文所述As （it） often happens 像往常一样She has been absent again, as （it） often happens.练习2：1._was natural, he married Jenny. A. Which B. That C. This D. As2. Such signs _we use in the experiment_ Greek letters. A. as , are B. as, is C. that, are D. that, is3. I passed him a large glass of whisky, _ he drank immediately . A. that B. as C. which D. who4. She is very good at dance, _everybody knows.A. that B. which C. who D. as5. It was raining, _was a pity. A. what B. that C. the which D. which6._has been said above, grammar is a set of dead rules. A. Which B. What C. That D. As7. We do the same work _they do. A. which B. as C. than D. like8. The earth is round, _we all know. A. that B. which C. who D. as 9.Let children read such books _ will make them better and wiser.10.Here is so big a stone _no man can lift.11.Here is so big a stone _ no man can lift it.结论： as ,which均可以引出非限制性定语从句，,如都指前一句话的意思，二者可以互换。.as 引导的从句可以放在句首，as 本身有“正如.正象” 一类的含义。 与之连用的词有know， see， expect， announce， point out等。此外，在the sameas ， such.as.中as引导的是限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句和单句的比较1. He failed in the exam._ made his parents angry.2. He failed in the exam, _made his parents angry.3. He has two sons. Both of _ are teachers. 4. He has two sons, both of _ are teachers.练习3：非限制性定语从句练习题练习题：用所给的词语填空。少数可以用多次。 Aas Bwhich Cwho Dwhom Ewhose Fwhen Gwhere Hby which time Ifrom which Jfrom whom Knorth of which Lsome of whom M the biggest of which 1Dick is going to join in the football game，_was agreed at the meeting 2My brother had been an engineer，_ was what he wanted to be3He reached Beijing in 1998，_， some time later，he became a professor 4 _is said above，the number of the students in our school has increased 5Write a letter to a friend，_has some difficulties with his studies 6There are four rooms in the house，_ is a drawing room 7We will move into the new house next week，_it will be completed 8When lost in work，he often was，_he would forget all about eating and sleeping 9He is a model worker，_we can learn a lot 10They had to delay the sports meet till next week，_the weather will be fine 11The workers，_stayed there for two years，came from Africa 12The building over there is a hospital，_ is a small river 13We shall have to make a decision about Ms King，_story Ive just told you 14Mr Liu，_I spoke of just now， would go to Australia 15The Nile，_electricity is produced，now runs regularly below the damKeys：1AB2B3G4A（As）5C6M 7H 8A 9J10F 11L 12K 13E 14C D 15I限制性和非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性定语从句两种。一般地说，限制性定语从句用来限制先行词的意义，与先行词关系密切，是整个句子不可缺少的一部分，否则会造成全句意义不明确。而非限制性定语从句带有补充说明的性质，与先行词之间存在一种松散的修饰关系，去掉后一般不会影响句子的主要意义。概括起来，两者有如下区别： 1）形式不同：限制性定语从句常紧跟其先行词，中间不用逗号隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。 After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child. 在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了小时候生活过的那个小镇。 2）意义不同 请比较下面两个句子： My brother who is 18 years old is a college student. 我18岁的那个弟弟是大学生。 My brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student. 我弟弟是大学生,今年18岁。 第一句中，限制性定语从句限制了先行词的意义，明确是18岁的那个弟弟（而不是其他的，即有可能还有几个弟弟）。第二句使用了非限制性定语从句，表明可能只有一个弟弟，18岁，起补充说明作用。 另外，如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的人或物，通常用非限制性定语从句。 His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1818. 最爱他的母亲于1818年去世了。 I like to chat with Jack, who is a clever boy. 我喜欢和杰克聊天，他是个聪明人。 When he was 17, he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied maths and physics. 17岁那年，他到瑞士的苏黎士一家技校上学，在那儿他学习了数学和物理。 3）先行词不同：限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词除名词或代词外，还可以是整个主句（此时，常用which或as引导从句）。 All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需要的只是一些油而已。 Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubted very much. 凯罗尔说工作可在10月前完工，这一点我个人深感怀疑。 As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next week. (2003上海春) 我们将于下周举行期末考试，这一点刚才已经宣布了。 句中as 是关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个主句的内容。 4）引导词不同：限制性定语从句的引导词可用关系代词that, which, who( whom, whose), as和关系副词when, where, why；除that 和why 外，其它的关系代词、关系副词均可引导非限制性定语从句。 He is the only one of the students who / that has been a winner of scholarship for three years. (NMET 2000春)