国际经济学克鲁格曼-教材答案.doc

可编辑修改 Problems and Answers to Chapter 2 Q1 Canada and Australia are mainly English speaking countries with populations that are not too different in size Canada s is 60 percent larger But Canadian trade is twice as large relative to GDP as Australia s Why should this be the case 加拿大和澳大利亚都是英语国家 两国的人口规模也相当 加拿大多 60 但是相对 各自的 GDP 而言 加拿大的贸易额是澳大利亚的两倍 为什么如此 A1 According to Gravity Model GDP is not the only factor to explain the volume of trade between two countries because distance is also an important factor Considering the distance the transportation cost of Australia is relatively higher than that of Canada so the attractiveness of trade is reduced However Canada is close to the USA which is a large economy while Australia is not close to any large economy making Canada more open while Australia is more autarky GDP 不是解释两国贸易量的唯一重要因素 距离也是至关重要的因素之一 考虑到距离 澳大利亚的进出口运输成本相对更高 因此减少了贸易吸引力 因为加拿大与美国相邻 而澳大利亚不与任何一个大经济体相邻 这使得加拿 大更加开放 而澳大利亚更加自给自足 Q2 Mexico and Brazil have very different trading patterns Mexico trades mainly with the United States Brazil trades about equally with the United States and with the European Union Mexico does much more trade relative to its GDP Explain these differences using the gravity model 墨西哥和巴西各自的贸易模式不同 墨西哥主要与美国贸易 巴西与美国和 欧盟的贸易量大致相当 墨西哥的贸易量相对其 GDP 而言很大 用引力模型 解释这种现象 A2 Mexico is close to the United States but is very far from the European Union so Mexico s value of trade with the United States is large Brazil is far from both the United States and European Union thus Brazil s volume of trade with the United States and with the European Union is generally equivalent Mexico s volume of trade is larger than Brazil s for two reasons one is that Mexico is adjacent to the United States which is a large economy the other is that Mexico is one of the 可编辑修改 members of NAFTA Brazil is far from any large economy and the size of the economy for the countries which have signed free trade agreements with Brazil is relatively small 墨西哥与美国毗邻 但是距离欧盟很远 因此它与美国的贸易量很大 巴西 离美国和欧盟都很远 因此巴西与美国和欧盟的贸易量大致相当 墨西哥贸易 量比巴西大 其原因一方面由于墨西哥离大经济体美国近 另一方面由于它是 北美贸易协定的成员国之一 巴西远离任何一个大经济体 与它签订自由贸易 协定的国家经济规模都比较小 Q3 Equation 2 1 says that trade between any two countries is proportional to the product of their GDPs Does this mean that the GDP of every country in the world were to increase by 50 world trade would increase by 125 Analyze the question using the simple example shown in Table 2 2 方程 2 1 表明两个国家之间的贸易和它们的 GDP 乘积成正比 这是否意味着如果 每个国家的 GDP 增加 50 世界的贸易量就增加 125 分析这个问题用表格 2 2 的简单例子 A3 Yes If both countries GDP increase by 50 other things equal multiplying the right hand side of equation 2 1 by 1 50 1 50 225 and multiplying the left hand side of equation 2 1 by 1 125 225 therefore the volume of trade will increase 125 Using Table 2 2 if four countries GDP all increase 50 the volume of trade will increase 125 correspondingly so the first line of the table will become 1 6 225 3 6 0 4 225 0 9 0 4 225 0 9 Country A s GDP increases to 4 1 50 6 3 6 0 9 0 9 5 4 According to the assumption the results are reasonable because the results mean that part of country A s income is consumed on imports and part of country A s income is consumed on domestic products although the portion consumed domestically is smaller than that of imports 是的 如果两个国家的 GDP 均增加 50 其他条件不变 方程 2 1 的右边乘以 1 50 1 50 225 方程式的左边乘以 1 125 225 所以 世界的贸易量就增加 125 结合 表格 2 2 如果四个国家的 GDP 都增加 50 倍 贸易量也增加 125 则表格第一行的数据 应为 1 6 225 3 6 0 4 225 0 9 0 4 225 0 9 A 国的 GDP 增加 到 4 1 50 6 3 6 0 9 0 9 5 4 根据假设 这个结果是合理的因为这意味着 A 国 的支出一部分从国外进口一部分收入用于消费本国的产品 虽然用于本国消费的部分少于 对其他国家的进口 Q4 Over the past few decades East Asian economies have increased their 可编辑修改 share of world GDP Similarly intra East Asian trade that is trade among East Asian nations has grown as a share of world trade More than that East Asian countries 3 do an increasing share of their trade with each other Explain why using the gravity model 在过去的几十年中 东亚国家增加了它们在世界 GDP 中的份额 同样 不 仅东亚国家整体的贸易在世界贸易中的份额增加了 而且东亚国家内相互间的 贸易也增加了 应用引力模型解释这一现象 A4 In the past East Asian countries are all small economies meaning that their size of economies is small and they are unable to import a lot of goods As these East Asian countries become richer the demand increases and they can import more than before Considering that East Asian countries have been rich countries they become trading partners with each other however they mainly imported goods from rich countries Based on gravity model even if the distance between South Korea and Taiwan is small the volume of the two countries is very small due to their small size of economies But now because their GDP have increased the volume of trade between the two countries increased correspondingly 之前 东亚国家都是小经济体 这说明它们的市场规模很小 不能大量进口 随着它 们越来越富裕 消费需求增加 它们也就能更多地进口了 这样 之前它们主要向富国出 口 现在它们自己成为了富国 互相也就成为了贸易对象 根据引力模型 当韩国和台湾 GDP 规模很小时 意味着尽管两国的距离很近 但是两国之间的贸易量很小 现在它们 GDP 增 加了 它们之间的贸易量也随之增大了 Q5 A century ago most French imports came from relatively distant locations North America Latin America and Asia Today most French imports come from other European countries How does this fit with the changing types of goods that make up 可编辑修改 world trade 一个世纪以前 法国的进口产品来自相对遥远的地区 北美 拉丁美洲 和 亚洲 今天 法国绝大部分进口产品来自其他欧洲国家 这种变化是如何迎合 不断变化的世界贸易产品结构的 A5 A century ago each country s trading products are determined by the country s climate and geography The climate and natural resources endowments in French are very similar to that of other European countries therefore French can only import different products such as cotton rubber and etc from other western hemisphere North America Latin America and Asia However after industrial revolution manufacturing trade increased dramatically With the development of transportation and communicate technology French s trade volume with other European countries increases correspondingly as the gravity model predicted directly 一个世纪以前 各国贸易产品是由气候和地理条件决定的 法国的气候和自 然资源禀赋和欧洲其他国家很相似 这样法国只能从西半球其他国家 亚洲进 口像棉花 橡胶这样的产品 从欧洲其他国家进口产品很少 工业革命之后 制造品贸易增长 并且随着交通和通讯的改进继续扩张 因此法国转向与欧洲 其他经济体大量开展贸易是自然而然的 这就是引力模型的一个直接预测 ChapterChapter 3 3 1 1 HomeHome hashas 12001200 unitsunits ofof laborlabor available available ItIt cancan produceproduce twotwo goods goods applesapples andand bananas bananas TheThe unitunit laborlabor requirementrequirement inin appleapple productionproduction isis 3 3 whilewhile inin bananabanana productionproduction itit isis 2 2 a a GraphGraph outout thethe productionproduction possibilitiespossibilities frontier frontier b b WhatWhat isis thethe opportunityopportunity costcost ofof applesapples inin termsterms ofof bananas bananas Home s PPF 0 200 400 600 800 200400600800 Qapple Qbanana 可编辑修改 5 1 Lb La a a c c InIn thethe absenceabsence ofof trade trade whatwhat wouldwould thethe priceprice ofof applesapples inin termsterms ofof bananasbananas be be In the absence of trade since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions are determined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy only when will both goods be produced So LbLaba aa PP 1 5 PP ba 在没有贸易时 因为劳方是唯一的生产要素 并且供应决定取决于个体尝试最大化他 们的在竞争经济的收入 只有当两件物品将被生产 因此 2 2 HomeHome isis asas describeddescribed inin problemproblem 1 1 ThereThere isis nownow alsoalso anotheranother country country Foreign Foreign withwith a a laborlabor forceforce ofof 800 800 ForeignForeign s s unitunit laborlabor requirementrequirement inin appleapple productionproduction isis 5 5 whilewhile inin bananabanana productionproduction itit isis 1 1 a a GraphGraph ForeignForeign s s productionproduction possibilitiespossibilities frontier frontier b b ConstructConstruct thethe worldworld relativerelative supplysupply curve curve 3 3 NowNow supposesuppose worldworld relativerelative demanddemand takestakes thethe followingfollowing form form DemandDemand forfor apples demandapples demand forfor bananasbananas priceprice ofof bananas pricebananas price ofof apples apples a a GraphGraph thethe relativerelative demanddemand curvecurve alongalong withwith thethe relativerelative supplysupply curve curve abba PP DD When the market achieves its equilibrium we have Foreign s PPF 0 200 400 600 800 1000 80160 240 320 400 Q apple Q banana 可编辑修改 1 b a D D b a b b a a P P QQ QQ RD is a hyperbola x y 1 b b WhatWhat isis thethe equilibriumequilibrium relativerelative priceprice ofof apples apples The equilibrium relative price of apples is determined by the intersection of the RD and RS curves RD y x 1 RS 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 y y y x x x 25 0 yx 2 bPaP ee c c DescribeDescribe thethe patternpattern ofof trade trade ba b e a e baPPPPPP In this two country world Home will specialize in the apple production export apples and import bananas Foreign will specialize in the banana production export bananas and import apples d d ShowShow thatthat bothboth HomeHome andand ForeignForeign gaingain fromfrom trade trade 可编辑修改 International trade allows Home and Foreign to consume anywhere within the colored lines which lie outside the countries production possibility frontiers And the indirect method specializing in producing only one production then trade with other country is a more efficient method than direct production In the absence of trade Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five bananas Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas So both Home and Foreign gain from trade 国际贸易允许本国和外国任何地方在分界线之内消耗 在一国生产可能性边境之 外说谎 并且间接方法 专门研究导致一生产比直接生产然后只换与其他国家 是 一个高效率的方法 在没有贸易时 首页可能由前面二个苹果获取三个香蕉 并且 外国可能由一前面五个香蕉获取 贸易允许每个国家为一个苹果换二个香蕉 首 页只能由前面二个苹果然后获取四个香蕉 当外国时能由前面二个香蕉获取一个苹 果 因此首页和从贸易的外国获取 4 4 SupposeSuppose thatthat insteadinstead ofof 12001200 workers workers HomeHome hadhad 2400 2400 FindFind thethe equilibriumequilibrium relativerelative price price WhatWhat cancan youyou saysay aboutabout thethe efficiencyefficiency ofof worldworld productionproduction andand thethe divisiondivision ofof thethe gainsgains fromfrom tradetrade betweenbetween HomeHome andand ForeignForeign inin thisthis case case RD y x 1 RS 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 0 y y y x x x 5 1 3 2 yx 5 1 bPaP ee 可编辑修改 In this case Foreign will specialize in the banana production export bananas and import apples But Home will produce bananas and apples at the same time And the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home remains the same So Home neither gains nor loses but Foreign gains from trade 在这种情况下 外国将专门研究香蕉生产 出口香蕉和进口苹果 但是本国同时将 生产香蕉和苹果 并且香蕉的机会成本根据苹果的本国的依然是同样 因此本国不 获取也不丢失 而是从贸易的外国获取 5 5 SupposeSuppose thatthat HomeHome hashas 24002400 workers workers butbut theythey areare onlyonly halfhalf asas productionproduction inin bothboth industriesindustries asas wewe havehave beenbeen assuming assuming ConstructConstruct thethe worldworld relativerelative supplysupply curvecurve andand determinedetermine thethe equilibriumequilibrium relativerelative price price HowHow dodo thethe gainsgains fromfrom tradetrade comparecompare withwith thosethose inin thethe casecase describeddescribed inin problemproblem 4 4 In this case the labor is doubled while the productivity of labor is halved so the effective labor remains the same So the answer is similar to that in 3 And both Home and Foreign can gain from trade But Foreign gains lesser compare with that in the case 4 6 6 KoreanKorean workersworkers earnearn onlyonly 2 50 2 50 anan hour hour ifif wewe allowallow KoreaKorea toto exportexport asas muchmuch asas itit likeslikes toto thethe UnitedUnited States States ourour workersworkers willwill bebe forcedforced downdown toto thethe samesame 可编辑修改 level level YouYou cancan t t importimport a a 5 5 shirtshirt withoutwithout importingimporting thethe 2 50 2 50 wagewage thatthat goesgoes withwith it it Discuss Discuss In fact relative wage rate is determined by comparative productivity and the relative demand for goods Korea s low wage reflects the fact that Korea is less productive than the United States in most industries Actually trade with a less productive low wage country can raise the welfare and standard of living of countries with high productivity such as United States So this pauper labor argument is wrong 实际上 相对工资率取决于比较生产力和对物品的相对需求 Korea s 低工 资反射事实韩国比多数产业的美国较不有生产力的 实际上 与一个较不有生 产力 低工资国家的贸易可能培养国家福利和生活水平有高生产力的 例如美 国 因此这个叫花子劳方论据是错误的 7 7 JapaneseJapanese laborlabor productivityproductivity isis roughlyroughly thethe samesame asas thatthat ofof thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates inin thethe manufacturingmanufacturing sectorsector higher higher inin somesome industries industries lowerlower inin others others whilewhile thethe UnitedUnited States States isis stillstill considerablyconsiderably moremore productiveproductive inin thethe serviceservice sector sector ButBut mostmost servicesservices areare non traded non traded SomeSome analystsanalysts havehave arguedargued thatthat thisthis posesposes a a problemproblem forfor thethe UnitedUnited States States becausebecause ourour comparativecomparative advantageadvantage lieslies inin thingsthings wewe cannotcannot sellsell onon worldworld markets markets WhatWhat isis wrongwrong withwith thisthis argument argument The competitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries So there are four aspects should be taken into account before we reach conclusion both the industries and service sectors of Japan and U S not just the two service sectors So this statement does not bade on the reasonable logic 所有产业的竞争优势取决于产业的相对生产力和横跨产业的亲戚薪水 因此 在我们得出 结论之前 有四个方面应该考虑到 产业和日本和美国 不仅二个服务部门的服务部 门 不因此这个声明在合理的逻辑出了价 8 8 AnyoneAnyone whowho hashas visitedvisited JapanJapan knowsknows itit isis anan incrediblyincredibly expensiveexpensive place place althoughalthough JapaneseJapanese workersworkers earnearn aboutabout thethe samesame asas theirtheir U S U S counterparts counterparts thethe purchasingpurchasing powerpower ofof theirtheir incomesincomes isis aboutabout one thirdone third less less ExtendExtend youryour discussingdiscussing fromfrom questionquestion 7 7 toto explainexplain thisthis observation observation Hint Hint ThinkThink aboutabout wageswages andand thethe impliedimplied pricesprices ofof non tradenon trade goods goods The relative higher purchasing power of U S is sustained and maintained by its considerably higher productivity in services Because most of those services are non traded Japanese could not benefit from those lower service costs And U S does not have to face a lower international price of services So the purchasing power of Japanese is just one third of their U S counterparts 美国的相对更高的购买力由它的在服务的相当地更高的生产力承受并且维护 由于大 多那些服务 non traded 日语不可能受益于那些更低的服务费用 并且美国不必须面 对服务的一个更低的国际价格 因此日语的购买力是他们的美国相对物的三分之一 9 9 HowHow doesdoes thethe factfact thatthat manymany goodsgoods areare non tradednon traded affectaffect thethe extentextent ofof possiblepossible gainsgains fromfrom trade trade 可编辑修改 Actually the gains from trade depended on the proportion of non traded goods The gains will increase as the proportion of non traded goods decrease 1010 WeWe havehave focusedfocused onon thethe casecase ofof tradetrade involvinginvolving onlyonly twotwo countries countries SupposeSuppose thatthat therethere areare manymany countriescountries capablecapable ofof producingproducing twotwo goods goods andand thatthat eacheach countrycountry hashas onlyonly oneone factorfactor ofof production production labor labor WhatWhat couldcould wewe saysay aboutabout thethe patternpattern ofof productionproduction andand inin thisthis case case Hint Hint TryTry constructingconstructing thethe worldworld relativerelative supplysupply curve curve Any countries to the left of the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves export the good in which they have a comparative advantage relative to any country to the right of the intersection If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion then the country with that price ratio produces both goods ChapterChapter 4 4 1 1 InIn 1986 1986 thethe priceprice ofof oiloil onon worldworld marketsmarkets droppeddropped sharply sharply SinceSince thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates isis anan oil importingoil importing country country thisthis waswas widelywidely regardedregarded asas goodgood forfor thethe U S U S economy economy YetYet inin TexasTexas andand LouisianaLouisiana 19861986 waswas a a yearyear ofof economiceconomic decline decline Why Why It can deduce that Texas and Louisiana are oil producing states of United States So when the price of oil on world markets declined the real wage of this industry fell in terms of other goods This might be the reason of economic decline in these two states in 1986 2 2 AnAn economyeconomy cancan produceproduce goodgood 1 1 usingusing laborlabor andand capitalcapital andand goodgood 2 2 usingusing laborlabor andand land land TheThe totaltotal supplysupply ofof laborlabor isis 100100 units units GivenGiven thethe supplysupply ofof capital capital thethe outputsoutputs ofof thethe twotwo goodsgoods dependsdepends onon laborlabor inputinput asas follows follows 可编辑修改 To analyze the economy s production possibility frontier consider how the output mix changes as labor is shifted between the two sectors a a GraphGraph thethe productionproduction functionsfunctions forfor goodgood 1 1 andand goodgood 2 2 22221111 LKQQLKQQ b b GraphGraph thethe productionproduction possibilitypossibility frontier frontier WhyWhy isis itit curved curved P Pr ro od du uc ct ti io on n F Fu un nc ct ti io on n f fo or r G Go oo od d 1 1 0 0 2 25 5 1 1 3 38 8 1 1 4 48 8 6 6 5 57 7 5 5 6 66 6 7 73 3 6 6 8 80 0 7 7 8 87 7 4 4 9 93 3 9 9 1 10 00 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0102030405060708090100 L La ab bo or r I In np pu ut t f fo or r G Go oo od d 1 1 O Ou ut tp pu ut t P Pr ro od du uc ct ti io on n F Fu un nc ct ti io on n f fo or r G Go oo od d 2 2 0 0 3 39 9 8 8 5 52 2 5 5 6 61 1 8 8 6 69 9 3 3 7 75 5 8 8 8 81 1 5 5 8 86 6 7 7 9 91 1 4 4 9