2009英语高考复习----阅读理解专题指导.doc

2009英语高考复习-阅读理解专题指导一、考试大纲要求1、理解主旨和要义； 2、理解文中具体信息；3、根据上下文推断生词的词义； 4、做出简单判断和推理；5、理解文章的基本结构； 6、理解作者的意图、观点和态度。二、阅读理解命题分类1、主旨大意型2、事实细节型3、词义猜测型4、推理判断型三、事实细节型（一）、事实细节型解题要领1、文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。2、忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。3、常见提问形式1） Which of the following is TRUE ( Not True) according to the information in the passage?2） Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?3）The author mentions all the following except _.4）In the passage, the author states that _.5） 以when, where, who, what, how, why, how many/much等词引导的疑问句。 4、例题Example 1 (08浙江E) One day, I told my mother Id changed my mind. I didnt want to make a success in the magazine business. “If you think you can change your mind like this,” she replied, “you will become a good-for-nothing.” She insisted that, as soon as school was over, I should start ringing doorbells, selling magazines. Whenever I said no, she would scold me.What did the mother do when the boy wanted to give up? A. She forced him to continue. B. She punished him. C. She gave him some money. D. She changed her plan.Example 2Want to be a volunteer for Beijing Olympics in 2008? Recently, the recruiting started.The recruiting of Beijing Olympics Volunteer starts from Aug 28, 2006 to end of March 2008.Stage 1: Beijing VolunteersFrom August 28, 2006, the program opens to applicants in Beijing (and Beijing only). Stage 2: China VolunteersFrom Dec, 2006, people from outside Beijing can submit their application.Stage 3: Overseas VolunteersBy March 2007, people from outside China (including in other countries) can apply for volunteering in Olympics 2008.The ProgramTravel, hotel are not provided. Only working meal is available for volunteers (makes sense, isnt it?)If you have any questions, just call Olympics Volunteer hotline: +86-10-123081.Who has the most time to apply for volunteering in Olympics 2008 ? A. Liling from Beijing B. Wangbing from Tianjin . C. Jane from Australia D. Dongdong from Yunnan. 2.Being a volunteer in Olympics 2008 , you can enjoy free _ service. A. food B. taxi C. hotel D. ticket 事实细节型-心得体会 此题型最普遍的特征是题干中的某些词语和表达方式与原文的词语和表达方式相吻合，因此一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。 (二)词义猜测型解题要领1、常见提问形式：1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？2) The word. could best be replaced by.3) In the. paragraph, the word. means (refers to).4) According to the passage,. probably means.5) The author uses the word. to mean.2、猜测词义的常见方法一、是针对性的解释1）根据定义（definition）猜测词义如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。例1.Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.分析由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today分析由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . According to the passage ,The Pines is a .Aplace in which you can see many mobile homesBmountain where you can get a good view of the valleyCtown which happens to be near the Banff National ParkDrestaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food 分析通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。2）根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.分析根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。二、是内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。1）根据对比、比较关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。 表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean? A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thoughtC.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests分析根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。2）根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”（2005年上海卷）The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ” .Afull of respect Btoo confident and rude Clacking in experience Dtoo shy and quiet 分析根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。3）根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、反义等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。例9.William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.” The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .Asimple Bmixed Csad Dhappy分析句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”。例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. 分析根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心。例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.分析根据与insult“侮辱”的同等关系猜测defame为“诋毁” ，“中伤”或“诽谤”例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football. 分析运用与football的同义关系推断为“足球”。例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.分析运用与The house近义关系可以推断dwelling与住所有关例14.Most women in China -educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.分析后面的urban and rural, the young and old之间都有反义关系，运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为“未接受过教育的，即文盲”三、是通过构词法在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1）根据前缀猜测词义例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。2）根据后缀猜测词义例16. Its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point后缀 -ise/ize意思是“使成为；使化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。3）根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。例18. We live in a technological socie