几种容易混淆的时态比较.doc

几种容易混淆的时态比较一、一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较。1.“一般过去时”所关心的是过去之事,与现在无联系，常带有表示过去某个时间的状语。现在完成时所关心的是过去发生的事与现在有影响和联系对现在产生某种结果现在完成时强调过去与现在的联系语句译成汉语后常常带有“已经了”或“了”的含义。A:.I have lost my pen. Can you lend me yours? B:.Why dont you buy one?A: It fell into the river only a moment ago when I washed my hands. Now Ive got to fill in a form with a pen.2.现在完成时与for或since引起的短语连用时表达从过去开始的动作或状态延续至今,而一般过去时与“for+一段时间”连用时只指过去的动作或状态在过去延续了多长时间。We have stayed here for three weeks. I think we are going to stay another two weeks. 说话时人还在He stayed here for three weeks last year. 并不表示现在是否在3.一般过去时带有表示过去某时刻的时间状态, 如yesterday, last year(month, week, night), in 1980等。When did you come? I came the day before yesterday.现在完成时所带时间状语包含说话时在内,如today, this week(month, year),these days(years)或与说话时非常接近, 如recently, just, in(during) the past three years。I have learned over three hundred words this year.二、一般过去式与过去完成时的区别。1.一般现在时表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态而过去完成时则表示过去某一动作或时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态。 一般过去时与现在相比强调“过去”,而过去完成时则与过去相比, 强调“过去的过去”。我们来比较下列句子:The meeting started at six oclock. start的动作发生在at six oclock。The meeting had started when we arrived at the hall. start的动作发生在过去的动作arrived之前。2.过去完成时可表示过去某个时间之前开始的动作或状态的延续, 与since或for引导的时间状语连用。He had worked in the month for ten years before he came to our school.本句中 work 的工作状态延续了ten years, 直到before he came to our school为止。She told me she had worked in the countryside since she graduated from a college.本句中 work in the countryside的工作状态自graduated from a college开始,一直延续至she told me的时候。3.在一段情景连贯的文字中, 先发生的事放在后面叙述时, 要用过去完成时。She felt helpless, not knowing what to do. Her husband had died and left her no money.她觉得孤立无援, 不知所措, 她丈夫去世了,没留给她财产。在本句中, she felt helpless发生在过去, 而 die 则发生在felt helpless之前。4.表示过去未实现的希望、计划、打算或原本的想法时用过去完成时。常用的动词有think, suppose, hope, want, expect, plan等。I had thought he had died. 我原以为他已死了。They had wanted to catch the first bus, but they didnt get up early enough. 他们本想赶头班车但起得不够早。5.在宾语从句中,所叙述之事虽发生于主动词之前,但从句中有一个确定的表示过去的时间状语时或叙述的是历史事实时,从句中时态用一般过去时。The teacher said that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老师说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。句中的discovered发生在said之前,但不用过去完成时had discovered。6.叙述过去发生的一连串的动作或事件用and或but连接时, 用一般过去时。He got up, dressed himself and then went downstairs to have breakfast.他起身穿好衣服然后就下楼吃早饭。He bought a volleyball but later lost it.7.当主动词与宾语从句中谓语动词同时发生时,从句谓语动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。He said he knew several languages. 他说他懂好几门外语。He was not sure what they were doing at that time.三.一般现在时与现在完成时1) I come from Shanghai(上海人, 表状态) I have come from Shanghai 从上海来 （表动作，强调对现在的影响）2) You read very well. (强调能力) Youve read very well. 强调一次刚完成的动作3) I forget.(一时想不起来了) I have forgotten. （仍没想起来 ）4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态)The book has been written in simple English. 表动态（已用英语写成）5) Every time I see him, hes been reading. 两个动作不可能同时进行Every time I have seen him, hes been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行)6) He is gone. (强调状态) He has gone （强调动作和时间）7) He wont come till the play begins. (演出开始时) He wont come till the play has begun.（戏已开始）8) After I leave school, Ill go to college. （两个动作紧密相接）After I have left school, Ill go to college. （强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）9) It is a long time since I saw you last. Its been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语)10) Where are you? (在哪？强调目前状态) Where have you been?(去了哪？四. 现在一般时与现在进行时。一般现在时是表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作，或现在的状态，强调长期性、稳定性，而现在进行时是指现在此刻或现在这一时期内正在进行的动作，强调暂时性不稳定性。例如：He usually gets up at six in the morning.(经常性、习惯性动作)She is an Englishwoman.(现在的状态)We are working on the farm these days.(现在这期间的动作，表示这几天暂时在农场上帮忙)Look! The boys are fighting.(现在此刻所发生的动作)【注意】不宜用进行时态的动词，表示心理状态、情感的动词，如love, like, hate, care, know, understand, forget, remember, believe, want, agree, wish, mean等表示存在的动词，如be, lie(位于)等表示一瞬间就发生的动作如，get, buy, end, receive 等。 注意下列句子的区别。1) He works hard. 强调始终如一 He is working hard. 强调现在一直努力工作2) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰)The bus is coming. （汽车到来的情景）3) I forget him name. Im forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了)4) You dont eat much. (强调胃口不大)Youre not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）5) The match starts at 7 oclock. (比较固定，不宜改变)The match is starting at 7 oclock. （比赛将于7点开始）6) Tom always comes late. （强调事实）Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备)7)Tom goes to college now.Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大 后者更生动)8) He always sleeps in the afternoon.He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了)9) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令)Im expecting you to phone me.（婉转口气）10) What do you say? （一般事实）What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满)11) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)12) He always thinks of others.Hes always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)五、表示将来时态几种形式的区别will / shall动词原形, be going to动词原形, be doing,以及一般现在时等四种形式表达将来时。1. will / shall表示单纯的将来(即现在的之后)will还可以表示决心、意愿shall 用于第一、三人称的问句中还可以表示征求对方的意见。例如He will be back in a few days.(单纯将来)I will study hard to keep up with my classmates.(决心或意愿)Shall I go with you?(征求意见)【注意】在含有if的条件状语从句时主句中要用will表示将来时。例如：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go climbing.2. be going to动词原形多用于口语强调事先的打算、计划要做的事情或有某种迹象要发生的事情。例如：What are you going to do this evening?(打算)Look！There are so many clouds in the sky. Its going to rain， I think. (有迹象要发生的事情)3. be doing代表现在进行时。现在进行时表示即将发生的将来，多与表示位移的动词come, go, arrive, leave, fly, start等连用。例如：She is leaving for Beijing. 她就要启程去北京。4. 一般现在时表示将来时，主要用于时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，或者用来表示按时刻表的规定将要发生的动作。例如：Ill tell him about it as soon as I see him.My plane takes off at seven tomorrow morning.5. 表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作常有一个表示将来的时间状语这种用法仅限于少数动词,如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, stay, visit等We are leaving for Beijing on Saturday. 我们星期六动身去北京。Many people are coming to the concert tomorrow. 明天许多人要来听音乐会。Im staying at home this afternoon. 今天下午我将呆在家里。They are visiting the factory next week. 他们下周将参观那个工厂。My father is arriving tomorrow afternoon on the 15:20 train. 明天下午我父亲将乘15时20分的火车到达。6. 现在进行时有时同always, forever, continually连用表示某种感情色彩如赞扬、不满等.例: He is always thinking of others. 他总是为别人着想。(赞扬)The man is always making trouble. 那人总是找麻烦。(责备)Jack is always coming late. 杰克总是迟到。(不满)He is always forgetting peoples names. 他老是把人家的名字忘了。(责备)比较：He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。（陈述一个事实）Hes always helping others. 他总是帮助别人。（赞扬）7. be going to+动词原形这种句型表示“打算，准备”做某事或即将发生某事或肯定要发生的事情。例：They are going to have a get-together at the weekend. 他们打算在周末举行一次聚会。She isnt going to attend the meeting. 她不打算参加会议。Im afraid it is going to rain. 恐怕要下雨了。六、关于动词时态的若干注意点1、终止性动词与其意义对应的状态性短语在时态上的异同点。A.用终止性动词表示到说话时已完成的动作时，须用完成时，用状态性动词时，则用一般时。1)He has fallen ill. He is ill. 他病了。2)She said she had caught a bad cold and needed a rest.She said she had a bad cold and needed a rest.她说她重感冒了需要休息。在第一个例子中, fall ill表示动作,用现在完成时表示“已病倒了”,be ill表示状态用一般现在时,表示说话处于生病状态。在第二个例子中catch a cold表示动作用过去完成时表示“已染上感冒”, have a cold 表示状态, 用一般过去时表示当时已处于患感冒的状态。B.终止性动词用于完成时态时，不表示延续概念，不能跟表示延续概念的for a period of time的时间状态连用,而与其意义对应的状态性短语则可以。1.He has died.他已死了。(Right)2.He has died for several years.他死了好几年了。(wrong)说明:在上述句子中,die是终止性动词die的动作不能延续, 而for several years则表示动作或状态继续了好几年。因此, 第二个句子是错误的。要表示第二个句子的概念可用表示状态的be dead来表示,即:He has been dead for several years. 或.He died several years ago.或.It is several years since he died.下面是常见的终止性动词及其意义对应的状态性短语。终止性动词 状态性短语come(arrive) here be herego(get) out be outgo/leave/move be away/offbecome a member be a memberjoin an organization be in an organizationstart be onend be overreturn/come(go) back be backfall asleep/go to sleep be asleepC、make sure/be sure表示“采取措施以保证”之意时，从句中的时态用一般时或完成时。1.Make sure that you turn off the light when you leave. 离开时务必关灯。2.Make sure that you have finished the work before six. 务必在六点前结束工作。3.The hunter held his hand tightly to be sure that he didnt bow, either. 那位猎人紧握他儿子的手以使他也不低头鞠躬。D、在时间状语或条件状语从句中, 用一般现在时或现在完成时表示一般将来时, 一般过去时或过去完成时表示过去将来时。1.Tell him about that when he comes.2.His daughter wont go to bed until she has finished her homework.E某些表示感官的动词表示说话时的感觉要用一般现在时，不用现在进行时这类动词有：see看见明白, hear听见, smell闻到，闻起来,taste尝起来, sound听起来, feel摸起来等例：我听见有人在那边喊。I am hearing someone shouting over there. (误) I hear someon