初中语法复习.doc

创锐教育 过去进行时态 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或者某段时间正在进行或发生的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如： I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。They were waiting for you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等你。 过去进行时的构成：肯定形式：主语+was/were+V-ing否定形式：主语+was not (wasnt)/were not (werent)+V-ing疑问形式：Was/Were+主语+V-ing。基本用法：1.过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday)，when sb. did sth等时间状语从句，如： What were you doing at 7p.m. yesterday? 昨天晚上七点你在干什么？ I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. 我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。 I was cooking when she knocked at the door. 她敲门时我正在做饭。2. when后通常用表示暂短性动词，while后通常用表示持续性动词，因此它所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如： When the car exploded I was walking past it.= While I was walking past the car it exploded. 3.when用作并列连词时，主句常用进行时态，从句则用一般过去时，表示主句动作发生的过程中，另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如：I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。 4. when作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如： I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，突然遇见了他。 We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较： 一般过去时表示“在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态”，而过去进行时则表示“在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作”。 如：Tom wrote a letter to his friend last night. 汤姆昨晚给他的朋友写了封信。（信写完了） Tom was writing a letter to his friend last night. 汤姆昨晚一直在给他的朋友写信。（信不一定写完，只是强调了动作的延续性）。 过去进行时和一般过去时的差别： 一般过去时表示“在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态”，而过去进行时则表示“在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作”。例如：I was reading an English novel last night.昨晚我在看一本英文小说。（可能没看完）I read an English novel last night我昨晚看了一本英文小说。（已经看完）用动词的适当形式填空。1. While we _ (wait) for the bus, a girl _ (run) up to us.2. I _ (telephone) a friend when Bob _ (come) in.3. Jim _ (jump) on the bus as it _ (move) away.4. We _ (test) the new machine when the electricity _ (go) off.5. She _ (not want) to stay in bed while the others _ (all, work) in the fields.6. While mother _ (put) Cathy to bed, the door bell _ (ring).7. As I _ (walk) in the park, it _ (begin) to rain.8. Even when she _ (be) a child she _ (already, think) of becoming a ballerina (芭蕾舞演员).9. It was quite late at night. George _ (read) and Amy _ (ply) her needle when they _ (hear) a knock at the door.10. There _ (be) a group round the fire when they _ (reach) it. An old woman _ (sit) on the ground near the kettle; two small children _ (lie) near her; a donkey _ (bend) his head over a tall girl.1. I _ (have) my breakfast at half past six yesterday morning.2. Mary _ (go) over her lessons from six to seven last night. John and peter _(do) the same thing.3. What _ you _ (do) at that time? We _ (watch) TV.4. Was your father at home yesterday evening? Yes ,he was. He _ (listen) to the radio.5. They _(not make) a model ship when I saw him.6. _ they _ (have) a meeting at 4 yesterday afternoon?No, they _. They _ (clean) the classroom.7. _ it _(rain) when you left school? Yes, it _. (No, it _)8. What _ your father _ (do) when he was your age?9. One day, Edison _ (wait) for a train to arrive, and suddenly a little boy ran to the track(轨道) to play.10. He asked me if I _ (go) fishing that afternoon.11. The three of them were in a hurry because their plane _ (leave) in five minutes.12. In a letter, john told us that he _ (come) to china next month.13. When the bell rang, jenny _ (wait) in her seat.14. She _ (make) her dress the whole afternoon.15. While my father _ (look) through the evening paper, he suddenly _ a cry.16. When I _ (come) in the room, he _ (see) me, for he _ (read) something17. When we _ (arrive) at the village, it _ (get) dark and it _ (rain) hard.18. I _ (know) you _(wait) for me here.19. One day a little monkey _(play) in a tall tree. A mother crocodile(鳄鱼) _ (look) for food near the bank.20. What _ your father _ (do) yesterday evening? He _ (study) at the evening school.21. Later his parents found that he _ (sit) on some eggs.22. When he knocked at the door, my aunt _ (cook)23. The students _ (sing) and _ (dance) happily on the playground at that time.24. I _ (write) a letter when the door bell rang.25. We had no classed at that time. We _ (plant) trees.参考答案1. was having 2.was going,were doing 3.were doing,were watching 4. was listening 5.were not making 6. Were having were cleaning 7.was raining 8. did do(do) 9.was waiting 10.was going/would go 11.was leaving 12.is coming /will come 13.was waiting 14.was making 15.was looking ,heard 16.came ,didnt see , was reading 17.arrived , was getting , was raining 18.didnt know ,are waiting 19.was playing ,was looking 20.was doing , was studying 21.was sitting 22.was cooking 23.were singing dancing 24.was writing 25.were planting 直接引语变间接引语语法讲解 版本一一、人称人称变化可以遵循如下顺口溜“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化，如： She said. “My brother wants to go with me.” She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人“你”所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称，如： He said to Kate，How is your sister now? He asked Kate how her sister was then.“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化，如： Mr. Smith said，“Jack is a good worker.”Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.二、时态直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。其基本法则和我们刚刚学过的宾语从句的时态变化一致，也就是说从句时态要和主句时态一致。如果从句是过去时，主句要向后退一格时态，变成一种过去时。1. She said. “I have lost a pen.” She said she had lost a pen. （现在完成 过去完成）2. She said. “We hope so.” She said they hoped so. (一般现在 一般过去)3. She said,“He will go to see his friend。” She said he would go to see his friend. (一般将来 过去将来) 但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 直接引语是客观真理。如： “The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth”, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如： Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?” Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street. 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： Xiao Wang said，“I was born on April 20, 1980.” Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980. 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如： He said, “I get up at six every morning.” He said he gets up at six every morning. 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to，had better，used to)和已经是 过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如： Peter said，“You had better come have today.” Peter said I had better go there that day.三、其它直接引语变间接引语，具有指代性的词也需要变化，一些具体变化如下：指示代词 this -that these - those表示时间的词 now - then today - that day this week(month, etc.) - that week (month, etc.) yesterday - the day before last week(month) - the week(month) before three days(a year)ago - three days(a year)before tomorrow - the next (following ) day next week(month)-the next(following)week(month) 表地点的词 here - there 动词 bring - take come - go四、句型： 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.” She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, “Can you swim, John?” He asked John if he could swim. “You have finished the homework, havent you?” my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework. “Do you go to school by bus or by bike?” He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。 She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?” She asked me when they had their dinner. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等)sb.(not) to do sth.”句型。如： “Dont make any noise,” she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. “Bring me a cup of tea, please,” said she. She asked him to bring her a cup of tea. 直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动名词（或从句）。”如： He said, “ Lets go to the film.” He suggested going to the film. He suggested that they should go to see the film. 直接引语和间接引语 版本二 直接引用别人的话叫直接引语，用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语前后加引号，间接引语不必加。现用课本中的句子解释如下：直接引语：Marcia said, “She is having a surprise party for Lana on Friday night.”Lana said, “Im mad at Marcia.”间接引语：Marcia said that she was having a surprise party for Lana on Friday night.Lana said that she was mad at Marcia.2. 变直接引语为间接引语的方法：（1）直接引语的主语是第一人称，改为间接引语后要根据意思改变人称，如：Lana said, “Im mad at Marcia.”Lana said that she was mad at Marcia.注：若直接引语为陈述句，改为间接引语时，可以把that 省略。（2）若主语谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变成间接引语要调整时态。列表如下：直接引语间接引语现在时过去时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时不变将来进行时过去将来进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去时过去完成时将来时过去将来时将来完成时过去将来完成时通过上表，同学们可以了解Grammar Focus中直接引语与间接引语的变化方式了，如下：Direct speechReported speechI am mad at Marcia.She said she was mad at Marcia. I am having a party for Lana.She said she was having a party for Lana.I go to the beach every Saturday.He said he went to the beach every Saturday.I will call you tomorrow.He told me he would call me tomorrow the next day.I can speak three languages.She said she could speak three languages.注：若直接引语部分是一种客观事实时，时态不变，如：The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.该为间接引语：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.(3) 直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语和动词也要作调整。列表如下：直接引语间接引语指示代词this thesethat those时间状语nowtodaytonight this weekyesterdaylast weekthree days agotomorrownext weekthenthat day that nightthat weekthe day beforethe week beforethree days beforethe next daythe next week地点状语herethere动词comego(4) 若直接引语为一般疑问句（即倒装语序，改为间接引语时要用陈述句语序，而且要用连词if或whether。如本单元Selfcheck部分中的第二题中的“She asked me if she could copy my homework.”就是由直接引语“She asked me, can I copy your homework?”变化而来。同时，如下句：She asked her mum, “Can I go with you?”She asked her mum if she could go with her.以上是结合本单元对直接引语与间接引语的变化做了简单的介绍，同学们，你学会了么？做一下下面的题来自我检测一下吧！ 把下列的直接引语改为间接引语：1 He said, “Did you see him yesterday?”2 He said, “The moon moves around the sun.”3 She said, “ Im coming this afternoon”.4 He said, “ I like it very much.”5 She said, “ I have seen the film. It is good.”6 Emily said, “Shall I do that?”7 The waiter asked, “Is there anything else I can do?”8 John asked, “ Do you understand?”9 He asked, “Are you a teacher or a student?”10 He said , “I dont smoke.” 参考答案：1 He asked if I had seen him the day before.2 He said that the moon moves around the sun.3 She said that she was going that afternoon.4 He said that he liked it very much.5 She said she had seen the film and it was good.6 Emily asked if she should do that.7 The waiter asked if there was something else he could do.8 John asked if I understood.9 He asked if I was a teacher or a student.10 He said that he didnt smoke. 条件状语从句 一、时态呼应 一般来讲，复合句都要遵循主、从句时态呼应规律，状语从句也不例外。即主句用现在时，从句也用现在时；主句用过去时，从句也用过去的某种时态。具体地讲，主句是一般现在时(包括祈使句和含有情态动词can, may, must等)，从句也用一般现在时。例如： Have a good rest if you are tired. 如果你累了，就好好休息一会儿吧。 You must see the doctor if you are ill. 如果你生病了，就必须去看医生。 这里提醒大家特别要注意：如果主句是一般将来时态，这时从句不可以用将来时态，而要用一般现在时。例如： I wont go there with you if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨的话，我就不和你一起去那儿了。 If we do nothing, there will be only standing room on the earth. 假如我们不采取任何措施，地球上将只有站的地方了。 二、主从句的位置 大多数情况下，从句可以位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。不过从句在前时，主从句之间必须用逗号隔开。例如： Please tell me if he comes back. = If he comes back, please tell me. 如果他回来了，请告诉我一声。 三、if的两面性 if引导条件状语从句时意为“如果”，如果引导宾语从句则意为“是否”。请比较： 1) We will go out if it is fine tomorrow.2) I dont know if the train has arrived. 句1) 中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是“如果明天天气好，我们就出去”。句2) 中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词dont know的宾语，整个句子的意思是“我不知道火车是否到了”。 通过以上讲解，同学们应该知道本文开头那道中考题的答案为什么选C了吧？再做几道题巩固一下吧！ 实战演练 句型转换（同义转换） 1. A. You must be quick. If not, youll miss the early bus. B. _quick, _youll miss the early bus. 2. A: Put on your coat, or youll catch a cold. B:_you_put on your coat, youll catch a cold. 3. A. If you dont help me, I cant finish my work on time. B. _help, I cant finish my work on time. 4. A. If you play basketball here, you may break the windows. B. _ play basketball here,_you may break the windows. Keys：1. Be; or 2. If; dont 3. Without your 4. Dont; or 现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。简单地讲现在完成时就是表示：“结果、影响和持续”。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。一般过去时与现在完成时的比较1过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时常用的时间状语：yesterday, last week, ago, in1985, in December, just now, 具体的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语或副词：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately3现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例：I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。)I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。) Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)Who hasnt handed in his paper? (强调有卷子，但没有交卷的结果。)She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now.Will somebody go and get Dr. White?Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时间的名词或副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (错)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (对)用于现在完成时的句型1It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.