雅思阅读单项提高精讲班讲义.doc

雅思阅读单项提高精讲班第1讲讲义无词阅读法鸟瞰无词阅读法鸟瞰 第一节 不能不回答的问题1. 用“无词阅读法”应对雅思阅读考试的三个步骤就是“读题找题做题”。2. “无词阅读法”的全部功力都在于读题画关键词。3. “无词阅读法”的三大要素：“定位词”、“考点词”和“关系词”。第二节 “无词阅读法”的三大假设假设一 取舍之间彰显智慧雅思阅读的考试结构。考试时间60分钟文章数量3篇文章（A类）或3个section（G类）文章长度1000个单词左右题目数量40道图1 雅思阅读考试结构 雅思阅读考试的关键所在：速度。速度=阅读速度+做题速度。总结 “取舍之道” ：“Do what we do best, and Meng the rest!”假设二 分数不高够用就行阅读水平成绩能力彻底明白7分既查找细节，又掌握主旨似懂非懂5分浪费时间翻译不该翻译的地方，导致无法完成题目彻底糊涂6分仅仅查找细节图2 三种阅读水平的目标分数假设三 五毒俱全五大题型题型一：判断题（TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN）题型二：填空题（SUMMARY、完成句子、图表、简答）题型三：标题题（HEADING）题型四：配对题（MATCHING）题型五：选择题（单选和多选）再次强调： 所有题型都需要画出定位词，判断题除了定位词之外，还需要画出考点词。填空题除了定位词之外，还需要画出关系词。总结： （1）五大题型中，判断题、填空题和标题题能够运用“无词阅读法”的三大要素，所以是方法题。而配对题和选择题由于用不上这三大要素，就是语言题。我们只能重点讲解方法题，而语言题需要考生自己的语言功底完成。大家要注意“取舍”的问题。（2）三大要素中，定位词用“ ”表示；考点词用“ ”表示；关系词用“ ”表示。（3）为了以后方便，我们将采用一系列符号来代表剑桥系列真题的题号。例如：剑4P90Q1代表：剑桥4Page 99, Question 1。/dashanenglish// 雅思阅读单项提高精讲班第2讲讲义定位词无词阅读法三大要素第一节 定位词Q1Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.Q2There was little improvement in athletic performance before the twentieth century.Q3Performance has improved most greatly in events requiring an intensive burst of energy.Q4Improvements in athletic performance can be fully explained by genetics.Q5The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves.Q6The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognized at a younger age.画定位词的口诀：1. 数字和大写字母优先。2. 独特名词独特动词独特形容词或副词。3. 不能作为定位词的三种词：常用词、主题词和同一题型内部重复的词。Q7According to Professor Yessis, American runners are relying for their current success on . .Q8Yessis describes a training approach from the former Soviet Union that aims to develop an athletes .Q9Yessis links an inadequate diet to . .Q10Yessis claims that the key to setting new records is better . .Q11Biomechanics films are proving particularly useful because they enable trainers toQ12Biomechanics specialists used theoretical models toQ13John S. Raglin believes our current knowledge of athletics is考点词第二节 考点词Q1Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.Q2There was little improvement in athletic performance before the twentieth century.Q3Performance has improved most greatly in events requiring an intensive burst of energy.Q4Improvements in athletic performance can be fully explained by genetics.Q5The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves.Q6The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognized at a younger age.画考点词的口诀第一类：是非判断考点词，简称“是非”考点，位于表语和谓语上。注意：只要在判断题上找不到考点词，就找这句话的表语或谓语。第二类：绝对的范围程度考点词，简称“绝对”考点。常考的绝对考点词包括四种：only, most, all和最高级（best, greatest等等）。还有几个不常考的也要记住：any（剑4P69Q9），every（剑6P43Q6）和never（剑4P99Q36）。注意：some和many这两个相对的范围程度词不是考点，因为他们相对而非绝对！第三类：数字时间考点词，简称“数字”考点，考察“精确性”。第四类：比较关系考点词，简称“比较”考点。比较包括两种：类比和对比。前者比较相同点，后者比较不同点。常见的类比关系词包括：as as, the same as （剑4P99Q37）。常见的对比关系词包括：more/lessthan, higher than（剑4P48Q20）。例题：剑4 P99Q37Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-care resources became evident.剑4 P48Q20Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.第五类：地点、目的、因果等考点词。例题：剑6 P43Q9In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.剑5 P69Q20The Aswan dams were built to increase the fertility of the Nile delta.剑4 P45Q10The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers. 口诀先画定位词，后画考点词（先定位、后判断、点对点）。关系词第三节 关系词关系词的作用有两大类：顺承关系（维持上下文方向）和转折关系（改变上下文方向）。第一类：顺承关系词（维持上下文方向），包括并列、递进、因果、举例和类比五小类。1.并列关系词and, or, as well as, too, also, one another , neither nor , first second finally讲解（+）and（+），（-）and（-）。注意：and/or/as well as这三个词是可以在原文和题干之间互相替换的；too/also之间可以替换（剑5P46Q22）；firstsecond/oneanother/neithernor之间也是可以替换的（剑5P50Q30/31）。2递进关系词moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, not only but also ,讲解（+）moreover（+），（-）moreover（-）注意：in addition/also曾经出现过原文和题干之间的替换，这说明递进关系和并列关系之间本质上是相同的。3.因果关系词表示“原因”的：because, as, since, in that, due to, as a result of(=because of)表示“结果”的：so, therefore, thus, as a result, consequently讲解注意：because/so可以在原文和题干之间互相替换，只不过前因后果变成了前果后因；as a result/as a result of之间可以替换（剑4P44Q1）；as a result of/as曾经也有过替换（剑5P50Q34）。4.举例关系词for example, for instance, such as讲解注意：for example/such as之间曾经出现过替换。5类比关系词like, similarly, be similar to, as as, the same as 讲解注意：like/be similar to可以互相替换（剑5P40Q1）；like/such as也曾经出现过替换（剑5P97Q39）。 第二类：转折关系（改变上下文关系），包括但是、虽然、对比等三小类。1.表示但是but, however, yet, on the other hand讲解（+）but（-），（-）but（+）。注意：but/however可以互相替换。2.表示虽然although, while, despite讲解“虽然”这半句话不重要，重要的在于后半句话。例如剑4P24最后一段首句：Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans well-developed acoustic sense.although (+), (-) although (-), (+)注意：although/while可以互相替换；although/but也可以替换，只不过需要注意“虽然”和“但是”的转换（剑6P29Q36前面一句话）。3表示对比unlike, more/less than 讲解对比比较的是不同点。所以前后方向相反。雅思阅读单项提高精讲班第3讲讲义判断题剑四Test4 Passage1（剑4第88页）主讲题型：判断题附带题型：完成句子题、单选题How much higher? How much faster?Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight第一节 主讲题型判断题Q1 TRUE 原文Paragraph One: Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.题干Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.Q2NOT GIVEN 原文无题干There was little improvement in athletic performance before the twentieth century.方法NG1原则：定位词根本没提Q3FALSE 原文Paragraph One:For the so-called power events-that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump - times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Moroccos Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster.题干Performance has improved most greatly in events requiring an intensive burst of energy.方法FS1技巧：含有绝对范围程度考点词的题目大多数蒙FALSE/NO。Q4FALSE 原文Paragraph Two:No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics.题干Improvements in athletic performance can be fully explained by genetics.Q5NOT GIVEN 原文Paragraph Two:The athlete must choose his parents carefully.题干The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves.方法NG2原则：原文重现了题干的定位词，但是没有考点词，两者无关。Q6TRUE 原文Paragraph Two:but with increasing global participation in athletics - and greater rewards to tempt athletes - it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.题干The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognized at a younger age.Q1Q2Q3FALSEQ4FALSEQ5NOT GIVENQ6Q1 正确TRUEQ2 错误TRUEQ3 正确FALSEQ4 正确FALSEQ5 正确NOT GIVENQ6 正确TRUE解题方法第二节 判断题解题方法一、判断题的特点 1. 三种答案同时存在。2. 三种答案的概率不同。从概率上统计，TRUE/YES的比重（42%）略微大于FALSE/NO（38%），二者分别都在2/5上下。而NOT GIVEN仅仅占1/5。二、判断题的定义、原则与技巧 1. TRUE/YES：原文与题干在考点上含义一致（关键词“一致”）。2. FALSE/NO：原文与题干在考点上含义矛盾（关键词“矛盾”）。“矛盾”的本质就是“NOT”，相当于汉语的“不”。FS1技巧：含有绝对范围程度考点词的题目大多数(80%的概率)蒙FALSE/NO。绝对范围程度考点词包括：only, most, all, 最高级（best, greatest等）, never, any, every。3. NOT GIVEN：既不一致，也不矛盾，证据不足（关键词“证据不足”）。NOT GIVEN一共有两类：NG1原则：定位词根本没提。NG2原则：原文重现了题干的定位词，但是没有考点词，两者无关。NG2S1技巧：题干有A与B的比较级，而原文没有比较关系。完成句子题和单选题第三节 附带题型完成句子和单选Q7genetics 原文Paragraph Three:Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are running on their genetics.题干According to Professor Yessis, American runners are relying for their current success on . .填空技巧1填空题如果空格缺一个名词，而空格前面有一个动词或者介词，那么只要在“出题句”中找到该动词或介词后面的名词就是答案。Q9injuries 原文Paragraph Five:Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.题干Yessis links an inadequate diet to . .填空技巧1填空题如果空格缺一个名词，而空格前面有一个动词或者介词，那么只要在“出题句”中找到该动词或介词后面的名词就是答案。Q10training 原文Paragraph Six:Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken.题干Yessis claims that the key to setting new records is better . .Q11A 原文Paragraph Seven:A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newtons laws to these motions, we can say that this athletes run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,题干Biomechanics films are proving particularly useful because they enable trainers toA highlight areas for improvement in athletes.B assess the fitness levels of athletes.C select top athletes.D predict the success of athletes.Q12D 原文Paragraph Eight:That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations.题干Biomechanics specialists used theoretical models toA soften the Fosbury flop.B create the Fosbury flop.C correct the Fosbury flop.D explain the Fosbury flop.单选技巧单选题的正确答案经常是原文和题干的同义词替换，而非照抄原文。Q13B 原文Paragraph Nine:John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of hi, gher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental.题干John S. Raglin believes our current knowledge of athletics isA mistaken.B basic.C diverse.D theoretical.单选技巧单选题的正确答案经常是原文和题干的同义词替换，而非照抄原文。 雅思阅读单项提高精讲班第4讲讲义判断题剑四Test2 Passage 2（剑4第46页）主讲题型：判断题附带题型：单选题、填图题ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA第一节 主讲题型判断题Q16YES 原文Paragraph Two:Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years.题干Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20 years.Q17NO 原文Paragraph Two:In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist of or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population.题干Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 8% of the population.Q18YES 原文Paragraph :The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by 题干The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.Q19YES 原文Paragraph Two:“A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly skeptical about science and empirically based knowledge”, they said. “The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.”题干In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do today.Q20YES 原文Paragraph Three:Rather than resisting or criticizing this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism.题干Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapies.Q21 NOT GIVEN 原文无题干Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.总结Q16YESQ17NOQ18YESQ19Q20YESQ21Q22Q23Q16正确YESQ17正确NOQ18正确YESQ19错误NOQ20正确YESQ21错误NOQ22正确NOQ23错误NO单选题和填图题第二节 附带题型单选题和填图题一、单选题Q14C 原文Paragraph One:Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney.题干Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries?A They have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies.B They have often worked alongside other therapists.C They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapists.D They have regularly prescribed alternative remedies.Q15B 原文Paragraph One:Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.题干In 1990, AmericansA were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous years.B consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.C spent more on natural therapies than orthodox medicines.D made more complaints about doctors than in previous years.Q24-26emotional problems headache general ill health 原文Paragraph Five:12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from （Q24）emotional problems. Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal percentage. （Q25）Headache sufferers and those complaining of （Q26）general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health maintenance. 雅思阅读单项提高精讲班第5讲讲义判断题剑五A类Test 3 Passage 3（剑5第71页）主讲题型：判断题附带题型：配对题、单选题The Return of Artificial Intelligence第一节 主讲题型判断题Q32NOT GIVEN 原文Section B:The field was launched, and the term artificial intelligence coined, at a conference in 1956, by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field.题干The researchers who launched the field of AI had worked together on other projects in the past.Q33FALSE 原文Section C:Most researchers agree that Al peaked around 1985.题干In 1985, AI was at its lowest point.技巧FS1技巧：含有绝对范围程度考点词的题目大多数蒙FALSE/NO。Q34NOT GIVEN 原文Section C:By the late I980s, the term Al was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on.技巧NG2S1技巧：题干有A与B的比较级，而原文没有比较关系。Q37TRUE 原文Section G:The 1969 film, 2001A Space Odyssey, featured an intelligent computer called HAL 9000. HAL thus encapsulated the optimism of the 1960s that intelligent computers would be widespread by 2001.题干The film 2001. A Space Odyssey reflected contemporary ideas about the potential of AI computers.Q32Q33FALSEQ34NOT GIVENQ35Q36Q37Q32错误TRUEQ33正确NOQ34正确NOT GIVENQ35正确TRUEQ36错误TRUEQ37正确TRUE配对题和单选题第二节 附带题型配对题和单选题一、配对题（一） 配对题的分类和特点名称特点例子第一类配对一方是数字或大写字母经常在文章中乱序分布1. 剑四T2P44Q5-9和剑五T4P91Q14-17都属于人名配观点2. 剑四T4P99Q32-35属于年代配事件第二类配对双方都是长句子在文章中全部是正序分布1. 剑四T1P21Q9-132. 剑五T2P47Q24-27第三类段落配信息绝对的乱序分布，并且基本上都是原文和题干的同义替换，属于“绝杀”题型。1. 剑5T3P64Q1-42. 剑5P73Q27-31（二）做题口诀1搞清配对双方的类型和数量。2决定先定位哪一方。3化出双方的定位词，进行配对。讲解：Q27E 原文Section E:HNC claim that their system, , could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield 题干how AI might have a military impactQ28B 原文Section B:The expression provided an attractive but informative name for a research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science.题干the fact that AI brings together a range of separate research areasQ29A 原文Section A:After years in the wilderness, the term artificial intelligence (AI) seems poised to make a comeback.题干the reason why AI has become a common topic of conversation againQ30F 原文Section F:means there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categorise information - classic Al problems.题干how AI could help deal with difficulties related to the amount of information available electronicallyQ31B 原文Section B:The field was launched, and the term artificial intelligence coined, at a conference in 1956, by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field.题干where the expression Al was first used二、单选题Q38B 原文Section C:By the late I980s, the term Al was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with spec