新目标八年级英语下册知识点全归纳51436.doc

八年级（下）英语知识讲解（人教）目录1 Unit 1 Will people have robots?2Unit 2 What should I do? 3Unit3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived? 4Unit 4 He said I was hard-working. 5Unit 5 If you go to the party, youll have a great time!6Review of units 1-37Review of units 4-5 8 八年级下学期期中复习（一）9改错小练10八年级下学期期中复习（二）11 八年级期中考试模拟题12Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?13 Unit 7Would you mind turning down the music?14 Unit 8 Why dont you get her a scarf?15Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park?16 Unit 10 Its a nice day, isnt it?17 介词复习18 Review of units 6-819 Review of units 9-1020 八年级第二学期期末复习题21 八年级第二学期期末模拟试题22 How do you study for a test23 Unit2 I used to be afraid of the darkUnit 1Will people have robots?II. Grammar:一般将来时there will be few，a few，little，a little，much，many语法小结：一、一般将来时1用be doing表示将来：主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用于位置转移的动词。如：go，come，leave，arrive等，也可用于其他动作动词。 We are having fish for dinner.We are moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow.这种用法通常带有表示将来的时间状语，如果不带时间状语，则根据上下文可表示最近即将发生的动作。A: Where are you going? B: I am going for a walk. Are you coming with me? A: Yes，I am just coming. Wait for me.2用be going to do表示将来：主要意义，一是表示“意图”，即打算在最近的将来或将来进行某事。Are you going to post that letter? How long is he going to stay here? I am going to book a ticket.另一意义是表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。 Its going to rain. George is putting on weight; he is going to be quite fat.3. 用will/ shall do表示将来： 主要意义，一是表示预见。 You will feel better after taking this medicine. Do you think it will rain? 二是表示意图. I will not lend the book to you. Take it easy，I will not do it any longer. 基本结构： She will come to have class tomorrow. Will she come to have class tomorrow? She wont come to have class tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow?二、There be结构1. therebe结构中的be是可以运用各种时态的。 There is going to be a meeting tonight. 今晚有个会议。 There was a knock at the door.有人敲门。 There has been a girl waiting for you.有个女孩一直在等你。 There will be rain soon.不久天就要下雨了。 2. 动词be单复数形式要跟there be之后的真正的主语一致。并且要根据就近一致原则来变换be的单复数形式。如：There is a book on the desk. 课桌上有一本书。 How many people are there in the city? 这个城市里有多少人口？ There is a pen and two books on the desk.课桌上有一个钢笔和两本书。 There are two books and a pen on the desk.课桌上有两本书和一个钢笔。 There are some students and a teacher in the classroom.教室里有一些学生和一位老师。 There is a teacher and some students in the classroom.教室里有一位老师和一些学生。 3. 在therebe引起的句子结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式主动形式和被动形式均可。 There is no time to lose (=to be lost). 时间紧迫。 There is nothing to see (=to be seen). 看不见有什么。 There is nothing to do. (=to be done)无事可做。 4、There is no doing. (口语)不可能. There is no telling when he will be back. 无法知道他什么时候回来。 There is no knowing what he is doing. 无法知道他在做什么。 三、课文难句解析1. Will people use money in 100years? 一百年后人们还会使用钱币吗？1) money 金钱；货币 eg Whats the money? 价钱是多少? paper money 纸币；钞票2) in 100 years 在100年之后“in+一段时间”常用在将来时态中 eg Ill come in an hour. 我一小时后来。Ill see you again in three days. 三天后我再见你。2. There will be less leisure time空闲时间会更少。1) less 形容词：较少的(是little的比较级)，修饰不可数名词，其最高级是least；反义词是more。eg Janes less beautiful than Mary. 简不如玛丽漂亮。 Five is less than six 5比6少。2) leisure time 空闲时间 egWhat do you do in your leisure time? 你空闲时间做些什么？3. I think there will be more pollution 我认为将会有更多的污染产生。1) think后跟的是宾语从句，且宾语从句是there be句型的一般将来时，结构为“there will be+物+其他成分”。 eg I think it will rain tomorrow. 我认为明天会下雨。 I think there will be fewer trees. 我认为将来树木会更少。 2) pollution表示“污染”，用作不可数名词。 例如：They did a lot to stop water pollution他们采取大量措施制止水污染。4. I dont agree 我不同意。agree在本句中作动词，I dont agree是一句交际用语，表示“不赞成某人或某人的观点”，如果表赞成，则为I agree。1) 表示“同意某人意见”时用agree with sb，该短语不能用于被动语态。 eg Did you agree with him? 你同意他的意见吗? I dont agree with what she said 我不同意她所说的。2) 表示“同意(某计划、办法、建议、条件)”时，用agree to(to在此用作介词，其后接名词、代词或者相当于名词的成分)，该短语可以用于被动语态。 egI agree to your idea 我同意你的想法。My plan was agreed to by all of them 他们所有的人都同意我的计划。3) 表示“就取得一致意见”用agree on(或upon)，指“两者或两者以上的商定，达成协议”。egThey both agreed on the date for the meeting他们双方都同意开会的日期。4) agree后还可以接不定式，不接动名词，表示“同意做某事”。 egThey agreed to leave tomorrow afternoon他们同意明天下午动身。5. What do you think Sally will be in five years? 你认为萨莉5年之后将会是什么样子? 此句中的do you think是插入语，其后接的宾语从句必须用陈述句语序。 eg Which book do you think she will like? 你认为她会喜欢哪本书? Who do you think did it? 你认为是谁干的那件事?6. I went to Shanghai last year and fell in love with it. 我去年去了上海，并且喜欢上了这座城市。1) go表示“去”，过去式是went，“go to+地名”表示“到某地去”。 egWhen will you go to school? 你什么时候去上学？ He will go to the factory tomorrow他明天要去那所工厂。 如果go后面接副词，不用to。 egHe went home at before six yesterday evening他昨天晚上6点前回家的。2) last year意为“去年”，用于一般过去时态中。 egHe went to London last year去年他去了伦敦。3) love爱，热爱，其反义词是hate；fall in love with是“喜爱；爱上；与相恋”的意思。 egHe went to Harbin last year and fell in love with it.去年他去了哈尔滨，并且喜欢上了那里。7. I cant have any pets because my mother hates them. 我不能养宠物，因为我妈不喜欢他们1) because在这句中用作连词，引导原因状语从句，表示“因为”。注意在英语中because不能和so同时使用。 egJohn didnt go to school because he was ill. 约翰没有上学，因为他病了。2) hate表示“不喜欢，憎恨”，后可跟名词或代词作宾语，也可用词组hate doing sth.，表示“讨厌做某事”。 egHe hated flowers. 他讨厌花朵。 I hate swimming in the lake. 我讨厌在那个湖里游泳。8. Ill probably go skating and swimming every day. 我会每天都去滑冰和游泳。1)go doing sth. 结构，表示“去做go skating 去滑冰go swimming去游泳go shopping去买东西go fishing 去钓鱼 go boating 去划船egMy father goes fishing every week 我爸爸每周都去钓鱼。I like going skating我喜欢去滑冰。2) every day与everyday区别：every day表示“每天”，通常与一般现在时连用；而everyday表示“日常的，每天发生的，每日所用的”，是形容词。例如： egI get up at six every day. 我每天6点起床。 He wears everyday clothes today今天他穿一身便服。9. During the week Ill look smart，and probably will wear a suit在工作日里，我会看上去很精神，也许会穿一身套装。1) during表示“在期间”，during the week是介词短语，意为“在工作日里”。 egThe sun gives us light during the day. 太阳在白天给我们阳光。 He fell asleep during the lesson. 他在上课时睡着了。2) look表示“看上去”，用作连系动词，其后接形容词作表语。 egThat dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。 You look very beautiful today. 今天你看上去很漂亮。3) wear表示“穿”，表示状态，用一般现在时表示经常状态，用现在进行时表示暂时状态。 egWe wear our rain boots on a rainy day. 我们在下雨天穿雨鞋。 She is wearing a new coat 她穿着一件新衣服。 Does he wear glasses? 她戴眼镜吗？ put on是“穿上”，“戴上”的意思，强调动作。 egShe put on a red coat and went out. 她穿上红色大衣出去了。 注意：put on是一时的动作，不能跟表示一段时间的状语连用。他整天戴着草帽。 误：He puts on a hat all day. 正：He wears a hat all day. 10. Ill go to Hong Kong on vacation 我会去香港度假。on vacation意为“在度假”，on表示“处于状态中”。eg He will go to Hangzhou on vacation他要到杭州度假。My father will be away on business tomorrow我爸爸明天要出差。11. What do you think the weather will be like tomorrow? 你认为明天的天气怎样?1) Whats the weather like? 是询问天气怎么样，相当于How is the weather？What be like?可以用来征求对方对某事的看法或意见，意思是“怎么样?” 类似的说法还有What do you think of? How do you like?等句型。egWhat is the book like? What do you think of the book?How do you like the book? 你觉得这本书怎么样?Whats the weather like today?How is the weather today? 今天天气怎么样?2) What isare1ike? 可用来提问天气情况，也可用来对人(或物)的外观、外貌提问，还可以用来对其特性提问。 egWhats the weather like today? 今天天气怎么样? Whats the young girl like? 那个年轻女孩长什么样? What was the book like? 那本书怎么样?12. There were many famous predictions that never came true(过去)有许多从没成为现实。著名的预测1) 本句中that never came true是个定语从句，用于修饰先行词predictions，that为引导词，作定语从句的主语，不可省略。2) come true指“理想，梦想等实现”。come是连系动词；true是形容词，做连系动词come的表语。egMy dream will come true someday. 有一天我的梦想会实现。 Her dream to go to university has come true 她上大学的愿望实现了。Unit 2What should I do?2目标句型：1. What should I do? 2. Why dont you? 3. You could 4. You should 5. You shouldnt3语法情态动词的用法 【重难点分析】情态动词(Modal Verbs )* 情态动词也可称为“情态助动词 (Modal Auxiliaries)”，因为它和基本助动词(be,do, have)都属于助动词类。* 情态动词和其他动词连用，可表示说话人的语气。* 情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。* 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。* 常用的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would这九大情态动词；其他的还有ought to, need, dare 等。一、九大情态动词的时态关系：1. 现在式 can - 过去式 could2. 现在式 may - 过去式 might3. 现在式 shall - 过去式 should4. 现在式 will - 过去式 would5. 现在式 must - 过去式 must （常用had to来代替）二、情态动词表示“可能”或“预测”(can, could, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to)（1）can 和 could 用于表示“可能”或“预测”：1. He cant be at home. (否定句) 他不可能在家。2. Can the news be true? (将情态动词 can 置于主语 the news 前就成疑问句) 这消息可能是真的吗?3. Anybody can make mistake. (只表示理论上的可能性) 任何人都可能犯错误。（2）may 和 might 用于表示“事实上的可能性”或“预测”：1. It may rain tomorrow. (表示可能会发生) 明天可能会下雨。2. It may snow later this afternoon. (表示预测) 今天下午可能会下雪。3. You might be right. (表示有可能) 你可能是对的。（3）will 和 would 用于表示“预测”或“习惯性”：1. I think he will be all right now. (will be 表示一定会)我想他现在一定好了。2. That would be his mother.(would be 表示肯定是) 那肯定是他母亲。3. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the river.(will 表示经常的) 他经常一连几个小时坐在那儿看着河水。（4）shall 和 should 用于表示“必定”：1. I shall be rich one day. (shall be ) 总有一天我会发达的。2. That should be Sam and his mother. (should be) 那准是Sam 和他的母亲。（5）must 用于表示“必定”，“必会”：1. This must be good for you.(must be 肯定) 这肯定对你是有益的。2. All mankind must die.(表示必然会发生的事) 所有的人一定会死的。3. Mustnt there be a mistake? (mustnt 多用于疑问句) 那肯定会有错误吗？三、情态动词表示“许可”、“请求”(can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must)（1）can 和 could 用于表示“许可”、“请求”：1. Can I go with you? (请求) 我能跟你一起走吗？2. Father said I could go to cinema. (表示过去的许可) 爸爸说我可以去看电影。3. Could I ask you something ? (请求,用 could 比 can 更婉转) 我可以问你一件事吗？（2）will 和 would 用于表示“请求”1. Will you kindly tell me the way to the post office?(表示客气请求) 请问到邮局怎么走？2. Would you give me your address? (用 would 比 will 表示更客气) 请你告诉我你的地址，好吗？（3）shall 和 should 用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意见1. Shall we talk? 我们谈谈好吗？2. What should we do next? (用should 比 shall 表示更客气) 下一步我们该怎么做？3. Shall he come to see you? (用于第三人称疑问句) 要不要他来看你？（4）may 和 might 用于表示“许可”(口语中多用 can )1. You may take a walk. (表示给予许可) 你可以散散步。2. You might read the story for me. (比may更婉转) 是否请给我读一读这故事。3.May I make a suggestion? 我可以提个建议吗？4. Might I take a look of your work? 我看看您的大作行吗？5. Students may not make noise in the library. (may not 表示不许可或禁止) 学生不得在图书馆里吵闹。6. If I may say so, you are not right. (用于条件句，表示请求) 你是不对的，如果我可以这么说的话。（5）must 用于表示“禁止”，“不准”：1. Cars must not be parked here. (must not表示不许可) 此地不准停车。2. All of you mustnt fishing in the pool. (must not 语气方面比 may not 更强) 你们不准在池里钓鱼。四、重要短语和表达法(Key Words)1argue v争论；争吵 argue with sb与某人吵架 I argued with my best friend我和我的好朋友吵架了。 Dont argue with him. 别和他争吵了。 2 either adv.（用于否定句）也 He doesnt have any money, and I dont, either他没有钱，我也没有。 I cant play chess. She cant, either.我不会下国际象棋，她也不会。 too 也（用于肯定或疑问句） Im a teacherHe is a teacher, too我是老师，他也是老师。 We are going hiking. Are they going hiking,too?我们要去徒步旅行,他们也要去吗？ 3ask （sb）for sth向某人寻求某物；要Dont ask for food every dayGo and find some work 别天天要饭，找点儿工作做。 I dont think you should ask your parents for some money.我想你不应向父母要钱。 If you have any problems, you can ask the policeman for help. 如果你有困难，可以向警察求助。 He didnt want to ask his teacher for his book back 他不想向老师要回他的书了。 4the same as. 与相同 The clothes are the same as my friends这些衣服与我朋友的一样。 Tom is the same age as Anna Tom is as old as Anna汤姆和安娜一样大。 Her backpack is the same as mine. 她的背包与我的一样。 5except 除以外；（不包括在内） My class has been invited except me Only I havent been invited除我以外，我的同学都被邀请了。 All the students went to the park except him Only he didnt get to the park They all toured America except her.除了他以外，所有的学生都去美国旅行过。 besides 除以外（包括在内） We all went there besides him He went thereWe went there, too除他去以外，我们也都去了。 There are five more visitors besides me.除了我之外还有5倍访客6wrong adj错误的；有毛病的；不合适的 Is there anything wrong with you?你哪儿不舒服？ Whats wrong with you? 你怎么了?(你哪里不舒服?) Ive got a headache我头痛。 Whats wrong with your watch? It doesnt work.你的手表怎么了？它不走了。 adv错误地；不正确地；不对地 He answered wrong他答错了。 They knew they did wrong. 他们知道他们做错了。7get on well with sb与某人相处融洽 The students will get on well with the teacher学生会和老师相处得非常好。 We get on well with each other我们彼此相处融洽。 Can she get on well with all the other students in her class? 她能与她班里所有的同学相处得好吗?8have a fight with sb fight with sb与某人打架 I dont want to have a fight with my cousin 我不想和我的堂兄打架。 They never fight with each other.They are really good friends.他们从不打架，他们的确是好朋友。 五、主要句型(Key Sentences Structures) What should I do?You could write him a letter What should he do? Maybe he should say sorry to him What should they do? They shouldnt argue六、词语辨析 1. borrow sth. from sb.从某人处借进某物 lend sth. to sb.把某物借给某人 borrow sth. from sb. 是指该句的主语从别人处(往里)借进某物 例:He borrowed the dictionary from Lucy yesterday. 他昨天从露西处借了那本字典. lend sth. to sb. = lend sb. sth. 是指该句的主语把某物（往外）借给别人用 例如：Could you lend me your car? 请你借给我你的车用一下好吗？2. get sb. to do 使做（以人为对象时，有“说服使做”的含义） He could get a tutor to come to his home. 他可以请一位家庭教师来他家。 Youll never get her to agree.你决不可能使她同意。 ask sb. to do邀请（人）做 We asked her to come to our party.我们请她来参加聚会 tell sb. to do让某人做某事 例如： The teacher told him to finish the work that day. 老师那天让他完成那项工作。3、be in style时髦的，流行的 be out of style过时的，不时髦的 例： Look! Her new dress is in style.她的新裙子很时髦。 Those clothes are out of style.那些衣服过时了。七、课文解释1、I dont want to surprise him. 我不想让他感到意外。 此处surprise是及物动词 surprise sb. 使某人感到吃惊 eg. My friend always surprises me.2、talk about it on the phone用电话就此事进行交流eg. Call Jim on the phone.找吉姆听电话。 Lily, you are wanted on the phone. 莉莉，你的电话3、call sb. (up) =give sb. a call 给某人打电话He called me (up) from New York.他从纽约给我打来电话=He gave me a call from New York.4、write sb. a letter = write a letter to sb.给某人写信5、give him a ticket to a ball game.给他一张观看球赛的入场券 eg. They got two tickets to tonights show.他们搞了两张今晚表演的入场券。6、She has the same haircut as I do. 她和我有相同的发型。eg. Tim has the same clothes as his brother does.提姆和他的弟弟有相同的衣服。7、find out （研究、努力的结果）发现，查出，找出You should find out (the answer) for yourself.你应该自己去找答案。8、Everyone else in my class was invited except me. 除了我以外，我们班其他别的人都接到了邀请（信）此句中else一词不能单独使用它必须跟在不定代词像“someone, anyone nobody”等词的后面，或跟在特殊疑问词像“what, where”等词的后面使用意思是“别的”eg. What else do you know about it? 关于此事你还知道什么别的方面9、I cant think what I did wrong. 我真想不出我做错了什么。此句中 what I did wrong是宾语从句，作think的宾语应用陈述语序。10、Im very upset and dont know what to do.我很沮丧，不知该干什么。此句中 what to do是不定式作know的宾语，可用宾语从句来代替。可以说成“I dont know what I should do.”11、There are a lot of things you could do. 有许多你能做的事。此句中 you could do是定语从句，修饰前面的名词“things”12、You left your homework at home.你把你的作业落在家里了。Leave sth. +介词短语，是“把忘在，落在（某处）的意思。eg. He left his umbrella on the bus.他把伞忘在公交车上。13、You should try to be funny. 你应该试着幽默一些。 Try to do努力做，试着做，尽量做 而try not to do 是尽量不做eg. Please try not to be late again. 请尽量不要再迟到。14、Their school days are busy enough. 他们的学校生活是够忙的。 enough必须放在形容词/副词的后面,表示“足够的”eg. He is tall enough to reach that apple. 他足够高的可以够着那个苹果。15、be under too much pressure. 在太多的压力下16、see other children doing a lot of things 看别的孩子在做许多事 see sb. doing 看见某人正在干某事eg. We saw them playing basketball at that time.那时我们看见他们在打篮球17、find it hard to do sth. 发现做（事）很难 He found it hard to learn math well. 他发现学好数学很难Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?2目标句型：1. What were you doing when.? 2. I was doing sth. when. 3. How about. / What about.? 4. What happened next?5. While sth./sb. was doing sth., I did.3语法1. 过去进行时2. 情态动词的用法【重难点分析】一. 过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或者某段时间正在进行或发生的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如： I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。 They were waiting for you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等你。 过去进行时的构成：肯定形式：主语+was/were+V-ing否定形式：主语+was not (wasnt)/were not (werent)+V-ing疑问形式：Was/Were+主语+V-ing。基本用法：1.过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday)，when sb. did sth等时间状语从句，如： What were you doing at 7p.m. yesterday? 昨天晚上七点你在干什么？ I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. 我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。 I was cooking when she knocked at the door. 她敲门时我正在做饭。2. when后通常用表示暂短性动词，while后通常用表示持续性动词，因此它所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如：When the car exploded I was walking past it.= While I was walking past the car it exploded.3.when用作并列连词时，主句常用进行时态，从句则用一般过去时，表示主句动作发生的过程中，另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如： I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。4. when作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，突然遇见了他。 We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。 二. 情态动词(Modal Verbs )4、情态动词表示“应该”、“必须” （shall, should, may, might, must, ought to）（1）shall 和 should 用于表示“必须”：. Each member shall wear a name card. (表示规定) 每一个会员必须配带名卡。. I should answer his letter as soon as possible. (表示应该) 我应该尽快给他回信。. You shouldnt judge a man always by the clothes. (shouldnt “不应该”含有劝告的意思)你不应该总是以貌取人。. The rules shall take effect on Jan. 1st. (shall 用于规章等，表示义务和规定) 新规则于一月一日起生效。（2）may 和 might 用于表示“应该(多用于法律等条文，一般上多用 shall):. Payment may be paid by check.(表示规定) 应以支票付款。. You might ask before you use my computer. (might表示应该) 你应该先问过再使用我的电脑。（3）must 用于表示“必须”、“务必”：. You must keep the place