英语毕业论文基于受众理论的电影字幕汉译---160;以大学生群体为例.doc

（2014 届）毕业论文（设计）题 目 基于受众理论的电影字幕汉译 - 以大学生群体为例 姓名： 王胜 专业： 英语 班级： 英语N102 学 号： 201045639222 指导教师： 罗国华 教务处制年 月 日A Study of Film Subtitles Translation from the Perspective of Audiences-concentric Theory- College students as the audienceA thesisSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the B.A. Degree in English language and literatureByWang Sheng Supervisor: Luo Guo hua Academic Title: LecturerCollege of Foreign StudiesJiaxing University, Zhejiang Province, P.R.CMay 15, 2014 诚 信 声 明我声明，所呈交的论文(设计)是本人在老师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我查证，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文(设计)中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。我承诺，论文(设计)中的所有内容均真实、可信。 论文(设计)作者签名： 签名日期： 年 月 日授 权 声 明学校有权保留送交论文（设计）的原件，允许论文（设计）被查阅和借阅，学校可以公布论文（设计）的全部或部分内容，可以影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文（设计），学校必须严格按照授权对论文(设计)进行处理，不得超越授权对论文（设计）进行任意处置。论文(设计)作者签名：签名日期： 年 月 摘要电影是喜闻乐见的大众娱乐文化，作为文化传播的重要方式它充当着桥梁的角色，日益成为老百姓的生活中不可或缺的一部分。但电影字幕翻译中也存在着不少问题。本文在受众理论的指导下，结合字幕的定义特点，并以大学生群体为主要的受众群体，采用直译、意译和缩减译三种翻译方法提高字幕翻译质量和水平。关键词：电影字幕；受众理论；翻译方法；大学生群体IAbstractMovie is becoming more and more popular, and it is an important way for cultural dissemination. At the same time, there are lots of problems existing in subtitle translation.In this thesis, author takes Audiences-concentric theory as the guidance theory, and adopts literal translation, free translation, and constrained translation as main translation methods. In addition, this thesis takes college students as main audiences, and the author will learn their ideas on film subtitle by the questionnaire. This thesis aims to solve the problems in film subtitle translation and help translators to improve the quality of film subtitle. Key words：Audiences-Concentric Theory; Film subtitle; Translation IIIContentsAbstractII1.Introduction12.A brief introduction to film subtitle22.1Definition of film subtitle22.2Characteristics of film subtitle22.3Functions of film subtitle43.Significance and problems of film subtitle translation43.1Significance of film subtitle translation53.2Problems existing in film subtitle translation63.2.1Improper literal translation63.2.2Misunderstanding original language73.2.3Improper sentence structure84.Audiences-Concentric Theory and the subtitle translation methods94.1Audiences-Concentric Theory104.1.1Characteristics of Audiences-Concentric Theory104.1.2Function and advantage of Audiences-Concentric Theory114.2Subtitle translation methods124.2.1Literal translation124.2.2Free translation134.2.3Constrained translation145.Conclusion15Appendix16Bibliography19Acknowledgement201. Introduction Film wasintroduced from abroad,the firstscreening of the filmin Chinesehistory was in 1896(Emperor Guangxu twenty-threeyears), at ShanghaiXu Yuananother village, and at that time, the film was called “西洋镜”. From then on, foreign language films have occupied half of the Chinese film market.Chinas foreign exchanges have expanded considerably, since the reform and opening up. Chinesefilm Industry AssociationResearch Center issued the China film industry gold-five years development research report, during the period of “Twelfth Five Year Plan”. Theymade aforecast for the development trend of Chinese film market, from 2012 to 2015,believing thatthe internal box office will break 3,000,000,000 Yuan. And it will reach 4,000,000,000, at the end of “Twelfth Five Year Plan”. In this thesis, the author takes college students as main audiences, using questionnaire survey to understand these audiences perception and attitude on film subtitles. The author tries to find out a model of film subtitle that more suitable to Chinese Audiences and some methods to solve the problems in film subtitle. The author focuses on several works with highbox officeor good reputation, such as “Presumed Innocent,” Youve Got Mail,” Now You See Me, “and Forrest Gump”, “Avatar”. In addition, the author will take improper film subtitles in “Presumed Innocent,” Youve Got Mail, “Now You See Me as examples to analyze, and find some methods to solve the problems.2. A brief introduction to film subtitle Nowadays more and more people like watching movies, so subtitle translation is linked with us closely. This section will introduce the definition of film subtitle, characteristics of film subtitle and the function of film subtitle.2.1 Definition of film subtitleGottlieb (1994) pointed out that the film subtitlewas a uniqueform of translation and he used five words to definite the subtitling: written, additive, immediate, synchronous, poly-media. He also believed that thesubtitle turning theverbal information from films into a differentlanguage. This idea is very important. From his view, we need to know that film subtitle is different from other translations. According to his view, it is not hard to find out some characteristics of film subtitle, and those characteristics will help us to choose a better translation method. Some other scholars also give their own understanding of it: film Subtitle can be defined as a process of providing synchronized caption for film. And film subtitle refers to captions of film, transcriptions of film.All in all, film subtitle is the bridge between audiences and the films. The audiences can understand the character in the movie by watching film subtitle on the screen.2.2 Characteristics of film subtitleIn 1998, Professor Zhang Chunbai (1998) summed up the characteristics of film language: immediacy and mass-basednature, and then Professor Qian Shaochang (2001) point out the film subtitle is becoming more and more important intranslation field. He put forward five majorcharacteristics offilm subtitle: Colloquialism, Comprehensiveness, Instantaneousness, Popularity, and Synchronization. By means of summary and induction, we find out the four main features of film subtitle which are different from other screen translation. Firstly, Huang Shenqi (2007) also pointed out that film subtitle is colloquialism-based. According to her paper, the author found that colloquialism having some characteristics：1.Abundance：the content is widely from many sources of language2.Vividness：the subtitle may use vivid words and sentences3. Flexibility: it is flexible for translators to choose word and make sentences.Dad：Youd better find a job soon, you, you starting to look old.Here is a sentence that a father says to his daughterThe sentence structure “you starting” is nonstandard，but we can understand it because it is the language we really use in our daily livesFrom the example above, we can know that film is reflecting the daily lives of people，whats more, the audiences come from various ages, genders ,levels of education. So the language of dialogue in films tends to be short and simple. Toensure most audiences will enjoy the film with ease, the words and sentence should be close to audiences lives. It should be accordance with Chinese culture and Chinese language. As the saying goes “Do in Rome as Rome do”. In Chinese market, it needs to conform to Chinese language habits. Only in this way, the audience will like your works, and they will pay for the tickets. This means the translator needs to make the audiences understand the meaning of the sentences immediately. Meanwhile, the subtitle gets close to the source text as much as possible, because we cannot losethe original meaning.Secondly, the film subtitles style should suit the character of the player in the film. In another way, we need to keep the style of original movie. In this way, the audiences will understand the films better and easier. Thirdly the film subtitle should have fine synchronicity. In the film, subtitles should come up with sounds synchronously, and correspond to the action of players. If the film subtitle shows fast or slowly, it may disturb the audiences watching. It is not good for a high quality film, a high quality should have high quality film subtitle. The last feature is the length of film subtitle is limited in the film. Because of synchronicity, the subtitles should show synchronously with pictures, sounds, and correspond to the acts of players as much as possible, so the space and length of subtitle is limited. From this characteristic, the sentences in film subtitle should be short.Four characteristic shows that good film subtitle should be easy to understand and close to audiences lives. 2.3 Functions of film subtitle In recent years, translators and researchers have payed attention to film subtitle, because the film subtitle has several important functions. This section, the author will list the functions of film subtitle as below:First of all, film subtitle can help audiences conquer linguistic barriers. Because people from different cultural backgrounds, they may have different way of thinking. Sometimes the meaning of foreign film cant be accepted by Chinese audiences totally, but we can conquer this problem through film subtitle. Secondly, film subtitle can help the deaf to enjoy the film. The deaf cant hear the sounds in film, but they see the words on screen. So the films with subtitle can help hearing-impaired people to enjoy the films.Lastly, watching film subtitle is perfect method for people to learn English. Nowadays, more and more young people prefer to learn English through watching foreign film. All in all, film subtitle subtitles can provide some information we cannot get from the books.We cannot list all functions of film subtitle, but these functions listed in this paper showing that film subtitle is of great importance. And these function have something common, they all have something to do with the audiences. The first function, it can help audiences conquer linguistic barriers. The second function, it can help audience to enjoy the films. The third function, it can help audience to learn English and improve their spoken English. All these have expressed the information that translators need to pay attention to audiences.3. Significance and problems of film subtitle translationMovies have played an important role in culture transmission, and played a significant role in the culture communication. The film translation is a good method to express culture, so the quality of subtitle translation is becoming more and more important. With the development of film economy, there are a great number of foreign language films coming into our country, but because of different cultural backgrounds and different ways of thinking, the true meaning of the film cant be expressed to Chinese audiences totally. And there are several problems in film subtitle translation, such as, translators use literal translation wrongly and improperly, translators misunderstand the original language, and structure of sentence is improper.3.1 Significance of film subtitle translationThis section of thesis will show the significances of film subtitle translation.Firstly, Watching English films are becoming more and more popular, especially among some people who want to study English. There are a large number of people thinking that watching original films with film subtitle is a good method to study English. In this way, they can practice their listening ability, and they can learn something about foreign culture, such as, the way of their speaking, the tone of their speaking, and the slang they used. All of those can be gained from the original film, Secondly, audiences prefer to watch films with subtitle. There is a questionnaire on the web site showing that more than 87 percent of people prefer to watch subtitled films, only 14 percent of people like dubbed films. Because film subtitle translation can keep the original flavor of films in the largest extent, and film subtitle translation will not change any music, scene, and dialogues in film. The information and content in film can be saved in the largest extent. Whats more, we can totally receive the emotion of the player, and feel the spirit of film by our mind. However, in the dubbing film we cannot feel the true emotion of the player, because the dubbed people will give some emotion by themselves, and it will make some change of the film.Thirdly, the film producers also like the subtitled films better, we have listed some reasons to explain this phenomenon a:1. Film subtitle translation is cheaper. When the production manager tries to manage a firm, he or she should try his or her best to save the money, so at this rate, lots of production managers choose film subtitle translation. 2. It will save time when they choose the subtitle translation. Evidence shows that a same one-hour film translate into different kinds of translation, the production time for film subtitle translation lasts for only four working days; however, if we translate into dubbing, we need two or three weeks at least. As a result, film subtitles translation is preferable.In a word, both the audiences and film producer like the films with subtitle better, and high quality film subtitle is very important. It will help audiences learn English and help film producers attract more audiences.3.2 Problems existing in film subtitle translationGood subtitle translation helps audiences understand the film better. But there are a lot of problems existing in film subtitle translation. After analyzing the questionnaire, searching on the internet and reading books, we have found out some phenomenaandproblems of subtitle translation in film subtitle translation. And these problems will affect the enjoyment of audiences, making them confusions. One of the purposes is solving problems existing in film subtitle translation, so the author makes a list of problems as below:3.2.1 Improper literal translationAs we know, the literal translation is also called direct translation. It is method that the translator may translate the original language into another language directly. It is also called as Words-for-words, expressing thesenseof the original text directly. The translation is based on original content, and complied with the original structure. The literal translation does not distort the meaning of the original text and to embody the spirit of the original.It is a very common translation method, but many translators may use the liberal translation wrongly and improperly.Here is example in Presumed InnocentYoure a pal！ The subtitle translation in films: 你是一个朋友。The correct translation: 你真够哥们！This is a classic problem in subtitle translation, the translator translated it directly. From this example, we can know that the translator translated “pal” as “朋友”, and he just expressed the superficial meaning. He didnt pay attention to movie plot, and this kind of subtitle translation will make audiences puzzled. If the translator can translate it as “ 够哥们”，it will be better.There are some reasons to explain why this problem exists in film subtitle:1. The limit of translators ability, some translators may be not professional. So they may not have good knowledge of English. Especially, they do not have good knowledge of translation methods.2. Lots of translators didnt pay attention the movie plot, and they just translate the subtitle words for words. 3. The translator misunderstands the real meaning of sentences.According to these reasons, we can find out some solution to solve this problem. For example, translators need to improve ability of English and translation. When they translate the subtitle, they need to pay attention on movie plot and understand the real meaning of original content. The translators also need to show their responsibilities, and take audiences feeling into account.3.2.2 Misunderstanding original content In most foreign language films, the original language is English. And one word may have many different meanings, so it is easy to misunderstand original language. Here is an example, the translator misunderstands the original language and makes a mistake.Here is an example in “Youve Got Mail”.I am in the book business.The subtitle translation in film: 我在书本生意里面。The correct translation: 我是从事图书生意。There is an obvious mistake in this subtitle translation, the translator misunderstand the real meaning of “I am in the book business”. He didnt know about the grammars, so he translated it as “我在书本生意里面”, but real meaning of this sentence is “我是从事销售图的”.There are several reasons to explain why this problem exists in film subtitle.1. Because the same English word has different meanings, translators can misunderstand the sentences very easily.2. Most translators are Chinese, and lots of them have not been to America or other countries. So they may not understand the conversation happened in film, and the thoughts of foreign actors.3. There are lots of differences between Chinese culture and American culture. Different culture background makes translators misunderstand original language.According to those reasons, translators need to conquer language barrier when they translate the subtitle. Once they meet the word that they cant ensure the meaning of word, they should look the word up in the dictionary. They also need to learn more background information of foreign countries, their culture. In this way, some mistakes will be avoided.3.2.3 Improper sentence structureAs is known to all, Chinese sentence is different from English sentence, after reading books, we found out three main differences as below:Firstly, the Chinese sentences pay attention to parataxis, but English sen