名词性从句专家级讲解.doc

最新】2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题十一 名词性从句名词性从句一直备受高考命题者的关注，近几年来的高考题主要考查在具体语境中连接词的选择，尤其是连接词what和that的辨析，以及whether 与if表示“是否”时的区别。因此，正确区分名词性从句的类型，根据在从句中的作用和所表达的意义，确定恰当的连接词是一轮复习的重点。此外，名词性从句和定语从句的辨析，也是高考考查的重点。 一、认识各种名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作句子的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句具体分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句中的连接词有连词that / whether / if，连接代词what / who(m)/ which / whose / whatever / whoever / whomever / whichever，连接副词where / when / why / how 。从名词性从句在句中所起的作用来说，名词性从句是句子不可缺少的一部分，和句子的其他成分之间也不会用逗号隔开。而定语从句和状语从句是句子中的修饰成分，去掉之后不会影响句子主体结构的完整性。这是判断是否是名词性从句最主要的特征。如：I wonder how much these shoes cost. (宾语从句，不可省去)He is the very man I look after. (定语从句，修饰the man)You may borrow the book as long as you keep it clean. (状语从句)1主语从句Who will go is not important. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not. (形式主语it代替后面的真正的主语从句)注意：that引导主语从句放于句首时，不能省略。That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. 2表语从句The question was who could go there. My idea is that we can get more people to help in the work. That is why the brothers wanted to make a bet. It looked as if it was going to rain. 3 .宾语从句I hope (that) everything is all right. 注意：(1)that在引导宾语从句时，常可省略，但如果有两个以上的宾语从句时，最后一个从句的that不能省略。如：I know (that) he has just graduated from college and that he is looking for a job. (2)如果动词宾语后又有补语，那么要使用it作形式宾语，然后把宾语从句放在补语之后。如：I make it known that well be invited to the ball. (3)如果主句的谓语动词的时态是一般过去时，那么从句的时态要采用相应的与过去有关的时态，但如果从句描述的是客观事实，从句时态不可调整“呼应”。如：She remembered that she had left her wallet at the school gate. Our teacher said that light travels faster than sound. 4同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词(如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之后，说明该名词的具体内容。如：I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 注意：在动词：一坚持(insist)、二命令(order，command)、三建议(suggest，advise，recommend)、四要求(demand，require，request，ask)后的宾语从句和这些动词的过去分词后的主语从句，以及这些动词的名词引出的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分常用(should)do形式。如：He insisted that he (should) try once again. His advice is that everyone (should) do his best to help the poor girl. It is required that students (should) attend at least 90% of the lectures. 二、名词性从句的连接词名词性从句的连接词是名词性从句中最核心的问题，也是高考的常考点。连接词的选择要考虑它在从句中的作用和所表达的意义。连接词词义在句中所例句作成分从属连词that/The problem is that we dont haveenough money.if/ whether是否/ The question is whether they have so much money.连接词词义在句中所例句作成分连接代词who/whom/which/whose/what原疑问代词的意义；what更常表示：the thing that / the that 所的东西/主语、宾语、表语、定语Pay attention to what the teacher said. Who kept the door open all night was unknown.whoever/whomever/ whichever/ whatever 无论谁/ 无论哪个(些)/无论什么主语、宾语、表语、定语Whoever breaks the law will be punished. You can take whichever book you like. 连接词词义在句中所作成分例句连接副词when/ where/ why/ how 原疑问副词的意义或“的时间(the time when)；的地点(the place where)；的原因(the reason why)”；的方式(the way that)状语When he will go is unknown. I wonder why he tried to avoid me. This room is where I was born. This is how we work. 误区点拨1what与that(1)【误】 All what he did was for you. 【正】 What he did was for you. 【正】 All that he did was for you. (2)【误】 I was thinking that I could do for you. 【正】 I was thinking what I could do for you. 【解析】 what引导名词性从句，what相当于the thing that/ the that/ all that等，具体的意义要根据上下文确定。在名词性从句中，what既有意义，又在从句中作一定的成分，而that无意义，且在从句中不作成分。2who与 whoever【误】 Who is the first to come will get a gift. 【正】 Whoever is the first to come will get a gift. 【正】 Anyone who is the first to come will get a gift. 【解析】 whoever引导名词性从句，意为“无论谁”，相当于anyone who；而who意为“谁”。3whether与if(1)【误】 They dont know if to go there. 【正】 They dont know whether to go there. (2)【误】 It depends on if we have enough time. 【正】 It depends on whether we have enough time. 【解析】 在以下情况只能用whether不能用if：作介词宾语时，连接词一般用whether。It all depends on whether they will come back. 后面直接跟or not 时，用whether。I didnt know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan. 主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，只能用whether。Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet. The question is whether they have so much time. whether可与动词不定式连用，但if不能。I have not decided whether to go or not. whether可引导一个让步状语从句，表示“不管，无论”，而if不能。Whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time. 4whoever 与whomever【误】 Please give the book to whomever needs it most. 【正】 Please give the book to whoever needs it most. 【解析】 此处，whoever在从句中作主语，因此不能用whomever。名词性从句引导词的选择要注意其意义及它在从句中所作的成分。5【误】 He will win the match is certain. 【正】 That he will win the match is certain. 【正】 It is certain that he will win the match. 【解析】 that位于句首引导主语从句时，不能省略。6【误】 What we bought was some bananas. 【正】 What we bought were some bananas. 【解析】 what 引导的从句作主语时，若表示复数概念，谓语动词则用复数。7名词性从句的语序【误】 So now you know what should you do.【正】 So now you know what you should do.【解析】 名词性从句应用陈述语序。8 【误】 Theres a fact that English is being accepted as an important language. 【正】 Its a fact that English is being accepted as an important language. 【解析】 It is a fact that句型中，It为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句。it不能换成there。9【误】 He is late. Thats why he got up late this morning.【正】 He is late. Thats because he got up late this morning. 【解析】 Thats why的原因；Thats because 那是因为此处起床晚是迟到的原因，故用Thats because10【误】 Well discuss the problem that the sports meeting will be held in Beijing Stadium. 【正】 Well discuss the problem when/whether the sports meeting will be held in Beijing Stadium. 【解析】 如果用that引导同位语从句意义不完整，这时可根据情况选用whether, when等。2011年高考真题【2011江苏卷,27】Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _.AconsequenceBindependenceCcompetenceDintelligence【答案】C【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为 “教师要不断地更新他们的知识以便保持专业上的称职。”consequence后果，结果；independence独立；competence能力，胜任，称职；intelligence智力, 智慧; 理解力。根据句意选C。【2011福建卷,26】The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major of global climate change.A.result B.cause C.warning D.reflection【答案】B【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“公众缺乏对生态环境友好的习惯被认为是全球气候变化的主要原因。”result结果；cause原因；warning警告；reflection反映。cause与global climate change存在着因果关系，故选B。【2011浙江卷,18】Anyway, I cant cheat himits against all my _.A. emotions B. principles C. regulations D. opinions【答案】B【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“不管怎样，我不能欺骗他这违反我的原则。”emotion情绪；principle原则，准则；regulation规定，规则；opinions意见。根据句意选B。【2011四川卷,13】Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of childrens . A.touch B.sight C.reach D.distance【答案】C【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“时刻记住：这些危险物品，比如刀子，要放在孩子们够不着的地方。”out of touch不联系，不接触；out of sight看不见, 在视野之外；out of reach手够不着, 达不到；out of distance远离=far away。根据前面的交代的危险品，选C。【2011湖北卷,21】“Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with_ clearly in her voice.A . anger B. rudeness C. regret D. panic【答案】D【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“Tommy，快跑！快点！房子着火了！”母亲大声叫喊，嗓音里夹杂这明显的惊慌。”anger生气；rudeness粗鲁；regret后悔；panic惊慌，慌乱。根据句意选D。【2011湖北卷,22】Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big_, but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.A. project B. commitment C. competition D. ambition【答案】B【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“当初放弃我的工作重新接受全日制的教育是个了不起的决定，现在我知道那是我作出的最好的决定。”project项目, 计划, 方案, 课题；commitment 承诺，许诺，保证；competition比赛，竞争；ambition抱负，雄心，野心。commitment与后面的decision相呼应，故选B。【2011湖北卷,30】When asked about their opinions about the