高校硕士研究生学科英语系列精品教材《管理英语》冯曼版UNIT 1-9 READING 1英译汉.doc

1.They claim that the definition of the American Restatement ignores the bargain the exchange of equivalents which is the essence of a contract.法学家们声称美国合同法重述中的解释忽略了契约的本质，即等价交换是合同的本质。2.These scholars also argue that all the definitions in terms of promises or agreements presuppose that people only enter into contractual relations after they have made some agreement or promise.这些学者还是对这些定义持有不同的观点，认为依据合同承诺或契约所做解释的先决条件是当事人业已达成协议或承诺之后才构成合同关系。3.Within the European Union, a group of countries have moved toward a system of “enhanced cooperation”, which coordinates the choice of law in divorce and legal separation cases , giving priority to application of the law of the couples habitual residence prior to separation.在欧盟内部，一些国家已经在向“加强合作”的体系迈进，以协调在离婚和合法分居案件中的法律适用，在分居之前优先适用夫妻双方常住地的法律。4.The United States has a treaty relationship with another group of countries under the Inter American convention on Letters Rogatory and Its Additional Protocol(IACAP), which also provides a mechanism for service of documents through a central authority.美国与一些国家在泛美公约及其附加议定书（IACAP）框架下建立了条约关系，这也提供了一种通过中央机构进行法律文书送达的机制。5.The question of whether substituted service is permitted is determined by the law of the forum ,but the means utilized must also comply with the laws of the country in which service is made.虽然法庭地法官裁定是否同意替代传票送达的问题，但是运用这些替代方法同样必须遵守传票送达签署国的法律。6.As a treaty , the convention preempts inconsistent provisions of state law , and service in treaty countries that dose not comply with the convention is ineffective, even if the respondent had actual notice of the proceeding.作为条约，惯例常常取代与州法律规定不一致的内容，即使被告实际上已按照程序收到通知，当地国若不遵守送达的规定，则送达是无效的。 7.Merchant judges employ in formal proceedings to responds to the immediate demands of merchants, such as by considering trade usages of merchants who dealt in perishable goods, and by reacting to fluctuating prices or irregular sources of supply in volatile markets.商事法官通过采取非法正式程序来满足商人的迫切需要，这些非正当程序可以是援引有关易损货物的商业惯例，也可考虑动荡市场上浮动价格和非常规原料供应等因素。、8.If law merchant judges base their decisions on conceptions of fairness and goodness ,do they derive those conceptions from merchant practices, or additionally from precepts that transcend those practices?如果商事法官依据公平和善良的理念作出裁决，那么商事法官的这种理念是源自商事实践还是源自于超越这些实践之上的行为准则呢？9.A hypothesis favoring both the procedural and substantive autonomy of the law merchant is that judges who have an understanding of merchant practice are best equipped to understand disputes between other merchants and to tailor their decisions to accord with reasonable merchant expectations.这种假设理论赞成商事法在程序自治和实质上的司法独立。那些对商事习惯理解透彻的资深法官能很好地理解商人之间的争议，并能够确保判决能符合合理的商业预期。10.Finally, while leading figures in organized trades such as merchant guilds influenced merchant practice, their impact on the formulation of merchant law was the exception, not the rule. Medieval merchants who occupied positions of privilege in comparatively free merchant towns, fairs, and guilds enjoyed limited personal autonomy in an era in which personal freedom was an anathema. Even common law concepts like caveat emptor attributed to the law merchant probably entered the common law by error, conceivably with unclear substantive roots in Roman and canon law, as well as in the law merchant.最后，虽然像商业行会这样有组织机构的领导人对商事惯例存在影响，但他们对商法形成的影响只是例外，不是常态。在相对自由的商业城镇、集市和行会里，中世纪的商人拥有特权，但在一个人的自由遭受唾弃的时代，他们拥有的个人自治权非常有限，甚至像“顾客留心”这样属于商法的普通法概念，也可能是错误地被纳入普通法，人们确信它不仅源自商法，更带有罗马和教会法某种不清楚的实质根源。11.Blackstones view of the law merchant arguably was inspired as much by how he thought it ought to function as how it operated in fact.布莱克斯通的商人法观点可以说来源于他对商人法应该具备怎样的功能以及商人法实际上的运作情况的主观想象。12.One is that a person who induces another to rely upon him and change his position, ought not to let that person down, and the other is that a person who does a service to another or renders him some benefit, ought generally to be recompensed for his trouble.一种观点是诱导他人依赖于他，并促使其改变立场的人，不应该让人失望。另一种观点则认为帮他人忙，致使其获得利益的人一般都应该为其所造成的法律纠纷而获得赔偿。13.In some respects, the substantive scope of the regime set out in the CFSL, reflects the restrictions as to the subject matter of the contracts for which it is available, as can be seen in those of its provisions governing the obligations and remedies of parties to the particular types of contract in question(Parts IV and V of the CESL).欧洲统一销售法中设定的实际范围管理体制在某些方面反映了有关合同内容的有效限制条件。这些可以理解为欧洲统一销售法的具体规定，以调整（第四部分和第五部分中）有问题的特殊合同中当事各方的法律义务和救济。14.These findings lend support to a “relational model” of conflict resolutionwhich posits that peoples assessments of a “resolution” are crucially shaped by their evaluation of the competence, interests, and power of the other actors involvedalthough we call for greater sensitivity to cultural constructs in peoples relational assessments of law.虽然我们呼吁在人们的法律关系评价中更加关注文化建构，但如果人们通过评价作证能力、利益和与此相关的行为主体的权力后，就能完全形成解决机制的评价，那么这些研究结果就支持冲突解决机制的“关系模式”。15.The significant variation in state approaches to sentencing extends to whether courts as afforded discretion to consider childrens interests when sentencing their parents.各州对羁押父母的量刑方法有了实质性的变化，更倾向于考量法院是否运用自由裁量原则来照顾儿童的权益。16.While none of the state sentencing guidelines is as rigid as the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, a number restrict courts ability to consider a number restrict courts ability to consider childrens interests at sentencing.虽然任何州的法院量刑指导规范都不如联邦法院量刑指导规范要求严格，但其中一些条款都限定了法院在审判在押父母中考量儿童的利益的权限。17.Some states without guidelines have reached similar outcomes through case law. In certain states, for instance, judges may consider family status at sentencing, but only if it relates to the wrongfulness of the crime.有些州级法院没有量刑指导规范而借鉴案例法来达到同样的法律效果。比如，有些州的法官在量刑中可以考虑家庭状况，但也只限于是否涉及罪行的违法性。18.A situated justice approach directs attention to how peoples sense of fairness is formed through their particular experiences within the legal system and in relation to the litigants embeddedness in institutional context.能动（酌情）司法的方法是引导人们关注公平意识是如何通过在特定法律体制中的特殊体验产生，又如何关联身处特定制度背景下的诉讼当事人。 19.Futhermore, after individuals turn to the law they often find their disputes transformed by lawyers and the courts in ways they find unsatisfying.再者，当人们选择诉诸法律的时候，却经常发现其诉讼被律师和法官以一种令人失望的方式改头换面。20.Even when they lack the knowledge of law , people are reluctant to make a claim because they have insufficient access to lawyers, do not want to be classified as a victim, or doubt whether they deserve legal protections.当人们缺乏法律知识的时候，也就不情愿提出索赔的要求，因为他们要么没有足够的途径找到律师，要么不想被视为受害者，要么怀疑是否能得到法律的保护。21.We should not rely on a thin operationalization of fairness if we believe that this key concept is culturally thick.如果我们相信这一核心概念具有深厚的文化底蕴，那我们就不应该依靠一种脆弱的公平操作机制。22.Legal consciousness is influenced by perception, sensation, memory, and other psychological processes that scholars of procedural justice and other social psychologists of law have attended to.法律意识受人的知觉，感觉，记忆和其它心理认知过程的影响，而这些同时也会受到程序正义研究学者和社会法律心理学家的长期关注。23.They(Employment discrimination lawsuits) function as an individualized system of justice in which nearly all plaintiffs(93 percent) pursue individual rather than collective claims, which puts them at a tremendou