2012年职称英语考试(卫C级)复习资料-1.doc

阅读理解Attitudes to AIDS Now（对待艾滋病的最新态度）-2011年Most people say that the USA is making progress in fighting AIDS, but they dont know theres no cure and strongly disagree that the AIDS epidemic is over, a new survey finds.The findings, released Thursday by the Kaiser Family Foundation, reassure activists who have worried that public concern about AIDS might disappear in light of recent news about advances in treatment and declines in deaths.While people are very optimistic about the advances, theyre still realistic about the fact that there is no cure says Sophia Chang, director of HIV programs at the foundation.The Kaiser survey, like a recent USA TODAY Gallup Poll, does find that the number of people ranking AIDS as the countrys top health problem has fallen. In the Kaiser poll, 38% say its the top concern, down from 44% in a 1996 poll; in the Gallup Poll, 29% say AIDS in No.1, down from 41% in 1992 and 67% in 1987.Other findings from Kaiser, which polled more than 1,200 adults in September and October and asked additional questions of another 1,000 adults in November:52% say the country is making progress against AIDS, up from 32% in 1995.51% say the government spends too little on AIDS.86% correctly say AIDS drugs can now lengthen lives; an equal number correctly say that the drugs are not cures.67% incorrectly say that AIDS deaths increased or stayed the same in the past year; 24% know deaths fell.Daniel Zingale, director of AIDS Action Council, says, Im encouraged that the American people are getting the message that the AIDS epidemic isnt over. I hope the decision-makers in Washington are getting the same message We have seen signs of complacency.1. What do activists worry about?A) Recent news about AIDS is not true.B) People may stop worrying about AIDS.C) Deaths caused by AIDS may not decline.D) Advances in AIDS treatment are too slow.2. According to the passage, peoples attitude toward the cure of AIDS isA) optimistic.B) realistic.C) pessimistic.D) hopeless.3. The Gallup Poll shows that the number of peopleA) who suffer from the worst disease- AIDS has fallen.B) who think AIDS threatens the countryside has fallen.C) who worry about AIDS and health problems has fallen.D) who think AIDS is the countrys top health killer has fallen.4. According to the Kaiser Poll, which of the following is NOT correct?A) The country is making progress against AIDS.B) AIDS drugs still cannot save peoples lives.C) AIDS drugs can now make people live longer.D) More and more people die of AIDS now.5. The work massage in the last paragraph meansA) printed new.B) contact.C) meaning.D) central idea.Key: BBDDD对待艾滋病的最新态度大多数人认为美国在抗击艾滋病方面取得了进步，但他们不知道一个新的调查表明：人们认为艾滋病不能被治愈，而且强烈反对“艾滋病已经流行过去了”的说法。这个由恺撒家庭基金会公布的发现使那些积极参与抗艾滋病活动的人打消了疑虑。在这之前，他们担心有关医疗技术进步和死亡率降低的报道会使公众不再关注艾滋病问题。基金会HIV计划的负责人Sophia Chang说：“人们为医疗技术的发展感到乐观的同时，也该意识到艾滋病无法治愈这一事实。”恺撒调查就像一个最新的“今日美国”民意测验，它显示出把艾滋病当作全国首要的健康问题的人数已经下降。在恺撒民意测验中，38%的人认为它是人们最关注的问题，低于1996年调查中的44%；29%的人认为艾滋病是头号令人头疼的疾病，低于1992年的41%和1987年的67%。恺撒调查还有其他的发现，在9月和10月对1，200个成年人的民意测验和11月份对1，000个成年人的民意测验得出的结论如下：52%的人认为国家在抗艾滋病方面取得了进展，高于1995年的32%。51%的人认为政府在艾滋病研究方面的投资太少。86%的人认为现在治疗艾滋病的药物可以延长生命；同样多的人认为这些药物不能治愈艾滋病；这都是正确的。67%的人错误地认为在过去的一年里艾滋病死亡人数有所增长或保持不变；24%的人知道艾滋病死亡人数减少了。艾滋病行动委员会负责人Daniel Zingale说：“美国人民正逐渐认识到艾滋病灾难并未结束，对此我深受鼓舞。我希望华盛顿的决策者也同样认识到这一点我们已经看到了自满的表现。”Eat Healthy （健康饮食）-2012年Clean your plate! and Be a member of the clean-plate -club! Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，its accompanied by an appeal: Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying clean the plate, perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who cant afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.Its not that working class Americans dont want to eat healthy. Its just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next years Christmas presents.1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenAto save food.Bto wash the dishes.C not to waste food.Dnot to eat too much2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A Because Americans associate quantity with value.B Because Americans have big bellies.C Because Americans are good eaters.D Because Americans are greedy.3. What happened in the 1970s?A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.C The United States produced more grain than needed.D The American waistline started to expand.4. What does the survey indicate?AMany poor Americans want large portions.B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150 ,000 per year.D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?A They work long hours.BThey live from paycheck to paycheck.C They dont want to be healthy eaters.DThey want to save money for their childrenKey: CADAC健康饮食“把盘子里的东西吃完了!”“要成为一名清盘俱乐部的成员!”几乎每一个美国小孩都会听到父母亲或祖父母这样的唠叨。父母亲或祖父母们还经常会加上一句恳求的话：“想想那些饥饿的非洲孤儿吧，多可怜啊!”我们的确应该为每一口食物充满感激。但不幸的是，很多美国人吃得太多了。也许我们应该为明天节约一些粮食，而不足坚持“把盘子里的东西吃完”。据新闻报导，美国的餐馆应该为美国人日益增大的肚腩负部分责任。今日美国刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客提供的一盘食物的量是政府推荐的二至四倍。美国人传统的认为有量才有质，所以大多数餐馆都试图迎合顾客们的这一想法。他们宁愿被抱怨提供了过多的食物也不愿意被投诉提供的食物太少。芭芭拉罗尔斯是宾夕法尼亚州立大学的一位营养学教授。在接受今日美国采访时她说道：“从20世纪70年代起，美国的餐馆就开始提供越来越大份的食物；也就是从这个时候起，美国人的腰围也变得越来越粗了。”健康专家已经试着让很多餐馆提供份量小一些的食物。显然，现在很多顾客也为此而呼吁。据QSR杂志(美国的一份餐饮业经营杂志)报道：在上个月对4000多人所做的一次调查中，有57的人认为餐馆提供的食物份量太大了，23的人没有发表看法，还有 20的人不同意此看法。但是再仔细看看调查结果，你就会发现很多买不起精美菜肴的美 国人还是喜欢买大份量食物。在年收入15万美元以上的人群中，70的人更愿意买份量小一点的食物：但在年收入少于25万美元的人群中，只有45的人愿意买份量小一点的食物。事情是这样的，不是美国的工人不想吃的健康一点，而是美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工种下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。他们是指望薪金支票过日子的，希望能为来年的圣诞节节约一些钱来买圣诞礼物。完形填空1 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found（找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病）The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses. 2 Going on a diet(节食) （2012年新增） A typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart beating and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating properly and your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person gains weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to reduce the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic principle behind going on a diet.unfortunately，diets dont work for most people. They do lose weight but then go off the diet and put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to maintaining a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you actually take in. The next step is to add,exercise so that you can raise the number of calories you can consume per day. Exercise charts can show you how many calories different forms of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can make a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can climb the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise partner. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. Its a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet.tight clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish.节 食普通人每天需要大约1,800卡的热量才能生存下来。这些热量使你的心脏跳动、肺呼吸、身体器官正常运转、大脑持续工作，并可以使你保持足够的体温。一个人体重增加了是因为他或她每天摄入的卡路里比需要的多。唯一的减肥办法就是减少每天的卡路里的消耗量。这是进行节食的基本原则。遗憾的是，节食并不是对大多数人都奏效。他们体重下降了，就放弃节食，结果体重又上升了。建立一个切实可行的节食和锻炼计划是保持体重的关键。你需要计算出你每天所需要的和实际摄入的卡路里。之后你可要增加运动以增加每天消耗的热量。运动图表可以向你展示不同形式的运动所需要消耗的热量。每天消耗200或者500卡路里会是不同的。你可以在看电视的时候骑自行车或者你可以爬楼梯而不是乘坐电梯。找个一起锻炼的伙伴。如果在锻炼的时候有个人和你说话，练习就能容易很多。如果你正在减肥，穿紧身的衣服是一个很好的主意。紧身衣可以提醒你要达到的目标。3 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live（一个让天花存在的好理由）Its now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have itone in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?in reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few much vials. And the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again theres a good reason to keep the virusjust in case the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory thats open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesnt mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then lets make it the servant of all humanitynot just a part of it. 4 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers（大约三分之一的癌症与饮食和酒精有关）Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading causeof cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease indeveloped countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity . play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol inabout six percent.Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is increasedwhen combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are stillunknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers.Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.5 Men Too May Suffer from Domestic Violence （男性也可能是家庭暴力的受害者） Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men. Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we dont hear about it often, Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the studys authors, told Reuters Health. They often dont tell and we dont ask. We want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse , such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling. Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner violence in the past five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year. Rates were lower for men 55 and older ,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months. Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical. However, the physical violence men reported wasnt as harsh as that suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of women. Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the Poor（纳米保健技术走向贫困国家）文章名称问题答案Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the Poor1. Bringing nanotechnology to health care for the poorWhich of the following uses of nanotechnology is NOT mentioned in the passage?How can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases?How can nanotechnol0gy be used to make a drug more effective?The following developing countries are doing very well scientific research on nanotechnology EXCEPTWhich of the following is the possible risk in using nano materials mentioned in the passage?1. Bringing nanotechnology to health care for the poorTo produce better and lighter building materials.By lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.By making a drug target the focus of a disease.Iran D They may behave differently in the body and the environment.纳米保健技术走向贫困国家1. 纳米保健技术走向贫困国家纳米技术的用途未提及怎样能使量子点被应用于确认疾病？纳米技术如何被用于提高疗效？下述发展中国家在纳米技术方面没有做很好的科学研究的是 。在利用纳米原料可能存在的危险下面提到的一句是 。1.纳米保健技术走向贫困国家好的农产品和发光的建筑材料当靶分子存在的时候就能通过发光来诊断疾病使药物对准疾病的病灶伊朗纳米材料的颗粒在体内和在体外环境中作用可能不太一样Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant Women（孕期妇女宜多补充多维制剂）文章名称问题答案Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant Women4. Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant WomenHow many babies are born with low birth weight in the developed countries every year according to WHO?A pill of multivitami