几个英文单词用法注记.doc

Water 的用法1. To hold water 站得住脚，说得通按字面解释，To hold water当然可以说是“不让水漏出来”。但是，它还可以引申为指某人的论点、借口、理由站得住脚。美国人经常说：That excuse simply doesnt hold water. 意思是：那个借口根本站不住脚。Several of his suggestions about changes in the government simply dont hold water.他有关政府改革的意见中有几条根本说不通。2. Like water off a ducks back 毫无意义鸭子身上的毛就像雨衣一样，水在上面呆不住，一下全滑掉了。因此，like water off a ducks back指的就是某件事毫无意义，不起作用。The doctors tell us its dangerous to smoke, but such good advice rolls off some people like water off a ducks back.医生都告诉我们抽烟对身体是有害的。可是，这种合理的建议对于有些人来说就像耳边风一样，毫无作用。”3. To make someones mouth water 让某人流口水让某人嘴里流水自然就是让某人流口水的意思了。The roast ducks that restaurant serves is my favorite dish. Every time I think about it, it makes my mouth water.我最喜欢吃那个饭馆的烤鸭。每当我想起它我就会流口水。4. water不可数 water表示“水”，是物质名词，不可数。如：The water in the lake is so clear that you can see the bottom. Please remember to water the plants while Im away. (v)As water begins to boil, bubbles rise ever faster to the surface. The water in the lake is not particularly deep, averaging about 12 metres. A block in the pipe was preventing the water from coming through. If you give water to a small baby to drink, you have to boil it first. Well take the boat out into deep water where we can dive. 5、water用复数 但是，注意，water 虽然表示“水”时不可数，但在某些特殊情况下可用复数。如：(1). 表示“水域”“水体”时，可以用复数。如：The fish are on sale from our own coastal waters. Brackish waters generally support only a small range of faunas. The ill fated ship was sent off course into shallow waters and rammed by another vessel. (2). 表示某国的“近海”“海域”“领海”时，可以用复数。如：The government is allowing the areas of inshore coastal waters to be explored for oil and gas. The two countries are in dispute over the boundaries of their coastal waters. Other nations are forbidden to fish the waters within 200 miles of the coast. (3). 表示“矿泉水”“泉水”“喷泉水花”时，可以用复数。如：We drink table waters. A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight. 注意，take drink the waters 为固定搭配，指喝矿泉水治疗或到矿泉胜地疗养。如：He is taking drinking the waters at Bath. (4). 表示“洪水”等大量的水时，可以用复数。如：The flood waters subsided. 洪水退了。Flood waters swept everything from their path. People spoke of their fear as the floor waters rose. DCS: The dam broke because there was no outlet for the flood waters. (5). 表示几条不同河流或海域的水，习惯上要用复数。如：The waters of the two rivers mingled (together) to form one river. (6). 在某些固定表达中，可以用复数。 in smooth water(s) 进展顺利，一帆风顺 pour oil on troubled waters平息风波，作和事佬，调停争端 fish in muddy waters 趁火打劫，混水摸鱼 fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼population 的用法1population直接作主语时意为“人口数”，这时谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： The population of this city is six million这个城市的人口是600万。部分人口（分数、百分数）作主语 谓语用复数 2population多以单数形式出现，指某个国家、地区或城市的人口。若以复数形式出现，则指世界不同地区的人口。例如： Many parts of the world have become desertsThey once had large populations and produced plenty of crops世界上许多地区曾经人口众多，五谷丰登，而今却成了沙漠。 3表示“某地有多少人口”有两种表达方式： 1）The population of 某地be数词（该句型中population前用冠词the。） 2）某地has a population of 数词（people）（该句型中population前用冠词a。）例如： The population of China is about 13 billion（China has a population of about 1.3 billion）中国大约有13亿人口。 4询问“某地有多少人口”要用“What？”或“How large？”提问，不用how many或how much等词语。例如： Whats the population of Germany？（How large is the population of Germany？）德国的人口是多少？ 5表示人口“多”要用large或great修饰，表示人口“少”要用small修饰。例如： 10，000 years ago ，the worlds population was very small一万年前世界人口很少。 The population of China is much larger than that of the USA中国的人口比美国的人口多得多。almost 和nearly的用法1. 两者都可用来修饰不定代词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等，此时两者常可换用。如：Its almost nearly impossible. 那几乎是不可能的。He is almost nearly as tall as her. 他差不多与她一样高。He almost nearly always arrives late. 他差不多总是迟到。He fell and almost nearly broke his leg. 他跌了一跤，险些跌断了腿。Almost Nearly all the students passed the exam. 差不多所有的学生都通过了考试。修饰动词时，通常应放在行为动词之前，特殊动词之后(见上例)；修饰形容词、副词、名词等时，通常应将其放在被修饰词语之前，否则会造成错误。如：他几乎工作了一整天。正：He worked almost all day.误：He almost worked all day.我们当中几乎每一个人都读过这本书。正：Almost every one of us read the book.误：Every one of us almost read the book.2. almost 可用于 any 以及 no, none, nobody, nothing, never 等否定词之前，但 nearly 一般不这样用。如：Almost any man can do it. 几乎任何人都会做。Almost no one came to the party. 几乎没有人来参加晚会。I almost never see her. 我几乎从未见过她。但是，两者都可用在否定动词之前。如：He almost nearly didnt catch the bus. 他差点没赶上公共汽车。3. nearly 前可用 very, pretty, not 等词修饰，但 almost 之前不能用这些词。如：Its not nearly so difficult as you think.这远不像你想象的那么难。The car is pretty nearly new. 这汽车几乎是全新的。注：not nearly 意为“远非”, very pretty nearly 意为“几乎”，都是习语。4. 有时 almost 可表示十分相似(但又不完全相同)，此时不用 nearly。如：I almost wish Id stayed at home. 我真有点后悔没在家里呆着。Our cat understand everything hes almost human. 我们这只猫什么都懂 快通人性了。the+adj.的语法特点1. 复数性“the+形容词”表示一类具有某种特征或特性的人时，通常表示复数意义，若用作主语，谓语要用复数。如：The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. 富者愈富，贫者愈贫。The injured were carried away on stretchers. 用担架把受伤的人抬走了。The old are more likely to catch cold than the young. 老年人比年轻人更容易感冒。2. 单数性“the+形容词”若表示抽象概念，则表示单数意义，用作主语时，谓语要用单数。如：He doesnt know the right from the wrong. 他不辨是非。The unknown is always something to be feared. 未知的东西总是一种令人害怕的东西。The beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always the true. 美未必是善，善未必是真。3. 单复性有个别的“the+形容词”结构既表示单数意义，也表示复数意义，若用作主语，谓语动词用单数还是复数需视情况而定。如：the good 指“好人”时表复数意义，指“善”时表单数意义；the accused 指一名被告时表单数意义，指多名被告时表复数意义。比较：The accused was acquitted of the charge. 被告被宣告无罪。(指一人)The accused were acquitted of the charge. 被告均被宣告无罪。(指多人)4. 习惯性(1) 有的表达带有一定的习惯性，如“病人”习惯说成 the sick，而不说 the ill。(2) 这类结构习惯上不用于-s 所有格形式，若语义需要，可考虑用 of 所有格。如：正：He is interested in the problems of the poor. 他对穷人的问题感兴趣。误：He is interested in the poors problems“the+形容词”用法小结1. the + 形容词表示某一类型的人He set up a school for the deaf and the dumb. 他创建了一所聋哑学校。He stole from the rich to give to the poor. 他偷富人的东西去接济穷人。Those of us who are sighted dont understand the problems of the blind. 我们这些有视力的人不理解盲人的困难。这类结构常见的有：the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the blind盲人 the sick 病人 the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the dumb 哑巴 the deaf 聋子 the dead 死者the jobless 失业者 the weak 弱者 the strong 强者 the wealthy 富人2. the + 分词形容词表示某一类型的人Times are hard for the unemployed. 失业者的日子很难熬。Many of the wounded died on their way to hospital. 许多伤员死在去医院的途中了。这类结构常见的有：the wounded 伤员 the injured 伤员the killed 被杀者 the employed 被雇用者the unemployed 失业者 the accused 被告the learned 有学问的人 the aged 老年人the missing 失踪的人 the living 活着的人3. the + 国籍形容词表示全体国民The Chinese are a friendly people. 中华民族是一个友善的民族。The French are famous for their cooking. 法国人以善烹调著称。The British are very proud of their sense of humor. 英国人为自己的幽默感到自豪。这类结构常见的有：the British 英国人 the English 英国人 the French 法国人the Chinese 中国人 the Japanese 日本人4. the + 形容词表示抽象概念One must learn to take the bad with the good. 人必须学会好坏都能承受。He wants to make the impossible possible. 他想把不可能的事成为可能。这类结构常见的有：the true 真 the good 善 the beautiful 美the right 是 the wrong 非 the false 伪the impossible 不可能做到的事 the unknown 未知的事物说说police的用法月考翻译,有一句警察对着小偷当头一击,很多同学用了 the police被扣了分.课后有同学查了字典继续来问,这里不妨一起看一下police的用法.首先,the police可以表示警方;警察部门;警察.而警察时是一个泛指的概念,并且作为集合名词,是个复数概念.the police: (pl.) (members of an) official organizationwhose job is to keep public order, prevent and solve crime, etceg. the local, state, national, etc. police 警察部门There were over 100 police on duty at the demonstration. 100多名警察The police have not made any arrest. 警方所以翻译中表示的一名警察,用 policeman比较贴切;另外随着policewoman在警察队伍中的增加,还可以用police-officer表示(男或女)警察 最后想提一下police作动词的用法 ,这个词可以表示维持(某地的)治安;监督police v. : keep order in (a place) with or as if with police; control所以有在翻译中见到用there is a police station in the industrial area表示工业园区内有保安维护治安是不恰当的 .用 policing service 即可表示治安服务The teachers on duty are policing the school buildings during the lunch hour. 负责维持校内秩序self-police 可以表示自我约束answer英语翻译成中文：可数名词讲解：1.回答；答复；复信2.反应；回报3.答案；解决办法4.（在地位、实力等方面）相当的人；对应物(to)5.【律】答辩；答辩书；（衡平法诉讼中的）被告第二答辩6.【音】（赋格曲中的）答句，答题及物动词讲解：1.回答；答复2.回击；反驳3.对作出反应；响应4.适应，适合（需要、目的、愿望等）5.答辩（指控等）6.解答；解决7.符合，与相符不及物动词讲解：1.回答；答复2.答应；回报；有反应 3.适用；代用；符合要求4.负有责任，须作交代(to,for) 5.符合；像(to)6.【罕】（计划、实验等）奏效，成功词形变化：名词：answerer；时态：answered，answering，answers。 同义词：do，serve，suffice；resolve；resolution，result，solution，solvent；reply，response。单词分析：这些动词均有“回答”之意。 answer：常用词，指用书面、口头或行动对他人的请求、询问、质问等作出回答或反应。reply：较正式用词，较少用于口语。侧重经过考虑的较正式答复。respond：正式用词，指即刻的，以口头或行动对外来的号召、请求或刺激等作出回答或响应。retort：指对不同意见、批评或控诉作出迅速、有力的回答，即“反驳”。return：正式用词，从本义“归来，回去”引申作“回答、答辨”讲时，含反驳或反唇相讥之意。family的几点用法说明1. 表示“家庭”或“家人”，是集合名词，若视为整体，具有单数意义，若逐个考虑其个体，则具有复数意义。如：His family are all tall. 他家的人都很高。His family is very large big. 他家是个大家庭。【注】侧重指家庭成员的 family 有时还可以用 all, some之类的词修饰。如：All my family enjoy skiing. 我全家都喜欢滑雪。Im moving to London because I have some family there. 我要搬到伦敦去住，因为我的一些家人住在那儿。2. 有时 family 本身可有复数形式，但它表示的不是家里的多个人，而是指多个家庭。如：The h