词源字典 h.doc

-hood state or condition of being, from O.E. -had condition, position, cognate with Ger. -heit, Du. -heid, all from P.Gmc. *khaidus. Originally a free-standing word, cf. O.E. hed position, dignity, O.N. heir honor, dignity, Goth. haidus manner; it survives in Eng. only in this suffix. H the pronunciation aitch was in O.Fr. (ache), and is from a presumed L.L. *accha (cf. It. effe, elle, emme), with the central sound approximating the value of the letter when it passed from Roman to Germanic, where it at first represented a strong, distinctly aspirated -kh- sound close to that in Scottish loch. In earlier L. the letter was called ha. In Romance languages, the sound became silent in L.L. and was omitted in O.Fr. and It., but it was restored in M.E. spelling in words borrowed from O.Fr., and often later in pronunciation, too. Thus Mod.Eng. has words ultimately from L. with missing -h- (e.g. able, from L. habile); with a silent -h- (e.g. heir, hour); with a formerly silent -h- now vocalized (e.g. humble, honor); and even a few with an excrescent -h- fitted in confusion to words that never had one (e.g. hostage, hermit). Relics of the formerly unvoiced -h- persist in pedantic insistence on an historical (object) and in obs. mine host. The use in digraphs (e.g. -sh-, -th-) goes back to the ancient Gk. alphabet, which used it in -ph-, -th-, -kh- until -H- took on the value of a long e and the digraphs acquired their own characters. The letter passed into Roman use before this evolution, and thus retained there more of its original Sem. value. ha c.1300, natural expression found in most European languages; in O.E., Gk., L., O.Fr. as ha ha. A ha-ha (1712), from Fr., was an obstacle interrupting ones way sharply and disagreeably; so called because it surprizes . and makes one cry Ah! Ah! Le Blonds Gardening, 1712. habeas corpus 1465, from L., lit. (you should) have the person, in phrase habeas corpus ad subjiciendum produce or have the person to be subjected to (examination), opening words of writs in 14c. Anglo-Fr. documents to require a person to be brought before a court or judge, especially to determine if that person is being legally detained. From habeas, second pers. sing. pres. subjunctive of habere to have, to hold (see habit) + corpus person, lit. body (see corporeal). haberdasher 1311, from Anglo-Fr. hapertas small wares, of unknown origin. At first a dealer in small articles of trade, sense of dealer in mens wares is 1887 in Amer.Eng., via intermediate sense of seller of hats. habiliment 1422, munitions, weapons, from M.Fr. habillement, from abiller prepare or fit out, probably from habile fit, suitable (see able). Alternate etymology makes the M.Fr. verb originally mean reduce a tree by stripping off the branches, from a- to + bille stick of wood. Sense of clothing, dress developed 1470, by association with habit (q.v.). habit c.1225, from O.Fr. habit, from L. habitus condition, demeanor, appearance, dress, originally pp. of habere to have, to hold, possess, from PIE base *ghabh- to seize, take, hold, have, give, receive (cf. Skt. gabhasti- hand, forearm; O.Ir. gaibim I take, hold, I have, gabal act of taking; Lith. gabana armful, gabenti to remove; Goth. gabei riches; O.E. giefan, O.N. gefa to give). Base sense probably to hold, which can be either in offering or in taking. Applied in Latin to both inner and outer states of being, and taken over in both sense by English, though meaning of dress is now restricted to monks and nuns. Drug sense is from 1887. Habitual first attested 1526. habitat 1762, as a technical term in Latin texts on Eng. flora and fauna, lit. it inhabits, third pers. sing. pres. indic. of habitare to live, dwell, freq. of habere to have, to hold, possess (see habit). General sense of dwelling place is first attested 1854. Habitant Canadian of Fr. descent (1789) is from Fr. word meaning inhabitant (lit. the prp. of habiter to inhabit, dwell), and was the usual word for planters in 18c. Quebec. habitation c.1374, from O.Fr. habitation act of dwelling, from L. habitationem (nom. habitatio) act of dwelling, from habitare (see habitat). Habitable (1388) is from O.Fr. habitable, from L. habitabilis that is fit to live in, from habitare. hacienda 1760, from Sp., estate, plantation, from L. facienda things to be done, from facere to do (see factitious). hack (1) in O.E. tohaccian hack to pieces, from W.Gmc. *khak- (cf. O.Fris. hackia, Du. hakken, O.H.G. hacchon), perhaps infl. by O.N. hggva to hack, hew, from PIE *kau- to hew, strike. Sense of short, dry cough is 1802. Noun meaning an act of hacking is from 1836; fig. sense of a try, an attempt is first attested 1898. Slang sense of cope with (such as in cant hack it) is first recorded in Amer.Eng. 1955, with a sense of get through by some effort, as a jungle. hack (2) c.1700, originally, person hired to do routine work, short for hackney an ordinary horse (c.1300), probably from place name Hackney (Middlesex), from O.E. Hacan ieg Hacas Isle (or possibly Hook Island). Now well within London, it was once pastoral. Apparently nags were raised on the pastureland there in early medieval times and taken to Smithfield horse market (cf. Fr. haquene ambling nag, an Eng. loan-word). Extended sense of horse for hire (1393) led naturally to broken-down nag, and also prostitute (1579) and drudge (1546). Special sense of one who writes anything for hire led to hackneyed trite (1749); hack writer is first recorded 1826, though hackney writer is at least 50 years earlier. Sense of carriage for hire (1704) led to modern slang for taxicab. Hacker one who gains unauthorized access to computer records is 1983, from slightly earlier tech slang sense of one who works like a hack at writing and experimenting with software, one who enjoys computer programming for its own sake, 1976, reputedly coined at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Hack (v.) illegally enter a computer system is first recorded 1984. hackle O.E. hacele cloak, mantle (cf. O.H.G. hachul, Goth. hakuls cloak; O.N. hekla hooded frock). Sense of bird plumage is first recorded 1496, though this may be from unrelated M.E. hackle flax comb (see heckle) on supposed resemblance of comb to ruffled feathers. Metaphoric extension found in raise ones hackles (as a cock does when angry) is first recorded 1881. hackney c.1300, see hack (2). haddock 1286, of unknown origin. The suffix appears to be a diminutive. O.Fr. hadot and Gaelic adag, sometimes cited as sources, were apparently borrowed from Eng. Hades 1597, from Gk. Haides, in Homer the name of the god of the underworld, of unknown origin. The name of the god transferred in later Gk. writing to his kingdom. hadith collected Islamic tradition, 1817, from Arabic, lit. tradition, related to hadith new, young, hadatha it happened, occurred, and Heb. hadash new. haft O.E. hft handle, related to hft fetter, from P.Gmc. *haftjom (cf. Du. hecht, O.H.G. hefti, Ger. Heft handle; see capable). Etymologists connect this word either with the root of have or that of heave. hag c.1225, shortening of O.E. hgtesse witch, fury (on assumption that -tesse was a suffix), from P.Gmc. *hagatusjon-, of unknown origin. Similar shortening derived Du. heks, Ger. Hexe witch from cognate M.Du. haghetisse, O.H.G. hagzusa. First element is probably cognate with O.E. haga enclosure (see hedge). O.N. had tunria and O.H.G. zunritha, both lit. hedge-rider, used of witches and ghosts. Or second element may be connected with Norw. tysja fairy, crippled woman, Gaul. dusius demon, Lith. dvasia spirit, from PIE *dhewes- to fly about, smoke, be scattered, vanish. One of the magic words for which there is no male form, suggesting its original meaning was close to diviner, soothsayer, which were always female in northern European paganism, and hgtesse seem at one time to have meant woman of prophetic and oracular powers (lfric uses it to render the Gk. pythoness, the source of the Delphic oracle), a figure greatly feared and respected. Later, the word was used of village wise women. Haga is also the haw- in hawthorn, which is a central plant in northern European pagan religion. There may be several layers of folk-etymology here. If the hgtesse was once a powerful supernatural woman (in Norse it is an alternate word for Norns, the three weird sisters, the equivalent of the Fates), it may have originally carried the hawthorn sense. Later, when the pagan magic was reduced to local scatterings, it might have had the sense of hedge-rider, or she who straddles the hedge, because the hedge was the boundary between the civilized world of the village and the wild world beyond. The hgtesse would have a foot in each reality. Even later, when it meant the local healer and root collector, living in the open and moving from village to village, it may have had the mildly pejorative sense of hedge- in M.E. (hedge-priest, etc.), suggesting an itinerant sleeping under bushes, perhaps. The same word could have contained all three senses before being reduced to its modern one. hag-ridden 1684, from hag (q.v.) + pp. of ride. An old term for sleep paralysis, the sensation of being held immobile in bed, often by a heavy weight, and accompanied by a sense of alien presence. A holed stone hung over the bed was said to prevent it. haggaday c.1475, a kind of door latch, and still the name for rings for raising thumb-latches in the north of England, appears to be what it looks like: what you say when you open the door (cf. the 1414 record of them as hafgooddays). haggard 1567, wild, unruly, from M.Fr. haggard, probably from O.Fr. faulcon hagard wild falcon, lit. falcon of the woods, from M.H.G. hag hedge, copse, wood, from P.Gmc. *khag-. Sense perhaps reinforced by Low Ger. hager gaunt, haggard. Sense of with a haunted expression first recorded 1697, that of careworn first recorded 1853. Sense infl. by association with hag (q.v.). haggis c.1420, now chiefly Scot., but common in M.E., perhaps from O.Fr. agace magpie, on analogy of the odds and ends the bird collects. The other theory traces it to O.E. haggen to chop (see hack (1). haggle 1577, to cut unevenly (implied in haggler), freq. of haggen to chop (see hack (1). Sense of argue about price first recorded 1602, probably from notion of chopping away. hagiology study of saints lives, 1807, from Gk. hagios holy + logia study. First element probably cognate with Gk. agnos chaste, Skt. yajati reveres (a god) with sacrifices, worships, O.Pers. ayadana temple. Hagiographical is attested from 1585. haiku 1899, from Japanese, where it is singular of haikai, in haikai no renga jesting linked-verse; originally a succession of haiku linked together into one poem. The form developed mid-16c. hail (1) greetings! c.1200, from O.N. heill health, prosperity, good luck; and O.E. hals, shortening of ws hil be healthy (see health and cf. wassail). The verb meaning to call from a distance is 1563, originally nautical. Hail fellow well met is 1581, from a familiar greeting. Hail Mary (c.1300) is the angelic salutation (L. ave Maria), cf. Luke i.58, used as a devotional recitation. hail (2) frozen rain, O.E. hgl, hagol, from W.Gmc. *haglaz (cf. O.H.G. hagal, O.N. hagl, Ger. hagel hail), probably from PIE *kaghlo- pebble (cf. Gk. kakhlex round pebble). hair O.E. hr, from P.Gmc. *khran (cf. O.S., O.N., O.H.G. har, O.Fris. her, Du., Ger. haar hair), from PIE *ker(s)- to bristle (cf. Lith. serys bristle). Modern spelling infl. by O.E. haire haircloth, from O.Fr. haire, from Frank. *harja. Hairy in slang sense of difficult is first recorded 1848. Hairbreadth (1561) is said to have been formerly a formal unit of measure equal to one-forty-eighth of an inch. Hairdresser is first recorded 1771; hairdo is 1932, from do (v.). A hairpin turn, etc., is from 1906. A hair-trigger (1830) was originally a secondary trigger in a firearm which sprung free a mechanism (hair) which, when set, allowed the main trigger to be released by very slight force. Hair-raising exciting is first attested 1897. To let ones hair down become familiar is first recorded 1850. To split hairs make over-fine distinctions is first recorded 1652, as to cut the hair. Phrase hair of the dog that bit you (1546), homeopathic remedy, is in Pliny. hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, from Arabic hajj pilgrimage. One who has made it is a hajji. hake c.1310, probably from O.E. haca a hook (in hacod pike the fish), or O.N. haki hook, from the shape of its jaw. hakeem 1585, physician in Arab countries, from Arabic hakim wise, from stem of hakuma he was wise; whence also hakam judge, hikmah wisdom, science. Hakenkreuz 1931, proper Ger. name for the Nazi swastika (q.v.). halal 1855, from Arabic, lit. lawful. Halal food has been prepared in a manner prescribed by Islamic law. halberd 1495, from M.Fr. hallebarde, from M.H.G. halmbarte broad-axe with handle, from halm handle + barte hatchet, from P.Gmc. bardoz beard. Alternate etymology traces first element to helm helmet, making the weapon an axe for smashing helmets. halcyon (adj.) 1545, in halcyon dayes (L. alcyonei dies, Gk. alkyonides hemerai), 14 days of calm weather at the winter solstice, when a mythical bird (identified with the kingfisher) was said to breed in a nest floating on calm seas. From halcyon (n.), 1390, from L. halcyon, from Gk. halkyon, variant (perhaps a misspelling) of alkyon kingfisher, from hals sea, salt + kyon conceiving, prp. of kyein to conceive, lit. to swell, from PIE base *keue- to swell. Identified in mythology with Halcyone, daughter of Aeolus, who when widowed threw herself into the sea and became a kingfisher. hale (adj.) healthy, O.E. hal healthy (see health). The Scottish and northern English form of whole, it was given a literary sense of free from infirmity (1734). hale (v.) drag, summon, c.1205, from O.Fr. haler to pull, haul, from Frank. *halon or O.Du. halen, both from P.Gmc.; probably also from O.E. geholian obtain (see haul). half O.E. half, halb (Mercian), healf (W. Saxon) side, part (original sense preserved in behalf), from P.Gmc. *khalbas something divided (cf. O.N. halfr, O.Fris., M.Du. half, Ger. halb, Goth. halbs half). Used also in O.E. phrases as in modern Ger., to mean one half unit less than, cf. ridda healf two and a half, lit. half third. The construction in two and a half, etc., is first recorded c.1200. Of time, in half past ten, etc., first attested 1750; in Scottish, the half often is prefixed to the following hour, as in Ger. (halb elf ten thirty). Half-and-half ale and porter is from 1756; half-baked in sense of silly is from 1855; half-breed mixed race is from 1760; half-blooded in this sense is from 1605. Half-brother (c.1330) and half-sister (c.1205) were in M.E. Halftime in football is from 1871. half-truth is first recorded 1658; half-hearted is from 1611. To go off half-cocked speak or act too hastily (1833) is in allusion to firearms. half seas over slang for drunk, 1736, sometimes said to be from notion of a ship heavy-laden and so low in the water that small waves (half seas) wash over the deck. This suits the sense, but the phrase is not recorded in this alleged literal sense. Half seas over halfway across the sea is recorded from 1551, however, and it was given a figurative extension to halfway through a matter by 1697. What drunkenness is halfway to is not clear. half-assed ineffectual, 1932, perhaps a humorous mispronunciation of haphazard. half-life 1864, with meaning unsatisfactory way of living; the sense in physics, amount of time it takes half a given amount of radioactivity to decay is first attested 1907. half-wit 1678, originally a would-be wit whose abilities are mediocre; sense of simpleton (one lacking all his wits) is first attested 1755. Half-wits are fleas; so little and so light,We scarce could know they live, but that they bite.Dryden, All for Lovehalibut 1396, from hali holy + butte flatfish; supposedly so called from its being eaten on holy days (cf. cognate Du. heilbot, Low Ger. heilbutt, Swed. helgeflundra, Dan. helleflynder). The second element is a general Gmc. name applied to various kinds of flat fishes; cf. O.Swed. but flatfish, M.E. butt (c.1300), perhaps ult. from PIE *bhauh- to strike. halite rock salt, 1868, coined as Mod.L. halites (Glocker, 1847), from Gk. hals (gen. halos) salt + chemical noun suffix -ite. halitosis bad breath, 1874, coined from L. halitus breath, related to halare to breathe + Gk.-based noun suffix -osis. hall O.E. heall place covered by a roof, spacious roofed residence, temple, from P.Gmc. *khallo to cover, hide (cf. O.H.G. halla, Ger. halle, Du. hal, O.N. hll hall; O.E. hell, Goth. halja hell), from PIE base *kel- to hide, conceal (see cell). Sense of entry, vestibule evolved 17c., at a time when the doors opened onto the main room of a house. Older sense preserved in town hall, music hall, etc., and in university dormitory names. Hall of Fame first attested 1901, in ref. to Columbia College. hallelujah 1535, from Heb. hallalu-yah praise Jehovah, from hallalu, pl. imper. of hallel to praise also song of praise, from hillel he praised, of imitative origin, with primary sense being to trill. Second element is yah, shortened form of Yahweh, name of God. Replaced variant formation alleluia (12c.). hallmark 1721, official stamp of purity in gold and silver articles, from Goldsmiths Hall in Lond