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2012个性化辅导教案教师姓名学生姓名教材版本深圳牛津版学科名称英语年 级八年级上课时间 2012-08-27 14：00-16：00 课题名称现在完成时教学目标掌握现在完成时教学重点难点解析教 学 过 程备 注Step 1: 复习一般过去时 & 过去进行时讲解家庭作业Step 2：现在完成时 1） 表示过去发生或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果；常与一些时间状语如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days,today,this year,so far等连用. I have just had my breakfast already. (暗示我现在不饿了)I have already finished my reading. 2） 表示过去开始的动作持续到现在，甚至还可能继续下去；常和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间状语连用. 如for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词.He has lived in Beijing for 8 years. 到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去 结构 have/has + done （过去分词）肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)+其他成分. 否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)+其他成分. 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)+其他成分. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他） I have cleaned my bedroom. I havent cleaned my bedroom. Have you cleaned your bedroom?Where have you cleaned?过去分词变化规则1. 规则动词(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2. 不规则动词 （附表）用法1. 过去的动作对现在还造成影响I have spent all of my money.(现在我没有钱花了.) Michael has been ill.(现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (现在已在此地) He is not feeling well now. He has caught a cold.I have lost the key. I cant go into my room.注意时间状语的区别already:多用于陈述句，位于have/has后，有时位于句末。I have already finished my homework. yet: 用于疑问句和否定句，位于句尾。Have you ever found your book yet? I havent had breakfast yet. ever: 多用于疑问句，问初次经历。Have you ever been to America?never:用于否定句，位于have/has后He has never argued with other people. just:多用于陈述句，位于have/has后Lucy has just washed her clothes. before:可用于各句式，位于句尾I have read this book before.He hasnt been abroad before.Have you flown to Hainan before?More examples: He has already finished his homework.(一般问句，并作肯定、否定回答)Has he finished his homework yet ?Yes, he has./ No, he hasnt I have never been to Beijing before.(一般问句)Have you ever been to Beijing before?Practice:1. They have bought a computer.(改成否定句)_2. He has lost his book.(改成一般疑问句, 做否定回答) _3. Mandy has already had books. (划线提问) _ _ Mandy _?4. My father has already gone home. My father _ _ home _. (否定) _ your father_ home _? (一般疑问)5. He has been there twice. (划线提问)_ _ _ _ he been there? 2. 表示过去开始的动作持续到现在，甚至还可能继续下去。He has learnt English since 1998. 从1998年开始学的，到现在还在继续学注意时间状语for +一段时间 e.g. We have lived in this city for ten years.since +过去点时间since +一段时间+agosince +从句（从句用一般过去式） e.g. He has worked here since 1990. She has taught in this school since two years ago. We have known each other since we met.so far（到目前为止）, once/twice/ three times ,all ones lifee.g. They have learnt 2000 words so far. Tom has seen the film twice. Her father has worked in the factory all his life. in the past +一段时间 during the last +一段时间They have built many high building in the past three years.Great changes have taken place in my hometown during the last two years.Practice:用 “ for or “ since”填空 1. Uncle Wang has worked on the farm_ three days. 2. I have stayed at home _ a day. 3. They have lived in GuiLin _ two years ago. 4. She has known this man _ ten years. 5. He has studied here _ last month. 6. We have been here _ three oclock. 7. I havent seen my grandpa _1989. 8. The boy has learned English _ he was five. 难点解析 have/has been to, have/has gone to, have/ has been in 的区别have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地, 说话时此人很可能 不在那里, 已经回来. 侧重指经历。He has been to Beijing (twice). 他曾去过北京(两次).have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地, 说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上, 反正不在这里。He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了.（现在不在这）have / has been (in) 表示“来/去某地(多长时间)”, 现在仍在那儿，强调状态。He has been in Beijing for three weeks. 他已经在北京三个周了。Practice用have (has) been to , have (has) been in, have(has) been 或 have (has) gone to 填空。1.Where is Jim? He _ Wuhan.2. My parents _ the Great Wall twice. They like there very much.3. How long _ Peter _ the West Hill farm?4. My sister _ the shop. She will be back in two hours.5. _ you ever _ America? - Yes, I _ there many times.现在完成时中延续性动词和终止性动词（短暂动词瞬间动词） 英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的. 终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等表示的是短暂的意义，表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续. 所以它的现在完成时表示一段时间的状语连用,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过 去时.eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续 性动词常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下: 1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at相应的介词 2. have come/gone back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out 4. have become have been 5. have closed / opened have been closed/opened 6. have got up have been up； 7. have died have been dead； 8. have left sw. have been away (from) sw. 9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep； 10. have finished/ended/completed have been over； 11. have married have been married； 12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ； 13. have begun have been on 14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had 15. have lost havent had 16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold； 18. have got to know have known 19. have/has gone to have been in 20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldier 例：吉姆买了这只钢笔两年了。buy-have1.Jim has had this pen for two years.2.Jim has had this pen since two years ago.3.Jim has had this pen since 2003.4.It is two years since Jim bought this pen.5.It has been two years since Jim bought this pen.6.Jim bought this pen two years ago.PracticeHe died 10 years ago. He _ _ _ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. He _ _ the book for 2 weeks.3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. He _ _ the motorbike for a month.4. He arrived here three days ago. He _ _ here since three days ago.5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. The light _ _ _ for 2 hours.6. He left here 2 years ago. He _ _ _ from here for 2 years.7. The film began 30 minutes ago. The film _ _ _ for 30 minutes.8. They opened the door an hour ago. The door _ _ _ for an hour.9. They closed the door an hour ago. The door _ _ _ for an hour.10. He joined the army last year. He _ _ a _ for a year. He _ _ _ the army for a year. It _ a year _ he joined the army. 现在完成时和一般过去时比较1.过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 试比较以下几组句子，有什么区别： A:Have you seen the film ? B:Did you see the film ? 分析：你看过这部电影吗？（ A ）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（ B ）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。 A:How has he done it ? B:How did he do it ? 分析：他是怎么做的这件事？（ A ）句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；（ B ）句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。 I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮） I washed the car a moment ago.我刚才洗过车了。 She has watered the flowers.她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了） She watered the flowers yesterday.她昨天浇的花。 I have written the letter but I havent posted it yet. 信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。 I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago.我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。 2.时间状语不同： 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常just ,already ,ever ,never 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since ., for . 等表示一段时间的状语连用。3.现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。 A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years . B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years . 分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。（ B ）句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在已经不在北京了。It has rained for five hours. It rained for five hours yesterday. He has waited for her for two hours. He waited for her two hours. I have reviewed two lessons this morning.I reviewed two lessons this morning.Step 3: Practice1. Dad, I _ the station for minutes, but nobody came to meet me.Dont worry. Ill go to meet you soon.A. arrived at B. have been at C. will reach2. _ you ever _ Dali? Never. But I am going there this vacation. A. Dogo to B. Havebeen to C. Havegone to D. Willgo to3. My aunt is a writer. She _ more than ten books since 1980. A. writes B. wrote C. has written D. will write4. Alice _ for half a month. Shell come hack in two months.A. left B leave C. has left D. has been away5.The Smiths came to Shanghai in 2008,they_ there for three years since then. A. live B. lived C. have lived D. will live6. Have you ever been to Nanning? Yes, _ .A. I wasB. I doC. I amD. I have7. I my homework, I guess I cant join you.A. dont finish B. didnt finish C. havent finished D. wont finish8. Excuse me, where is Mr. Browns office?Sorry, I dont know. I _ here for only a few days.A. work B. worked C. have worked D. will work9.Where is Bob? He _to Harbin for a meeting.A. went B. has been C. has gone10. Are you going to the bank, Laura? No, I _ to the bank already.A. have been B. have gone C. am going D. had been11. -Oh, you are here. Im looking for you all the morning. ？ -To the library. A. Where have you gone B. Where will you go C. Where are you going D. Where have you been?12. So far this year, many new houses _ in Wenchuan with the help of the government. A. build B. are built C. will build D. have been built13. My grandmother _ a lot of changes in Tianjin since she came here. Asees B. can see C. will see D. has seen14I many new friends since I came hereAmake Bmade Cwill make Dhave made15. Mrs. Weng came back from France in 2010. She _ there for four years.A. works B. worked C. has worked16. Wheres your brother, Jane? Hes not in Guiyang these days. He_ Beijing.A. has gone to B. has been to C. had been to17. She _ this book