天童美语2019年6月英语四级阅读模拟题及详解答案.doc

Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticismfrom coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessiveamount of _1_ or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychologicaland research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as _2_ orquitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.The early years of development are _3_ years for learning about oneself. The sport settingis one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to_4_ with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives.Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can _5_affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find aflaw(缺陷) in themselves.Coaches and parents should also be _6_ that youth sport participation does not become workfor children. That outcome of the game should not be more important than the _7_ of learning thesport and other life lessons. In todays youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying moreabout who will win instead of _8_ themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents andcoaches _9_ on the outcome and find fault with youngsters performances. Positive reinforcementshould be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivatesand has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism can create _10_ levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.AprocessBhighCenjoyingDanxietyEsettleFcautiousGcooperateHgreatlyIdroppingJhardlyKintenseLfocusMaspirationNcriticalOprocedure参考答案：1.D2.I3.N4.G5.H6.F7.A8.C9.L10.BHeres the Totally Amazing Wonder Material That Could Revolutionize TechnologyA.In the technology industry,every new product or service seems to come with the promise that it is an innovation with the potential to change the world.Graphene(石墨烯)，a form of carbon，might actually do just that.B.“Graphene is a wonderful material，”Jeanie Lau，a professor of physics at the University of California at Riverside，told Fortune.“It conducts heat 10 times better than copper and electricity 100 times better than silicon，is transparent like plastic，extremely lightweight,extremely strong,yet flexible and elastic.In the past decade，it has taken the scientific and technology communities by storm，and has become the most promising electronic material to supplement or replace silicon.”C.Graphene has already found its way into a number of compelling applications，Lau said.For instance，“since it is both transparent and electrically conductivetwo attributes rarely found in the same material in natureit has tremendous potential as the transparent electrode in monitors.displays;solar cells，and touch screens，”she explained.“Companies such as Samsung that invest heavily in this area have already secured patents，produced prototypes，and are expected to bring products to market in a few years.”Wearable electronic devices，aviation components，broadband photodetectors(光电检测器)，radiation-resistant coatings，sensors，and energy storage are among numerous other areas of active research.Lau said.D.For many researchers and investors，the ultimate application is graphene-based transistors，the building blocks of modem electronics.But getting there may take some time.A child of graphiteE.First produced in a lab back in 2004，graphene is essentially a single layer of pure carbon atoms bonded together in a honeycomb lattice so thin its actually considered two-dimensional.“We generally regard anything less than 10 layers of graphene as graphene;otherwise，its graphite，”said Aravind Vijayaraghavan，a lecturer in nanomaterials at the University of Manchester.F.Even“graphene”is a bit of an umbrella term.“To oversimplify,there are two major types of graphene，”Michael Patterson，CEO of Graphene Frontiers，said.The first：“Nanoplatelets，”which are powders or flakes made from graphite.These have been around for a while and are“not really super-sexy,”Patterson said.“You mix them into polymers(聚合物)or inks or rubbers to make them conductive.”In flake form，graphene is already on its way to becoming a commodity,Patterson added.The other typein sheet or film formis where graphenes biggest promise lies.Graphene sheets have“incredible potential for electronics，”Patterson said.In the near term，that potential may manifest in situations where the quantity requirements are“not that great”and where quality or conductivity doesnt have to be as high，such as in basic touch-screen applications，he said.Products that use graphene in this way could arrive to market in the next six to 1 2 months.G.Looking a little further out，graphene can be employed in membranes used for water desalination.Lockheed-Martin already has a patented product known as Perforene.“Its real and it works，but it wont be economically viable until the product reaches an industrial scale where the cost is measured in pennies per square inch”rather than dollars or tens of dollars per square inch，Patterson explained.“Thats where were working today.”Its expensive and low-capacityH. But use of graphene in semiconductorsthe technologys Holy Grailis likely a decade away.“Many of the challenges presented by graphene are common to most new materials，”Paul Smith,a patent associate with the Intellectual Property Law Group at Fenwick & West，told Fortune.“The trick is figuring out how to synthesize graphene in a way that first is manufacturable beyond lab scale;second，preserves the desirable properties of the material;and third，can be integrated into a product or technology.”I.Synthesizing graphene in sheet form is considerably more expensive and time-consuming than producing graphene flakes.Whereas the latter typically involves a“quick and dirty”process by which bulk graphite is disassembled into millions of tiny pieces，Lau explained，large sheets of graphene are carefully“grown”on substrates(基板)such as copper，germanium，or silicon carbide.J. Graphene sheets are also prone to defects and“very difficult to make in good quality,”Ron Mertens，owner and editor of Graphene-Info.tom，said.Production capacity is also very limited.“There are thousands of small companies that can make graphene，but its expensive and low-capacity,”Mertens said.alround wafer measuring one inch in diameter,for instance，costs about$1 00，he added.K.An even thornier obstacle on the way to graphene transistors is the fact that the material has no“band gap，”an essential property that allows transistors to be turned on and off without leaking electronic charge in the“off”state，said Elias Towe，a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Carnegie Mellon University.L.“Band-gap engineering has been and remains the biggest challenge in the development of graphene transistors and computer chips.”Lau said.It requires controlling the material almost down at the atomic level，and“thats really pushing the edges of existing technology,”Patterson said.“In 10 years，we11 start to see these problems solved.”It is largely a matter of timeM.If graphene is to succeed as a replacement for silicon，every unit of cost and performance will make a difference，Towe said.N.“Silicon is hard to displace，with all the billions dollars of investments made in manufacturing infrastructure，”he said.“A replacement for silicon has to offer extraordinary performance at extremely rock-bottom cost to compel industry to change its way.”O.Though graphene is just 10 years oldin contrast,use of silicon in transistors dates to the early 1950sconsiderable progress has already been made.For example，the largest graphene sheet was produced by hand in a laboratory eight years ago;its width was less than that of a human hair.“Nowadays，roll-to-roll printing of graphene sheets up to 1 00 meters long has been achieved，”Lau said.“With the increasing interest，investment，and research in graphene-based technology,I think it is largely a matter of time before the economy of scale kicks in and truly low-cost，large-scale production ofhigh-quality graphene is accomplished，”she added.46.Nanoplatelet is the powder-or flake-type of graphene that has been used for some time to make conductors and that is being launched on the market.47.To encourage industry to replace silicon with graphene，it is necessary for graphene to provide high property at an extremely low expense.48.While graphene flakes are roughly processed with bulk graphite，graphene sheets are carefully made on substrates like copper，germanium，or silicon carbide.49.In the past ten years.graphene has become a hot topic among the scientific and technology groups.50.Perforene wont come into the market before it can be manufactured at a very low cost.51.Despite of a much younger age than silicon，great progress has been made in graphene;and with ever increasing interest，investment and research in graphene technology,its probable to manufacture cost- effective graphene of high quality.52.Graphene has been attempted to be used for plenty of noticeable applications.53.Yet it still needs to take ten years for graphene to be used in semiconductors，which lies at the heart of the technology.54.With todays technology,it is still impossible to control material down at the atomic level.55.Elias Towe pointed out that having no“band gap”，the dispensable feature of transistors，makes it more difficult to produce graphene transistors.46.Nanoplatelet is the powder-or flake-type of graphene that has been used for some time to make conductors and that is being launched on the market.纳米片是粉末状或者薄片状的石墨烯，被用于制作导体已经有一段时间了，而且开始被推向市场。47.To encourage industry to replace silicon with graphene.it is necessary for graphene to provide high property at an extremely low expense.为了让业界用石墨烯代替硅，就必须让石墨烯在造价极低的同时保持高性能。48.While graphene flakes are roughly processed with bulk graphite，graphene sheets are carefully made on substrates like copper,germanium，or silicon carbide.石墨烯薄片是由块状石墨粗略加工而成的，而石墨烯薄膜则是在铜，锗或者碳化硅等基板上仔细加工而成的。49.In the past ten years，graphene has become a hot topic among the scientific and technology groups.在过去的十年间，石墨烯已经成了科学技术界的热点话题。50.Perforene wont come into the market before it Can be manufactured at a very low cost.Perforene在能够以低成本大量生产之前是不会上市的。51.Despite of a much younger age than silicon，great progress has been made in graphene;and with ever increasing interest，investment and research in graphene technology,its probable to manufacture cost-effective graphene ofhigh quA.ity.虽然出现得比硅要晚很多年，石墨烯仍取得了很大进展;而且随着石墨烯技术利益，投资及研究的日益增加，很有可能以低成本生产大量高质量的石墨烯。52.Graphene has been attempted to be used for plenty of noticeable applications.石墨烯已经被尝试着用于许多引人注意的应用程序。53.Yet it still needs to take ten years for graphene to be used in semiconductors，which lies at the heart of the technology.但是，将石墨烯用于半导体制造(技术的核心)仍需要十年的时间。54.With todays technology,it is still impossible to control material down at the atomic level.以今天的技术还无法将材料控制在原子层面。55.Elias Towe pointed out that having no“band gap”，the dispensable feature of transistors，makes it more difficult to produce graphene transistors.艾利亚斯陶威指出，由于缺少晶体管必备的“带隙”，使得制造石墨烯晶体管更加困难。Where do pesticides fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil,water and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature. Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world:We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farmworkers, and others exposed to sufficient quantities of pesticides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative over long periods of time, and that the danger to individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his lifetime. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs, says a wise physician, Dr Rene Dubos, yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed.练习题：Choose correct answers to the question:1.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the sentence Manis part of nature (Para. 1, Lines 3-4)?A. Man appears indifferent to what happens in nature.B. Man acts as if he does not belong to nature.C. Man can avoid the effects of environmental pollution.D. Man can escape his responsibilities for environmental effects of pesticides?2. What is the authors attitude toward the environmental effects of pesticides?A. PessimisticB. IndifferentC. DefensiveD. Concerned3. In the authors view, the sudden death caused by exposure to large amounts of pesticides _.A. is not the worst of the negative consequences resulting from the use of pesticidesB. now occurs most frequently among all accidental deathsC. has sharply increased so as to become the center of public attentionD. is unavoidable because people cant do without pesticides in farming4. People tend to ignore the delayed effects of exposure to chemical because _.A. limited exposure to them does little harm to peoples healthB. the present is more important for them than the futureC. the danger does not become apparent immediatelyD. humans are capable of withstanding small amounts of poisoning5. It can be concluded from Dr. Dubos remarks that _.A. people find invisible diseases difficult to deal withB. attacks by hidden enemies tend to be fatalC. diseases with obvious signs are easy to cureD. people tend to overlook hidden dangers caused by pesticides1.B 题干的句子是文章第1段第3句，这是一个带有插入语的简单句，contrary在此表示跟part of nature相反，因此答案为B。2.D 第2段最后一句提到，我们必须更加关注吸收少量杀虫剂的潜在后果，它们正在不知不觉地污染我们的世界。因此，作者对杀虫剂对环境的影响关注且担忧,D符合题意。3.A 第2段第2句提到，杀虫剂使人突然发病或者死亡是很令人难过的亊，对于人口整体来说，人类对杀虫剂长期累计的潜在后果的认识不足，才是最严重的问题，故选A。4.C 根据第3段倒数第2句说的“对未来的灾难无动于衷是人的本性”以及最后一句说的大多数人只对有明显迹象的疾病予以关注”可知C正是人们忽视化学药物的潜在危害的原因，故选C。5.D Dubos博士话中“最可怕的敌人”指的是“杀虫剂引起的潜在危险”，博士话中的slowly approach them unnoticed直接表明D正确。Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing(裁判)decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.The researcher organized an experimental tournament(锦标赛)involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.Observers noted down the refereeserrors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyze the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, theywere, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was12 meters.The research shows the optimum(最佳的)distance is about 20 meters.There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.If FIFA, footballs international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.He also says that FIFAs insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping upwith the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.练习题：Choose correct answers to the question:1. The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to_.A. review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World CupB. analyze the causes of errors made by football refereesC. set a standard for football refereeingD. reexamine the rules for football refereeing2. The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was _.A. slightly above averageB. higher than in the 1998 World CupC. quite unexpectedD. as high as in a standard match3. The findings of the experiment show that _.A. errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ballB. the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errorsC. the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely will errors occurD. errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot4. The word “officials” (Line 2, Para.4) most probably refers to _.A. the researchers involved in the experimentB. the inspectors of the football tournamentC. the referees of the football tournamentD. the observers at the site of the experiment5. What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?A. The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45.B. Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.C. A football referee should be as y