第20单元 句子(2).doc

第20单元 句子(2) 从结构上看句子可分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。一、 简单句 1 简单句的意义简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)，并且句子的各个成分都只由单词或短语表示。 We learn English.我们学英语。 (一个主语和一个谓语) Both Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang are from Singapore. 小张和小王都是新家坡人。(一个并列主语和一个谓语) He once lived and worked here.他曾经在这里生活和工作过。 (一个主语和一个并列谓语) My father and mother go to work at seven in the morning and come back home at eight inn the evening.我父母早上七点上班，晚上八点回家。 (一个并列主语和一个并列谓语)2 简单句的种类 根据句子的基本结构分为5种类型(1) 主语+系动词+表语Its Sunday today. 今天星期天。My father is a doctor.我爸爸是名医生(2) 主语+不及物动词Winter is coming.冬天来了。He has gone home.他回家了。The baby is crying.宝宝哭了。(3) 主语+及物动词+宾语I like popular music.我喜欢流行音乐。We dont know what to do next.我们不知道下一步应该做什么。We do our homework every evening.我们每天晚上都做家庭做业。(4) 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。(亦称双宾语)He teaches us English.他教我们英语。Please tell us what you saw here.告诉我们你在那里看到了什么？I gave him a new pen as a little gift.我给了他一支新钢笔作为小礼物。My father bought me a new bicycle.我爸爸给我买了一辆新自行车。(5) 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(又称复合宾语)The mother makes the boy wash his hands clean.妈妈让那个小男孩把手洗干净。He asked us to help him.他请求我们帮助他。Please keep the classroom clean.请保持教室的干净。We call him a Lei Feng.我们叫他活雷锋。We found the film interesting. 我们觉得这部电影很有趣。五种基本句型歌英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。句型种类为动词，后接什么是关键；系词后面接表语；vi.独身无牵连；vt.又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见，还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。二、 并列句 1 并列句的意义并列句是指用并列连接词连接起来的两个或两个以上简单句。并列句的构成：简单句+连接词+简单句连接并列句的常用连接词有：and, but, or, so, not onlybut also, however, neithernor, eitheror, still等。2 并列句的种类(1) 表示两个同等概念常用and, not only but also, neithernor, so, on(the) one handon the otherhand等连接。 The fathers name is Bob, and the sons name is John.父亲的名字是鲍勃，儿子的名字是约翰。 Neither has head teacher changed his mind, nor will he do so.班主任既没有改变主意，也不打算这样做。 Jim plays football and so does his brother.吉姆踢足球，他的兄弟也踢足球。(2) 表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。Hurry up, or youll miss the train.赶快，否则你就要误火车了。Either you are wrong, or I am.不是你的错，就是我的错了。(3) 表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等(still和yet亦常作副词使用)。 It is very good, yet, in can be better. 这很好，但还能精益求精。 He was just going to speak when the bell rang.他正要说话时，铃声响了。(4) 表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。The oil must be out, for the lamp has gone out. 油一定用完了，因为灯已熄灭。It was raining, therefore we remained at home.天下雨，因此我们留在家里。(5) 表示条件或结果关系，常用连词有and, or, consequently等。One step more and youll be a dead man.再走一步你就没命了。Hurry up, or youll miss the train.快点，要不然你就赶不上那班火车了。注意：a以and, as well as, neither(nor)连接的并列句中，后面的某些重复的成分常被省略。例如：We study English and they (study) German.b用so, neither(nor)代替前句中出现的句子成分，这时语序需倒装，例如： He likes to study English, so do I. 三、 复合句 复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成，主句为句子的主体部分，从句不能独立，只能用作句子的一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、介词短语、定语、同位语、状语等。由于在句子中的作用不同，从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句和同位语从句等。1 名词性从句 名词性从句的定义、种类、连接词名词性从句相当于名词，可分别做主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的连接词可分为从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。从属连词that无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if(whether)虽有词义，但在从句中也不担任成分。连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which有词义，在从句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语等。连接副词when, where, why, how有词义，通常在从句中担任状语。2 各种名词性从句的用法(1) 主语从句 定义主语从句是指在复合句中做主句的主语的从句。 表现形式 A由从属连词引导 That they win the match is certain. 【主语从句中that放在句首不能省略。】 Whether we go together or separately doesnt matter much. 【引导主语从句只能用whether，不用if。】 B由连接代词引导 Who will attend the meeting is not important. What you need is more experience. C由连接副词引导 When they will leave for Beijing is not yet decided. Why he failed the English exam wasnt clear. D用it作形式主语 由于主语从句位于句首，句子常显得头重脚轻，因此常把它移至句子后部，句首用引导词it来做形式主语。形式主语共有4个形式： aIt is /was +n.+that-clause It is a pity that you have made such a foolish mistake. It is a shame that you cant come to the party. bIt is /was+adj.+that-clause It is necessary for us that we study hard. cIts said (thought, believed, reported) that Its said that he is working abroad. dIt seems (appears, turns out) that It seems that it is going to rain.(2) 表语从句 定义 表语从句是指在复合句中做主句的表语的从句。表语从句和主语从句指同一内容，它对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内容具体化。 表现形式 A由从属连词引导 The question is whether you should ask them for help. The trouble is that I have never done the work before. B由连接代词引导 Beijing is not what it used to be. What she wants to know is which dress she should buy. C由连接副词引导 That is where Lao She used to live. That is why I didnt pass the exam. 【表语从句还可以由as if/though引导。 He looks as if he were angry. (虚拟语气) 引导表语从句只能用whether，不用if。】 (3) 宾语从句 定义 宾语从句是指在复合句中做及物动词宾语的从句，也可做介词和某些形容词的宾语。 表现形式 A及物动词后的宾语从句 a由从属连词引导 I wonder if you can do me a favour. b由连接代词引导 Could you tell me who built the iron tower in Paris? I really dont know what her father does. c由连接副词引导 I wonder why she refused my invitation. Could you tell me where the nearest bus stop is?注意：如果主句谓语是think, believe, suppose, imagine等，宾语从句中的否定意义通常在主句中表现出来，称为“否定转移”。例如：I dont think this is the best way.反意疑问句：当上述词的主语是“I”时，其反意疑问句同宾语从句中的主谓一致，反之则与主句的主谓一致。例：I dont think this is the best way, is it?He doesnt think it is the best way, does he? B介词和某些形容词之后的宾语从句 a介词后的宾语从句 He only laughed at what I said. I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.【介词后面须连whether引导的宾语从句，而不能接if。例如： It all depends on whether they will support us or not. 】b某些形容词后的宾语从句 Im afraid (that) I cant go with you. I am sure that they will make greater progress in English through hard work. C非谓语动词之后的宾语从句 Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing. Not knowing where she lives, we couldnt get in touch with her. D引导词it代表宾语从句在“及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构中，宾语如果是由从句来担任，则通常放在宾语补足语的后面即“及物动词+宾语补足语+宾语从句”，而在原来的宾语位置上用it做形式宾语。One often hears it said that travel broadens the mind. He made it clear that he was determined to carry out the plan. 宾语从句的时态特点 宾语从句的时态主要取决于主句的时态 A主句是现在时(一般现在时或现在完成时)，从句允许使用任何时态。从句时态可与主句一致，也可由从句中的时间状语自行决定。 I think they are right. (从句用现在时与主句一致，同指现在。) I think you were wrong at that time. (从句里有过去时间状语at that time，因此用一般过去时。) I think (that) shell come in time. (从句指将来行为，用一般将来时。) B主句是过去时，从句除表示“真理”可使用现在时态外，一律使用过去时态。从句有一般过去时态状语时，使用一般过去时；从句谈论过去发生的事实或含有完成时态状语时，常用过去完成时；从句有将来时间状语或谈论未来发生的事实，使用过去将来时。如： My father told me that the earth is round. I didnt think I was wrong yesterday. I didnt think I had been wrong. (从句无过去时间状语，用过去完成时。) She hesitated whether she would take our advice. (4) 同位语从句 定义 一个名词或代词后面有时跟一个名词或起名词作用的成分，对前者做进一步说明，叫做同位语。在某些名词后可以用that, whether, when等引导的从句做同位语，称为同位语从句。这些名词常见的有：idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt等。(注意：同位语从句引导词that不可省略。) 表现形式 A由that引导 He expressed his hope that he would come to visit China some day. The truth that heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed is known to all. B由whether引导 The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been decided. C由when引导 I have no idea when I will be back from Shanghai.注意：a有时可用namely(即)，that is to say(也就是说)，in other words(换句话说)，that is(那就是)，i.e.(=that is)，for example等引出同位语，说明其前面的名词(或代词)。例如： He told me the good news, namely, he passed the exam. There is only one way of improving your English, that is, to practise more.b同位语从句不同于定语从句，前者对名词加以补充说明，后者对名词加以限制。试比较： The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.(同位语从句) The news you told me yesterday was really disappointing.(定语从句)2定语从句 定语从句的定义 定语从句是指在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中的名词或代词的从句，其中被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。 定语从句的结构定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that,as和关系副词when, where, why等引导。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。当关系代词做定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。 (1) 由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句在这类定语从句中，who用作主语或宾语，whom用作宾语。Who, whom做宾语时通常可以省略。Whose用作定语。This is the stranger who saved the boys life.An old friend of mine who works for the government came to see me yesterday.The lady (whom) they wanted to visit is a scientist.Who is the student (whom) Professor Wang praised at the meeting.I know a girl whose mother is a doctor.(2) 由which引导的定语从句指事物，在从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时，常可以省略。Beijing is a city which has a history of 2000 years.A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.The young man was very happy to get back the laptop (which) he had last on the train.注意：a关系代词which, whom在定语从句中做介词的宾语时，从句常由“介词+which/whom”引出。 Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live. The film of which Im speaking is to be shown at the Peoples Cinema next week. This is the old man from whom weve learnt a lot.b这类从句中的介词也可放在从句的末尾，这时关系代词可以省略。 The situation (which) they had got into was very dangerous. The man (whom) we sent the present to is a driver.c定语从句也可以由“名词(代词/数词)+介词+which(whom)”引出。 The truck, the windows of which were damaged, has now been repaired. (3) 由that引导的定语从句在这种定语从句中that可以指人或物，代替who, whom, which，在从句中做主语或谓语动词的宾语，做宾语时可省略(不能放在介词后面做介词宾语)。The comrade that (who) is speaking at the meeting is a frieng of mine.The letter that (which) I received yesterday was from my brother.但在下列三种情况下，只能用that：A有序数词或最高级形容词修饰先行词时，要用that。 The first English novel that I read was Hard Times by Charles Dickens. Rose is the most diligent(勤奋的) student that I have ever known.Ball, everything, nothing, something, anything等不定代词作先行词时，要用that。 Is there anything that you want to buy in town? All that we have to do for our students is to suggest how to be honest. Nothing that the teacher does doesnt influence his students. 老师所做的事情没有不影响到学生的。C当先行词即有人，又有物时，只能用that。 When he met me, he told me all the people and things that he had known.注意：a关系代词：who, which, that在从句中做主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词一致。b关系代词whom, which, that在从句中做动词宾语时，在口语中往往可以省略；在做介词宾语时，关系代词不能省略，介词放在关系代词前。(that例外)cthat的特殊用法。That在定语从句中的惯用法是：它可用作关系副词代替in/on/for which/when/where/why/how，而且that亦可以用省略形式。例如： I never forget the day (that) I went to school 20 years ago.(4) 由when, where, why引导的定语从句October 1st, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. (when在定语从句中做时间状语。)I will never forget the day when I met Mr. Lu Xun.(when在定语从句中做时间状语。)Everyone wants to visit the place where Premier Zhou once worked. (where在定语从句中做地点状语。)We dont know the reason why they didnt keep their promise. (why在定语从句中做原因状语。) (5) as引导的定语从句as 也可以用作关系代词，既可以单独引出定语从句，又可与主句中的the same或such相呼应，从句中谓语动词常省略。I hope to get such a car as he is driving.(6) 限定性与非限定性定语从句限制性定语从句是不可去掉的定语从句。如果没有它，主句的意思就不完整。在这种复合句中，主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开。The book (which/that) I need is not in the library.【关系代词that不用于非限制性定语从句。】非限制性定语从句可去掉，去掉后句子的意思仍然完整。主句和从句之间用逗号分开，从句附加说明先行词。Lao Wangs performance, which bored everyone, went on and on.老王的表演人人厌烦，没完没了。是限制性定语从句，还是非限制性定语从句，有时会有不同的意思。All the books, which have pictures in them, were sent to the little girl. (7) 关系代词that与which的用法区别 which可引导非限制性定语从句，that则不能。 He didnt come back home on time, which made his father very angry. which之前可以有介词，that之前则不能有介词。 This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live. that和which都指物时，在以下四种情况下，用that而不能用which： A当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, much, little, few等不定代词时 That is all that I want to say. There is nothing that can terrify him. 没有什么能吓住他。 There was little that I could do for you. 我不能为你干什么。 B先行词被序数词修饰时 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Truck Hill.(象鼻山) C先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have ever seen. D先行词被the very, the only, the just等修饰时 This is the very T-shirt (that) I want to buy. Mr. Smith is the only foreigner (that) he knows.(8) 其他情况 定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。这种句子在书面语中常见，口语中较少。They have invited me to dinner, which is very kind of them.The class was canceled, which was just what we expected. as也可引起定语从句(多和such，same等连用)。另外，偶尔也用but引起定语从句，这种情况现在已经比较少见了。He disliked the girl, as could be expected.They felt such heat in the jungle as they had never felt before.There is not one of us but wishes(=who does not wish) to improve our English.我们没有一个人不想提高英语水平。 定语从句时态的简化。如果主句动词是将来时，从句动词表示的动作与主句动作发生在同一时间，从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时，用一般过去时表示过去将来时。【但是，如果从句动作是指不同于主句动作的将来时间，则两部分都要用将来时。】There will be a special price for anybody who orders a suit in the next two weeks. Those who will go to tomorrows show will have to come this afternoon to get their tickets. 明天去看演出的人今天下午来取票。(9) 使用定语从句应注意的问题关系代词在从句中做主语时，从句中的谓语动词形式由先行词决定。The students who are in Grade 3 are going to climb the hill.分隔定语从句，定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间有其他的成分隔开如定语、状语或谓语。There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand.引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来代替。This is the room in which (=where) Lu Xun once lived.3 状语从句 状语从句的定义状语从句是指起状语作用的从句，可以用来修饰谓语(或其他动词)，定语或状语，或是整个句子。状语从句可用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、比较、目的、结果、让步和地点等。 状语从句的类型(1) 时间状语从句 时间状语从句常用从属连词when, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as等引导。It was snowing when he arrived in Tianjin.Strike while the iron is hot. 谚语 趁热打铁如果状语从句在前，主句在后，一般要用逗号隔开；反之则可以不用逗号。Dont go away before I leave.Every time I catch a cold, I have pain in my back. 在时间状语从句中，通常不用将来时，而用现在时来代替。Ill tell her about that when I see her.Well wait until spring comes.(2) 地点状语从句地点状语从句用连接副词where或wherever引导。Just stay where you are.(3) 原因状语从句原因状语从句可以由because, as, since, now that等引导。 because表示原因的口气最重，直接表示因果关系，回答why的问题。 He didnt go to school today because he was ill. As there was no answer, I wrote to him again. 强调原因状语从句只能用because从句。 It was because he was ill that he didnt go to school. 注意：for引出并列句表示原因，通常是逻辑推理的原因，且一般不用于句首。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. The day must have broken, for birds are out. 天肯定亮了，因为鸟儿出来了。 与for相比，because引导的从句表示的是更直接而不是推断的原因，语气更强，有时可以放在主句之前，试比较： Becaues he was ill, he is absent today. 因为他病了，所以今天缺席。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他今天缺席，看来一定是病了。(4) 条件状语从句条件状语从句由if, unless, in case(that), so far as, as/so long as, on condition(that), provided/providing, suppose/supposing(that)等引导。Do you mind if I smoke?I wont leave unless he leaves first.(5) 方式状语从句方式状语从句由as, just as, as if/though引导。Most plants need air just as they need water.She treated me as if/though I were an alien.(外星人)(6) 让步状语从句常由though/although, even if, however, whatever, no matter how(who)等连接词或连接词组引导。【as引导的让步状语从句，应将表语或状语放在句首。】The officer often goes in among the masses, though he is old.注意：英汉表达的不同，英语中用了though, although就有“虽然但是”的含义。不能在主句中用but，但可接yet或still。Although they were lost that day, they were all in high spirits. (7) 目的状语从句目的状语从句常用that, so that, in order that, lest等从属连词引导，从句中的谓语动词常用may(might), can(could), should等情态动词。Come round to the window so that I can touch your hands.绕到窗子前面去，好让我触到你的手。He got up early in order that he could breathe fresh air.(8) 结果状语从句结果状语从句由so that, sothat, suchthat, in such a way(manner) that, to such a degree that, to the degree that, with the result that等引导。He was so tired that he almost fell asleep at dinner.(9) 比较状语从句比较状语从句常用asas, not so/asas, morethan, lessthan, thethe等引导。He is copying the poem as carefully as he can.John is less clever than his brother. 使用要点(1) 时间、条件状语从句中通常不使用将来时在时间、条件状语从句中通常不用将来时，而用一般时态代替将来时。If it is fine tomorrow, we will go fishing.但是在下面一句话中，条件句里的will，不表示将来时，而是表示“意愿”。If you will go, I will go with you.(2) 状语从句中的省略状语从句中，如果其主语与主句的主语一致，谓语是(或相当于)系表结构，这时从句的主语和系动词均可省略。He is an honest man although (he is) very poor.Whether (she is) sick or well, Lily is always cheerful.另外，if it is necessary/possible可以用省略形式。If necessary, Mary should come back ahead of time.(3) 要注意汉英语言的不同在使用某些英语状语从句时，要注意汉英语言的不同。例如，在汉语里，我们常用“虽然。但是”“因为。所以”“除非。否则”等关联词。但在英语中，上述概念分别只用although, because. Unless等从属连词来表示即可。Although they are Japanese, (不用but) we cant tell them from us.As there was a power failure, (不用so) I had to light a candle.因为停电了，所以我只能点上蜡烛。Unless you keep trying, (不用otherwise) you will never succeed.【基础训练】一、 用适当的并列连词填空1. Hurry up, _ well be late for class.2. Practise more, _ youll be able to paly football better.3. Jack didnt come to school yesterday, _ he was ill.4. He is in his sixties, _ he has made up his mind to leave his son.5. It was very cold yesterday, _ we stayed at home.6. That actor is a nice man, _ everyone likes him.7. _ you are wrong _ he is.8. _ does she sing well, _ she dances beautifully.9. Lao Xu has learned English for ten years, _ he is not very good at spoken English.10. One cannot see air, _, it does exist.二、 根据句子意思，在下列第一空填入介词，第二空填入关系代词whom或which1. The person_ _ I spoke just now is the headmaster that I told you about.2. The pencil_ _he was writing is mine.3. Hillary,_ _ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.4. The two things_ _I was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.5. Her bag,_ _she put all her books, has not been found.6. The stories about the civil war,_ _this is one example, are well written.三、 选用适当的关系代词(who, which, whose, that)或关系副词(when, where, why)填空1. This was the best model of a radio set_ the factory produced in